- [Preface](full-docs/html/preface.html)
    - [1. What Is PostgreSQL?](full-docs/html/intro-whatis.html)
    - [2. A Brief History of PostgreSQL](full-docs/html/history.html)
      - [2.1. The Berkeley POSTGRES Project](full-docs/html/history.html)
      - [2.2. Postgres95](full-docs/html/history.html)
      - [2.3. PostgreSQL](full-docs/html/history.html)
    - [3. Conventions](full-docs/html/notation.html)
    - [4. Further Information](full-docs/html/resources.html)
    - [5. Bug Reporting Guidelines](full-docs/html/bug-reporting.html)
      - [5.1. Identifying Bugs](full-docs/html/bug-reporting.html)
      - [5.2. What to Report](full-docs/html/bug-reporting.html)
      - [5.3. Where to Report Bugs](full-docs/html/bug-reporting.html)
- [1. What Is PostgreSQL?](full-docs/html/intro-whatis.html)
- [2. A Brief History of PostgreSQL](full-docs/html/history.html)
      - 2.1. The Berkeley POSTGRES Project
      - 2.2. Postgres95
      - 2.3. PostgreSQL
- [3. Conventions](full-docs/html/notation.html)
- [4. Further Information](full-docs/html/resources.html)
- [5. Bug Reporting Guidelines](full-docs/html/bug-reporting.html)
      - 5.1. Identifying Bugs
      - 5.2. What to Report
      - 5.3. Where to Report Bugs
- [I. Tutorial](full-docs/html/tutorial.html)
  - [1. Getting Started](full-docs/html/tutorial-start.html)
    - [1.1. Installation](full-docs/html/tutorial-install.html)
    - [1.2. Architectural Fundamentals](full-docs/html/tutorial-arch.html)
    - [1.3. Creating a Database](full-docs/html/tutorial-createdb.html)
    - [1.4. Accessing a Database](full-docs/html/tutorial-accessdb.html)
  - [2. The SQL Language](full-docs/html/tutorial-sql.html)
    - [2.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/tutorial-sql-intro.html)
    - [2.2. Concepts](full-docs/html/tutorial-concepts.html)
    - [2.3. Creating a New Table](full-docs/html/tutorial-table.html)
    - [2.4. Populating a Table With Rows](full-docs/html/tutorial-populate.html)
    - [2.5. Querying a Table](full-docs/html/tutorial-select.html)
    - [2.6. Joins Between Tables](full-docs/html/tutorial-join.html)
    - [2.7. Aggregate Functions](full-docs/html/tutorial-agg.html)
    - [2.8. Updates](full-docs/html/tutorial-update.html)
    - [2.9. Deletions](full-docs/html/tutorial-delete.html)
  - [3. Advanced Features](full-docs/html/tutorial-advanced.html)
    - [3.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/tutorial-advanced-intro.html)
    - [3.2. Views](full-docs/html/tutorial-views.html)
    - [3.3. Foreign Keys](full-docs/html/tutorial-fk.html)
    - [3.4. Transactions](full-docs/html/tutorial-transactions.html)
    - [3.5. Window Functions](full-docs/html/tutorial-window.html)
    - [3.6. Inheritance](full-docs/html/tutorial-inheritance.html)
    - [3.7. Conclusion](full-docs/html/tutorial-conclusion.html)
- [1. Getting Started](full-docs/html/tutorial-start.html)
    - [1.1. Installation](full-docs/html/tutorial-install.html)
    - [1.2. Architectural Fundamentals](full-docs/html/tutorial-arch.html)
    - [1.3. Creating a Database](full-docs/html/tutorial-createdb.html)
    - [1.4. Accessing a Database](full-docs/html/tutorial-accessdb.html)
- [2. The SQL Language](full-docs/html/tutorial-sql.html)
    - [2.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/tutorial-sql-intro.html)
    - [2.2. Concepts](full-docs/html/tutorial-concepts.html)
    - [2.3. Creating a New Table](full-docs/html/tutorial-table.html)
    - [2.4. Populating a Table With Rows](full-docs/html/tutorial-populate.html)
    - [2.5. Querying a Table](full-docs/html/tutorial-select.html)
    - [2.6. Joins Between Tables](full-docs/html/tutorial-join.html)
    - [2.7. Aggregate Functions](full-docs/html/tutorial-agg.html)
    - [2.8. Updates](full-docs/html/tutorial-update.html)
    - [2.9. Deletions](full-docs/html/tutorial-delete.html)
- [3. Advanced Features](full-docs/html/tutorial-advanced.html)
    - [3.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/tutorial-advanced-intro.html)
    - [3.2. Views](full-docs/html/tutorial-views.html)
    - [3.3. Foreign Keys](full-docs/html/tutorial-fk.html)
    - [3.4. Transactions](full-docs/html/tutorial-transactions.html)
    - [3.5. Window Functions](full-docs/html/tutorial-window.html)
    - [3.6. Inheritance](full-docs/html/tutorial-inheritance.html)
    - [3.7. Conclusion](full-docs/html/tutorial-conclusion.html)
- [II. The SQL Language](full-docs/html/sql.html)
  - [4. SQL Syntax](full-docs/html/sql-syntax.html)
    - [4.1. Lexical Structure](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-lexical.html)
    - [4.2. Value Expressions](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
    - [4.3. Calling Functions](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html)
  - [5. Data Definition](full-docs/html/ddl.html)
    - [5.1. Table Basics](full-docs/html/ddl-basics.html)
    - [5.2. Default Values](full-docs/html/ddl-default.html)
    - [5.3. Identity Columns](full-docs/html/ddl-identity-columns.html)
    - [5.4. Generated Columns](full-docs/html/ddl-generated-columns.html)
    - [5.5. Constraints](full-docs/html/ddl-constraints.html)
    - [5.6. System Columns](full-docs/html/ddl-system-columns.html)
    - [5.7. Modifying Tables](full-docs/html/ddl-alter.html)
    - [5.8. Privileges](full-docs/html/ddl-priv.html)
    - [5.9. Row Security Policies](full-docs/html/ddl-rowsecurity.html)
    - [5.10. Schemas](full-docs/html/ddl-schemas.html)
    - [5.11. Inheritance](full-docs/html/ddl-inherit.html)
    - [5.12. Table Partitioning](full-docs/html/ddl-partitioning.html)
    - [5.13. Foreign Data](full-docs/html/ddl-foreign-data.html)
    - [5.14. Other Database Objects](full-docs/html/ddl-others.html)
    - [5.15. Dependency Tracking](full-docs/html/ddl-depend.html)
  - [6. Data Manipulation](full-docs/html/dml.html)
    - [6.1. Inserting Data](full-docs/html/dml-insert.html)
    - [6.2. Updating Data](full-docs/html/dml-update.html)
    - [6.3. Deleting Data](full-docs/html/dml-delete.html)
    - [6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows](full-docs/html/dml-returning.html)
  - [7. Queries](full-docs/html/queries.html)
    - [7.1. Overview](full-docs/html/queries-overview.html)
    - [7.2. Table Expressions](full-docs/html/queries-table-expressions.html)
    - [7.3. Select Lists](full-docs/html/queries-select-lists.html)
    - [7.4. Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)](full-docs/html/queries-union.html)
    - [7.5. Sorting Rows (ORDER BY)](full-docs/html/queries-order.html)
    - [7.6. LIMIT and OFFSET](full-docs/html/queries-limit.html)
    - [7.7. VALUES Lists](full-docs/html/queries-values.html)
    - [7.8. WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)](full-docs/html/queries-with.html)
  - [8. Data Types](full-docs/html/datatype.html)
    - [8.1. Numeric Types](full-docs/html/datatype-numeric.html)
    - [8.2. Monetary Types](full-docs/html/datatype-money.html)
    - [8.3. Character Types](full-docs/html/datatype-character.html)
    - [8.4. Binary Data Types](full-docs/html/datatype-binary.html)
    - [8.5. Date/Time Types](full-docs/html/datatype-datetime.html)
    - [8.6. Boolean Type](full-docs/html/datatype-boolean.html)
    - [8.7. Enumerated Types](full-docs/html/datatype-enum.html)
    - [8.8. Geometric Types](full-docs/html/datatype-geometric.html)
    - [8.9. Network Address Types](full-docs/html/datatype-net-types.html)
    - [8.10. Bit String Types](full-docs/html/datatype-bit.html)
    - [8.11. Text Search Types](full-docs/html/datatype-textsearch.html)
    - [8.12. UUID Type](full-docs/html/datatype-uuid.html)
    - [8.13. XML Type](full-docs/html/datatype-xml.html)
    - [8.14. JSON Types](full-docs/html/datatype-json.html)
    - [8.15. Arrays](full-docs/html/arrays.html)
    - [8.16. Composite Types](full-docs/html/rowtypes.html)
    - [8.17. Range Types](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
    - [8.18. Domain Types](full-docs/html/domains.html)
    - [8.19. Object Identifier Types](full-docs/html/datatype-oid.html)
    - [8.20. pg_lsn Type](full-docs/html/datatype-pg-lsn.html)
    - [8.21. Pseudo-Types](full-docs/html/datatype-pseudo.html)
  - [9. Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions.html)
    - [9.1. Logical Operators](full-docs/html/functions-logical.html)
    - [9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-comparison.html)
    - [9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-math.html)
    - [9.4. String Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-string.html)
    - [9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-binarystring.html)
    - [9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-bitstring.html)
    - [9.7. Pattern Matching](full-docs/html/functions-matching.html)
    - [9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions](full-docs/html/functions-formatting.html)
    - [9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-datetime.html)
    - [9.10. Enum Support Functions](full-docs/html/functions-enum.html)
    - [9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-geometry.html)
    - [9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-net.html)
    - [9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-textsearch.html)
    - [9.14. UUID Functions](full-docs/html/functions-uuid.html)
    - [9.15. XML Functions](full-docs/html/functions-xml.html)
    - [9.16. JSON Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-json.html)
    - [9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions](full-docs/html/functions-sequence.html)
    - [9.18. Conditional Expressions](full-docs/html/functions-conditional.html)
    - [9.19. Array Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-array.html)
    - [9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-range.html)
    - [9.21. Aggregate Functions](full-docs/html/functions-aggregate.html)
    - [9.22. Window Functions](full-docs/html/functions-window.html)
    - [9.23. Merge Support Functions](full-docs/html/functions-merge-support.html)
    - [9.24. Subquery Expressions](full-docs/html/functions-subquery.html)
    - [9.25. Row and Array Comparisons](full-docs/html/functions-comparisons.html)
    - [9.26. Set Returning Functions](full-docs/html/functions-srf.html)
    - [9.27. System Information Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
    - [9.28. System Administration Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
    - [9.29. Trigger Functions](full-docs/html/functions-trigger.html)
    - [9.30. Event Trigger Functions](full-docs/html/functions-event-triggers.html)
    - [9.31. Statistics Information Functions](full-docs/html/functions-statistics.html)
  - [10. Type Conversion](full-docs/html/typeconv.html)
    - [10.1. Overview](full-docs/html/typeconv-overview.html)
    - [10.2. Operators](full-docs/html/typeconv-oper.html)
    - [10.3. Functions](full-docs/html/typeconv-func.html)
    - [10.4. Value Storage](full-docs/html/typeconv-query.html)
    - [10.5. UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs](full-docs/html/typeconv-union-case.html)
    - [10.6. SELECT Output Columns](full-docs/html/typeconv-select.html)
  - [11. Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes.html)
    - [11.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/indexes-intro.html)
    - [11.2. Index Types](full-docs/html/indexes-types.html)
    - [11.3. Multicolumn Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-multicolumn.html)
    - [11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY](full-docs/html/indexes-ordering.html)
    - [11.5. Combining Multiple Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-bitmap-scans.html)
    - [11.6. Unique Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-unique.html)
    - [11.7. Indexes on Expressions](full-docs/html/indexes-expressional.html)
    - [11.8. Partial Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-partial.html)
    - [11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-index-only-scans.html)
    - [11.10. Operator Classes and Operator Families](full-docs/html/indexes-opclass.html)
    - [11.11. Indexes and Collations](full-docs/html/indexes-collations.html)
    - [11.12. Examining Index Usage](full-docs/html/indexes-examine.html)
  - [12. Full Text Search](full-docs/html/textsearch.html)
    - [12.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/textsearch-intro.html)
    - [12.2. Tables and Indexes](full-docs/html/textsearch-tables.html)
    - [12.3. Controlling Text Search](full-docs/html/textsearch-controls.html)
    - [12.4. Additional Features](full-docs/html/textsearch-features.html)
    - [12.5. Parsers](full-docs/html/textsearch-parsers.html)
    - [12.6. Dictionaries](full-docs/html/textsearch-dictionaries.html)
    - [12.7. Configuration Example](full-docs/html/textsearch-configuration.html)
    - [12.8. Testing and Debugging Text Search](full-docs/html/textsearch-debugging.html)
    - [12.9. Preferred Index Types for Text Search](full-docs/html/textsearch-indexes.html)
    - [12.10. psql Support](full-docs/html/textsearch-psql.html)
    - [12.11. Limitations](full-docs/html/textsearch-limitations.html)
  - [13. Concurrency Control](full-docs/html/mvcc.html)
    - [13.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/mvcc-intro.html)
    - [13.2. Transaction Isolation](full-docs/html/transaction-iso.html)
    - [13.3. Explicit Locking](full-docs/html/explicit-locking.html)
    - [13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level](full-docs/html/applevel-consistency.html)
    - [13.5. Serialization Failure Handling](full-docs/html/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html)
    - [13.6. Caveats](full-docs/html/mvcc-caveats.html)
    - [13.7. Locking and Indexes](full-docs/html/locking-indexes.html)
  - [14. Performance Tips](full-docs/html/performance-tips.html)
    - [14.1. Using EXPLAIN](full-docs/html/using-explain.html)
    - [14.2. Statistics Used by the Planner](full-docs/html/planner-stats.html)
    - [14.3. Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses](full-docs/html/explicit-joins.html)
    - [14.4. Populating a Database](full-docs/html/populate.html)
    - [14.5. Non-Durable Settings](full-docs/html/non-durability.html)
  - [15. Parallel Query](full-docs/html/parallel-query.html)
    - [15.1. How Parallel Query Works](full-docs/html/how-parallel-query-works.html)
    - [15.2. When Can Parallel Query Be Used?](full-docs/html/when-can-parallel-query-be-used.html)
    - [15.3. Parallel Plans](full-docs/html/parallel-plans.html)
    - [15.4. Parallel Safety](full-docs/html/parallel-safety.html)
- [4. SQL Syntax](full-docs/html/sql-syntax.html)
    - [4.1. Lexical Structure](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-lexical.html)
      - [4.1.1. Identifiers and Key Words](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-lexical.html)
      - [4.1.2. Constants](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-lexical.html)
      - [4.1.3. Operators](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-lexical.html)
      - [4.1.4. Special Characters](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-lexical.html)
      - [4.1.5. Comments](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-lexical.html)
      - [4.1.6. Operator Precedence](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-lexical.html)
    - [4.2. Value Expressions](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.1. Column References](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.2. Positional Parameters](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.3. Subscripts](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.4. Field Selection](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.5. Operator Invocations](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.6. Function Calls](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.7. Aggregate Expressions](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.8. Window Function Calls](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.9. Type Casts](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.10. Collation Expressions](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.11. Scalar Subqueries](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.12. Array Constructors](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.13. Row Constructors](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - [4.2.14. Expression Evaluation Rules](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
    - [4.3. Calling Functions](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html)
      - [4.3.1. Using Positional Notation](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html)
      - [4.3.2. Using Named Notation](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html)
      - [4.3.3. Using Mixed Notation](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html)
- [5. Data Definition](full-docs/html/ddl.html)
    - [5.1. Table Basics](full-docs/html/ddl-basics.html)
    - [5.2. Default Values](full-docs/html/ddl-default.html)
    - [5.3. Identity Columns](full-docs/html/ddl-identity-columns.html)
    - [5.4. Generated Columns](full-docs/html/ddl-generated-columns.html)
    - [5.5. Constraints](full-docs/html/ddl-constraints.html)
      - [5.5.1. Check Constraints](full-docs/html/ddl-constraints.html)
      - [5.5.2. Not-Null Constraints](full-docs/html/ddl-constraints.html)
      - [5.5.3. Unique Constraints](full-docs/html/ddl-constraints.html)
      - [5.5.4. Primary Keys](full-docs/html/ddl-constraints.html)
      - [5.5.5. Foreign Keys](full-docs/html/ddl-constraints.html)
      - [5.5.6. Exclusion Constraints](full-docs/html/ddl-constraints.html)
    - [5.6. System Columns](full-docs/html/ddl-system-columns.html)
    - [5.7. Modifying Tables](full-docs/html/ddl-alter.html)
      - [5.7.1. Adding a Column](full-docs/html/ddl-alter.html)
      - [5.7.2. Removing a Column](full-docs/html/ddl-alter.html)
      - [5.7.3. Adding a Constraint](full-docs/html/ddl-alter.html)
      - [5.7.4. Removing a Constraint](full-docs/html/ddl-alter.html)
      - [5.7.5. Changing a Column's Default Value](full-docs/html/ddl-alter.html)
      - [5.7.6. Changing a Column's Data Type](full-docs/html/ddl-alter.html)
      - [5.7.7. Renaming a Column](full-docs/html/ddl-alter.html)
      - [5.7.8. Renaming a Table](full-docs/html/ddl-alter.html)
    - [5.8. Privileges](full-docs/html/ddl-priv.html)
    - [5.9. Row Security Policies](full-docs/html/ddl-rowsecurity.html)
    - [5.10. Schemas](full-docs/html/ddl-schemas.html)
      - [5.10.1. Creating a Schema](full-docs/html/ddl-schemas.html)
      - [5.10.2. The Public Schema](full-docs/html/ddl-schemas.html)
      - [5.10.3. The Schema Search Path](full-docs/html/ddl-schemas.html)
      - [5.10.4. Schemas and Privileges](full-docs/html/ddl-schemas.html)
      - [5.10.5. The System Catalog Schema](full-docs/html/ddl-schemas.html)
      - [5.10.6. Usage Patterns](full-docs/html/ddl-schemas.html)
      - [5.10.7. Portability](full-docs/html/ddl-schemas.html)
    - [5.11. Inheritance](full-docs/html/ddl-inherit.html)
      - [5.11.1. Caveats](full-docs/html/ddl-inherit.html)
    - [5.12. Table Partitioning](full-docs/html/ddl-partitioning.html)
      - [5.12.1. Overview](full-docs/html/ddl-partitioning.html)
      - [5.12.2. Declarative Partitioning](full-docs/html/ddl-partitioning.html)
      - [5.12.3. Partitioning Using Inheritance](full-docs/html/ddl-partitioning.html)
      - [5.12.4. Partition Pruning](full-docs/html/ddl-partitioning.html)
      - [5.12.5. Partitioning and Constraint Exclusion](full-docs/html/ddl-partitioning.html)
      - [5.12.6. Best Practices for Declarative Partitioning](full-docs/html/ddl-partitioning.html)
    - [5.13. Foreign Data](full-docs/html/ddl-foreign-data.html)
    - [5.14. Other Database Objects](full-docs/html/ddl-others.html)
    - [5.15. Dependency Tracking](full-docs/html/ddl-depend.html)
- [6. Data Manipulation](full-docs/html/dml.html)
    - [6.1. Inserting Data](full-docs/html/dml-insert.html)
    - [6.2. Updating Data](full-docs/html/dml-update.html)
    - [6.3. Deleting Data](full-docs/html/dml-delete.html)
    - [6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows](full-docs/html/dml-returning.html)
- [7. Queries](full-docs/html/queries.html)
    - [7.1. Overview](full-docs/html/queries-overview.html)
    - [7.2. Table Expressions](full-docs/html/queries-table-expressions.html)
      - [7.2.1. The FROM Clause](full-docs/html/queries-table-expressions.html)
      - [7.2.2. The WHERE Clause](full-docs/html/queries-table-expressions.html)
      - [7.2.3. The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses](full-docs/html/queries-table-expressions.html)
      - [7.2.4. GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP](full-docs/html/queries-table-expressions.html)
      - [7.2.5. Window Function Processing](full-docs/html/queries-table-expressions.html)
    - [7.3. Select Lists](full-docs/html/queries-select-lists.html)
      - [7.3.1. Select-List Items](full-docs/html/queries-select-lists.html)
      - [7.3.2. Column Labels](full-docs/html/queries-select-lists.html)
      - [7.3.3. DISTINCT](full-docs/html/queries-select-lists.html)
    - [7.4. Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)](full-docs/html/queries-union.html)
    - [7.5. Sorting Rows (ORDER BY)](full-docs/html/queries-order.html)
    - [7.6. LIMIT and OFFSET](full-docs/html/queries-limit.html)
    - [7.7. VALUES Lists](full-docs/html/queries-values.html)
    - [7.8. WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)](full-docs/html/queries-with.html)
      - [7.8.1. SELECT in WITH](full-docs/html/queries-with.html)
      - [7.8.2. Recursive Queries](full-docs/html/queries-with.html)
      - [7.8.3. Common Table Expression Materialization](full-docs/html/queries-with.html)
      - [7.8.4. Data-Modifying Statements in WITH](full-docs/html/queries-with.html)
- [8. Data Types](full-docs/html/datatype.html)
    - [8.1. Numeric Types](full-docs/html/datatype-numeric.html)
      - [8.1.1. Integer Types](full-docs/html/datatype-numeric.html)
      - [8.1.2. Arbitrary Precision Numbers](full-docs/html/datatype-numeric.html)
      - [8.1.3. Floating-Point Types](full-docs/html/datatype-numeric.html)
      - [8.1.4. Serial Types](full-docs/html/datatype-numeric.html)
    - [8.2. Monetary Types](full-docs/html/datatype-money.html)
    - [8.3. Character Types](full-docs/html/datatype-character.html)
    - [8.4. Binary Data Types](full-docs/html/datatype-binary.html)
      - [8.4.1. bytea Hex Format](full-docs/html/datatype-binary.html)
      - [8.4.2. bytea Escape Format](full-docs/html/datatype-binary.html)
    - [8.5. Date/Time Types](full-docs/html/datatype-datetime.html)
      - [8.5.1. Date/Time Input](full-docs/html/datatype-datetime.html)
      - [8.5.2. Date/Time Output](full-docs/html/datatype-datetime.html)
      - [8.5.3. Time Zones](full-docs/html/datatype-datetime.html)
      - [8.5.4. Interval Input](full-docs/html/datatype-datetime.html)
      - [8.5.5. Interval Output](full-docs/html/datatype-datetime.html)
    - [8.6. Boolean Type](full-docs/html/datatype-boolean.html)
    - [8.7. Enumerated Types](full-docs/html/datatype-enum.html)
      - [8.7.1. Declaration of Enumerated Types](full-docs/html/datatype-enum.html)
      - [8.7.2. Ordering](full-docs/html/datatype-enum.html)
      - [8.7.3. Type Safety](full-docs/html/datatype-enum.html)
      - [8.7.4. Implementation Details](full-docs/html/datatype-enum.html)
    - [8.8. Geometric Types](full-docs/html/datatype-geometric.html)
      - [8.8.1. Points](full-docs/html/datatype-geometric.html)
      - [8.8.2. Lines](full-docs/html/datatype-geometric.html)
      - [8.8.3. Line Segments](full-docs/html/datatype-geometric.html)
      - [8.8.4. Boxes](full-docs/html/datatype-geometric.html)
      - [8.8.5. Paths](full-docs/html/datatype-geometric.html)
      - [8.8.6. Polygons](full-docs/html/datatype-geometric.html)
      - [8.8.7. Circles](full-docs/html/datatype-geometric.html)
    - [8.9. Network Address Types](full-docs/html/datatype-net-types.html)
      - [8.9.1. inet](full-docs/html/datatype-net-types.html)
      - [8.9.2. cidr](full-docs/html/datatype-net-types.html)
      - [8.9.3. inet vs. cidr](full-docs/html/datatype-net-types.html)
      - [8.9.4. macaddr](full-docs/html/datatype-net-types.html)
      - [8.9.5. macaddr8](full-docs/html/datatype-net-types.html)
    - [8.10. Bit String Types](full-docs/html/datatype-bit.html)
    - [8.11. Text Search Types](full-docs/html/datatype-textsearch.html)
      - [8.11.1. tsvector](full-docs/html/datatype-textsearch.html)
      - [8.11.2. tsquery](full-docs/html/datatype-textsearch.html)
    - [8.12. UUID Type](full-docs/html/datatype-uuid.html)
    - [8.13. XML Type](full-docs/html/datatype-xml.html)
      - [8.13.1. Creating XML Values](full-docs/html/datatype-xml.html)
      - [8.13.2. Encoding Handling](full-docs/html/datatype-xml.html)
      - [8.13.3. Accessing XML Values](full-docs/html/datatype-xml.html)
    - [8.14. JSON Types](full-docs/html/datatype-json.html)
      - [8.14.1. JSON Input and Output Syntax](full-docs/html/datatype-json.html)
      - [8.14.2. Designing JSON Documents](full-docs/html/datatype-json.html)
      - [8.14.3. jsonb Containment and Existence](full-docs/html/datatype-json.html)
      - [8.14.4. jsonb Indexing](full-docs/html/datatype-json.html)
      - [8.14.5. jsonb Subscripting](full-docs/html/datatype-json.html)
      - [8.14.6. Transforms](full-docs/html/datatype-json.html)
      - [8.14.7. jsonpath Type](full-docs/html/datatype-json.html)
    - [8.15. Arrays](full-docs/html/arrays.html)
      - [8.15.1. Declaration of Array Types](full-docs/html/arrays.html)
      - [8.15.2. Array Value Input](full-docs/html/arrays.html)
      - [8.15.3. Accessing Arrays](full-docs/html/arrays.html)
      - [8.15.4. Modifying Arrays](full-docs/html/arrays.html)
      - [8.15.5. Searching in Arrays](full-docs/html/arrays.html)
      - [8.15.6. Array Input and Output Syntax](full-docs/html/arrays.html)
    - [8.16. Composite Types](full-docs/html/rowtypes.html)
      - [8.16.1. Declaration of Composite Types](full-docs/html/rowtypes.html)
      - [8.16.2. Constructing Composite Values](full-docs/html/rowtypes.html)
      - [8.16.3. Accessing Composite Types](full-docs/html/rowtypes.html)
      - [8.16.4. Modifying Composite Types](full-docs/html/rowtypes.html)
      - [8.16.5. Using Composite Types in Queries](full-docs/html/rowtypes.html)
      - [8.16.6. Composite Type Input and Output Syntax](full-docs/html/rowtypes.html)
    - [8.17. Range Types](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
      - [8.17.1. Built-in Range and Multirange Types](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
      - [8.17.2. Examples](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
      - [8.17.3. Inclusive and Exclusive Bounds](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
      - [8.17.4. Infinite (Unbounded) Ranges](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
      - [8.17.5. Range Input/Output](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
      - [8.17.6. Constructing Ranges and Multiranges](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
      - [8.17.7. Discrete Range Types](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
      - [8.17.8. Defining New Range Types](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
      - [8.17.9. Indexing](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
      - [8.17.10. Constraints on Ranges](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
    - [8.18. Domain Types](full-docs/html/domains.html)
    - [8.19. Object Identifier Types](full-docs/html/datatype-oid.html)
    - [8.20. pg_lsn Type](full-docs/html/datatype-pg-lsn.html)
    - [8.21. Pseudo-Types](full-docs/html/datatype-pseudo.html)
- [9. Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions.html)
    - [9.1. Logical Operators](full-docs/html/functions-logical.html)
    - [9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-comparison.html)
    - [9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-math.html)
    - [9.4. String Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-string.html)
      - [9.4.1. format](full-docs/html/functions-string.html)
    - [9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-binarystring.html)
    - [9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-bitstring.html)
    - [9.7. Pattern Matching](full-docs/html/functions-matching.html)
      - [9.7.1. LIKE](full-docs/html/functions-matching.html)
      - [9.7.2. SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions](full-docs/html/functions-matching.html)
      - [9.7.3. POSIX Regular Expressions](full-docs/html/functions-matching.html)
    - [9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions](full-docs/html/functions-formatting.html)
    - [9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-datetime.html)
      - [9.9.1. EXTRACT, date_part](full-docs/html/functions-datetime.html)
      - [9.9.2. date_trunc](full-docs/html/functions-datetime.html)
      - [9.9.3. date_bin](full-docs/html/functions-datetime.html)
      - [9.9.4. AT TIME ZONE and AT LOCAL](full-docs/html/functions-datetime.html)
      - [9.9.5. Current Date/Time](full-docs/html/functions-datetime.html)
      - [9.9.6. Delaying Execution](full-docs/html/functions-datetime.html)
    - [9.10. Enum Support Functions](full-docs/html/functions-enum.html)
    - [9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-geometry.html)
    - [9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-net.html)
    - [9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-textsearch.html)
    - [9.14. UUID Functions](full-docs/html/functions-uuid.html)
    - [9.15. XML Functions](full-docs/html/functions-xml.html)
      - [9.15.1. Producing XML Content](full-docs/html/functions-xml.html)
      - [9.15.2. XML Predicates](full-docs/html/functions-xml.html)
      - [9.15.3. Processing XML](full-docs/html/functions-xml.html)
      - [9.15.4. Mapping Tables to XML](full-docs/html/functions-xml.html)
    - [9.16. JSON Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-json.html)
      - [9.16.1. Processing and Creating JSON Data](full-docs/html/functions-json.html)
      - [9.16.2. The SQL/JSON Path Language](full-docs/html/functions-json.html)
      - [9.16.3. SQL/JSON Query Functions](full-docs/html/functions-json.html)
      - [9.16.4. JSON_TABLE](full-docs/html/functions-json.html)
    - [9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions](full-docs/html/functions-sequence.html)
    - [9.18. Conditional Expressions](full-docs/html/functions-conditional.html)
      - [9.18.1. CASE](full-docs/html/functions-conditional.html)
      - [9.18.2. COALESCE](full-docs/html/functions-conditional.html)
      - [9.18.3. NULLIF](full-docs/html/functions-conditional.html)
      - [9.18.4. GREATEST and LEAST](full-docs/html/functions-conditional.html)
    - [9.19. Array Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-array.html)
    - [9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-range.html)
    - [9.21. Aggregate Functions](full-docs/html/functions-aggregate.html)
    - [9.22. Window Functions](full-docs/html/functions-window.html)
    - [9.23. Merge Support Functions](full-docs/html/functions-merge-support.html)
    - [9.24. Subquery Expressions](full-docs/html/functions-subquery.html)
      - [9.24.1. EXISTS](full-docs/html/functions-subquery.html)
      - [9.24.2. IN](full-docs/html/functions-subquery.html)
      - [9.24.3. NOT IN](full-docs/html/functions-subquery.html)
      - [9.24.4. ANY/SOME](full-docs/html/functions-subquery.html)
      - [9.24.5. ALL](full-docs/html/functions-subquery.html)
      - [9.24.6. Single-Row Comparison](full-docs/html/functions-subquery.html)
    - [9.25. Row and Array Comparisons](full-docs/html/functions-comparisons.html)
      - [9.25.1. IN](full-docs/html/functions-comparisons.html)
      - [9.25.2. NOT IN](full-docs/html/functions-comparisons.html)
      - [9.25.3. ANY/SOME (array)](full-docs/html/functions-comparisons.html)
      - [9.25.4. ALL (array)](full-docs/html/functions-comparisons.html)
      - [9.25.5. Row Constructor Comparison](full-docs/html/functions-comparisons.html)
      - [9.25.6. Composite Type Comparison](full-docs/html/functions-comparisons.html)
    - [9.26. Set Returning Functions](full-docs/html/functions-srf.html)
    - [9.27. System Information Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - [9.27.1. Session Information Functions](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - [9.27.2. Access Privilege Inquiry Functions](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - [9.27.3. Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - [9.27.4. System Catalog Information Functions](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - [9.27.5. Object Information and Addressing Functions](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - [9.27.6. Comment Information Functions](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - [9.27.7. Data Validity Checking Functions](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - [9.27.8. Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - [9.27.9. Committed Transaction Information Functions](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - [9.27.10. Control Data Functions](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - [9.27.11. Version Information Functions](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - [9.27.12. WAL Summarization Information Functions](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
    - [9.28. System Administration Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
      - [9.28.1. Configuration Settings Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
      - [9.28.2. Server Signaling Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
      - [9.28.3. Backup Control Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
      - [9.28.4. Recovery Control Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
      - [9.28.5. Snapshot Synchronization Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
      - [9.28.6. Replication Management Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
      - [9.28.7. Database Object Management Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
      - [9.28.8. Index Maintenance Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
      - [9.28.9. Generic File Access Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
      - [9.28.10. Advisory Lock Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
    - [9.29. Trigger Functions](full-docs/html/functions-trigger.html)
    - [9.30. Event Trigger Functions](full-docs/html/functions-event-triggers.html)
      - [9.30.1. Capturing Changes at Command End](full-docs/html/functions-event-triggers.html)
      - [9.30.2. Processing Objects Dropped by a DDL Command](full-docs/html/functions-event-triggers.html)
      - [9.30.3. Handling a Table Rewrite Event](full-docs/html/functions-event-triggers.html)
    - [9.31. Statistics Information Functions](full-docs/html/functions-statistics.html)
      - [9.31.1. Inspecting MCV Lists](full-docs/html/functions-statistics.html)
- [10. Type Conversion](full-docs/html/typeconv.html)
    - [10.1. Overview](full-docs/html/typeconv-overview.html)
    - [10.2. Operators](full-docs/html/typeconv-oper.html)
    - [10.3. Functions](full-docs/html/typeconv-func.html)
    - [10.4. Value Storage](full-docs/html/typeconv-query.html)
    - [10.5. UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs](full-docs/html/typeconv-union-case.html)
    - [10.6. SELECT Output Columns](full-docs/html/typeconv-select.html)
- [11. Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes.html)
    - [11.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/indexes-intro.html)
    - [11.2. Index Types](full-docs/html/indexes-types.html)
      - [11.2.1. B-Tree](full-docs/html/indexes-types.html)
      - [11.2.2. Hash](full-docs/html/indexes-types.html)
      - [11.2.3. GiST](full-docs/html/indexes-types.html)
      - [11.2.4. SP-GiST](full-docs/html/indexes-types.html)
      - [11.2.5. GIN](full-docs/html/indexes-types.html)
      - [11.2.6. BRIN](full-docs/html/indexes-types.html)
    - [11.3. Multicolumn Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-multicolumn.html)
    - [11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY](full-docs/html/indexes-ordering.html)
    - [11.5. Combining Multiple Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-bitmap-scans.html)
    - [11.6. Unique Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-unique.html)
    - [11.7. Indexes on Expressions](full-docs/html/indexes-expressional.html)
    - [11.8. Partial Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-partial.html)
    - [11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-index-only-scans.html)
    - [11.10. Operator Classes and Operator Families](full-docs/html/indexes-opclass.html)
    - [11.11. Indexes and Collations](full-docs/html/indexes-collations.html)
    - [11.12. Examining Index Usage](full-docs/html/indexes-examine.html)
- [12. Full Text Search](full-docs/html/textsearch.html)
    - [12.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/textsearch-intro.html)
      - [12.1.1. What Is a Document?](full-docs/html/textsearch-intro.html)
      - [12.1.2. Basic Text Matching](full-docs/html/textsearch-intro.html)
      - [12.1.3. Configurations](full-docs/html/textsearch-intro.html)
    - [12.2. Tables and Indexes](full-docs/html/textsearch-tables.html)
      - [12.2.1. Searching a Table](full-docs/html/textsearch-tables.html)
      - [12.2.2. Creating Indexes](full-docs/html/textsearch-tables.html)
    - [12.3. Controlling Text Search](full-docs/html/textsearch-controls.html)
      - [12.3.1. Parsing Documents](full-docs/html/textsearch-controls.html)
      - [12.3.2. Parsing Queries](full-docs/html/textsearch-controls.html)
      - [12.3.3. Ranking Search Results](full-docs/html/textsearch-controls.html)
      - [12.3.4. Highlighting Results](full-docs/html/textsearch-controls.html)
    - [12.4. Additional Features](full-docs/html/textsearch-features.html)
      - [12.4.1. Manipulating Documents](full-docs/html/textsearch-features.html)
      - [12.4.2. Manipulating Queries](full-docs/html/textsearch-features.html)
      - [12.4.3. Triggers for Automatic Updates](full-docs/html/textsearch-features.html)
      - [12.4.4. Gathering Document Statistics](full-docs/html/textsearch-features.html)
    - [12.5. Parsers](full-docs/html/textsearch-parsers.html)
    - [12.6. Dictionaries](full-docs/html/textsearch-dictionaries.html)
      - [12.6.1. Stop Words](full-docs/html/textsearch-dictionaries.html)
      - [12.6.2. Simple Dictionary](full-docs/html/textsearch-dictionaries.html)
      - [12.6.3. Synonym Dictionary](full-docs/html/textsearch-dictionaries.html)
      - [12.6.4. Thesaurus Dictionary](full-docs/html/textsearch-dictionaries.html)
      - [12.6.5. Ispell Dictionary](full-docs/html/textsearch-dictionaries.html)
      - [12.6.6. Snowball Dictionary](full-docs/html/textsearch-dictionaries.html)
    - [12.7. Configuration Example](full-docs/html/textsearch-configuration.html)
    - [12.8. Testing and Debugging Text Search](full-docs/html/textsearch-debugging.html)
      - [12.8.1. Configuration Testing](full-docs/html/textsearch-debugging.html)
      - [12.8.2. Parser Testing](full-docs/html/textsearch-debugging.html)
      - [12.8.3. Dictionary Testing](full-docs/html/textsearch-debugging.html)
    - [12.9. Preferred Index Types for Text Search](full-docs/html/textsearch-indexes.html)
    - [12.10. psql Support](full-docs/html/textsearch-psql.html)
    - [12.11. Limitations](full-docs/html/textsearch-limitations.html)
- [13. Concurrency Control](full-docs/html/mvcc.html)
    - [13.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/mvcc-intro.html)
    - [13.2. Transaction Isolation](full-docs/html/transaction-iso.html)
      - [13.2.1. Read Committed Isolation Level](full-docs/html/transaction-iso.html)
      - [13.2.2. Repeatable Read Isolation Level](full-docs/html/transaction-iso.html)
      - [13.2.3. Serializable Isolation Level](full-docs/html/transaction-iso.html)
    - [13.3. Explicit Locking](full-docs/html/explicit-locking.html)
      - [13.3.1. Table-Level Locks](full-docs/html/explicit-locking.html)
      - [13.3.2. Row-Level Locks](full-docs/html/explicit-locking.html)
      - [13.3.3. Page-Level Locks](full-docs/html/explicit-locking.html)
      - [13.3.4. Deadlocks](full-docs/html/explicit-locking.html)
      - [13.3.5. Advisory Locks](full-docs/html/explicit-locking.html)
    - [13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level](full-docs/html/applevel-consistency.html)
      - [13.4.1. Enforcing Consistency with Serializable Transactions](full-docs/html/applevel-consistency.html)
      - [13.4.2. Enforcing Consistency with Explicit Blocking Locks](full-docs/html/applevel-consistency.html)
    - [13.5. Serialization Failure Handling](full-docs/html/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html)
    - [13.6. Caveats](full-docs/html/mvcc-caveats.html)
    - [13.7. Locking and Indexes](full-docs/html/locking-indexes.html)
- [14. Performance Tips](full-docs/html/performance-tips.html)
    - [14.1. Using EXPLAIN](full-docs/html/using-explain.html)
      - [14.1.1. EXPLAIN Basics](full-docs/html/using-explain.html)
      - [14.1.2. EXPLAIN ANALYZE](full-docs/html/using-explain.html)
      - [14.1.3. Caveats](full-docs/html/using-explain.html)
    - [14.2. Statistics Used by the Planner](full-docs/html/planner-stats.html)
      - [14.2.1. Single-Column Statistics](full-docs/html/planner-stats.html)
      - [14.2.2. Extended Statistics](full-docs/html/planner-stats.html)
    - [14.3. Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses](full-docs/html/explicit-joins.html)
    - [14.4. Populating a Database](full-docs/html/populate.html)
      - [14.4.1. Disable Autocommit](full-docs/html/populate.html)
      - [14.4.2. Use COPY](full-docs/html/populate.html)
      - [14.4.3. Remove Indexes](full-docs/html/populate.html)
      - [14.4.4. Remove Foreign Key Constraints](full-docs/html/populate.html)
      - [14.4.5. Increase maintenance_work_mem](full-docs/html/populate.html)
      - [14.4.6. Increase max_wal_size](full-docs/html/populate.html)
      - [14.4.7. Disable WAL Archival and Streaming Replication](full-docs/html/populate.html)
      - [14.4.8. Run ANALYZE Afterwards](full-docs/html/populate.html)
      - [14.4.9. Some Notes about pg_dump](full-docs/html/populate.html)
    - [14.5. Non-Durable Settings](full-docs/html/non-durability.html)
- [15. Parallel Query](full-docs/html/parallel-query.html)
    - [15.1. How Parallel Query Works](full-docs/html/how-parallel-query-works.html)
    - [15.2. When Can Parallel Query Be Used?](full-docs/html/when-can-parallel-query-be-used.html)
    - [15.3. Parallel Plans](full-docs/html/parallel-plans.html)
      - [15.3.1. Parallel Scans](full-docs/html/parallel-plans.html)
      - [15.3.2. Parallel Joins](full-docs/html/parallel-plans.html)
      - [15.3.3. Parallel Aggregation](full-docs/html/parallel-plans.html)
      - [15.3.4. Parallel Append](full-docs/html/parallel-plans.html)
      - [15.3.5. Parallel Plan Tips](full-docs/html/parallel-plans.html)
    - [15.4. Parallel Safety](full-docs/html/parallel-safety.html)
      - [15.4.1. Parallel Labeling for Functions and Aggregates](full-docs/html/parallel-safety.html)
- [III. Server Administration](full-docs/html/admin.html)
  - [16. Installation from Binaries](full-docs/html/install-binaries.html)
  - [17. Installation from Source Code](full-docs/html/installation.html)
    - [17.1. Requirements](full-docs/html/install-requirements.html)
    - [17.2. Getting the Source](full-docs/html/install-getsource.html)
    - [17.3. Building and Installation with Autoconf and Make](full-docs/html/install-make.html)
    - [17.4. Building and Installation with Meson](full-docs/html/install-meson.html)
    - [17.5. Post-Installation Setup](full-docs/html/install-post.html)
    - [17.6. Supported Platforms](full-docs/html/supported-platforms.html)
    - [17.7. Platform-Specific Notes](full-docs/html/installation-platform-notes.html)
  - [18. Server Setup and Operation](full-docs/html/runtime.html)
    - [18.1. The PostgreSQL User Account](full-docs/html/postgres-user.html)
    - [18.2. Creating a Database Cluster](full-docs/html/creating-cluster.html)
    - [18.3. Starting the Database Server](full-docs/html/server-start.html)
    - [18.4. Managing Kernel Resources](full-docs/html/kernel-resources.html)
    - [18.5. Shutting Down the Server](full-docs/html/server-shutdown.html)
    - [18.6. Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster](full-docs/html/upgrading.html)
    - [18.7. Preventing Server Spoofing](full-docs/html/preventing-server-spoofing.html)
    - [18.8. Encryption Options](full-docs/html/encryption-options.html)
    - [18.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL](full-docs/html/ssl-tcp.html)
    - [18.10. Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption](full-docs/html/gssapi-enc.html)
    - [18.11. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels](full-docs/html/ssh-tunnels.html)
    - [18.12. Registering Event Log on Windows](full-docs/html/event-log-registration.html)
  - [19. Server Configuration](full-docs/html/runtime-config.html)
    - [19.1. Setting Parameters](full-docs/html/config-setting.html)
    - [19.2. File Locations](full-docs/html/runtime-config-file-locations.html)
    - [19.3. Connections and Authentication](full-docs/html/runtime-config-connection.html)
    - [19.4. Resource Consumption](full-docs/html/runtime-config-resource.html)
    - [19.5. Write Ahead Log](full-docs/html/runtime-config-wal.html)
    - [19.6. Replication](full-docs/html/runtime-config-replication.html)
    - [19.7. Query Planning](full-docs/html/runtime-config-query.html)
    - [19.8. Error Reporting and Logging](full-docs/html/runtime-config-logging.html)
    - [19.9. Run-time Statistics](full-docs/html/runtime-config-statistics.html)
    - [19.10. Vacuuming](full-docs/html/runtime-config-vacuum.html)
    - [19.11. Client Connection Defaults](full-docs/html/runtime-config-client.html)
    - [19.12. Lock Management](full-docs/html/runtime-config-locks.html)
    - [19.13. Version and Platform Compatibility](full-docs/html/runtime-config-compatible.html)
    - [19.14. Error Handling](full-docs/html/runtime-config-error-handling.html)
    - [19.15. Preset Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-preset.html)
    - [19.16. Customized Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-custom.html)
    - [19.17. Developer Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-developer.html)
    - [19.18. Short Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-short.html)
  - [20. Client Authentication](full-docs/html/client-authentication.html)
    - [20.1. The pg_hba.conf File](full-docs/html/auth-pg-hba-conf.html)
    - [20.2. User Name Maps](full-docs/html/auth-username-maps.html)
    - [20.3. Authentication Methods](full-docs/html/auth-methods.html)
    - [20.4. Trust Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-trust.html)
    - [20.5. Password Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-password.html)
    - [20.6. GSSAPI Authentication](full-docs/html/gssapi-auth.html)
    - [20.7. SSPI Authentication](full-docs/html/sspi-auth.html)
    - [20.8. Ident Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-ident.html)
    - [20.9. Peer Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-peer.html)
    - [20.10. LDAP Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-ldap.html)
    - [20.11. RADIUS Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-radius.html)
    - [20.12. Certificate Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-cert.html)
    - [20.13. PAM Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-pam.html)
    - [20.14. BSD Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-bsd.html)
    - [20.15. OAuth Authorization/Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-oauth.html)
    - [20.16. Authentication Problems](full-docs/html/client-authentication-problems.html)
  - [21. Database Roles](full-docs/html/user-manag.html)
    - [21.1. Database Roles](full-docs/html/database-roles.html)
    - [21.2. Role Attributes](full-docs/html/role-attributes.html)
    - [21.3. Role Membership](full-docs/html/role-membership.html)
    - [21.4. Dropping Roles](full-docs/html/role-removal.html)
    - [21.5. Predefined Roles](full-docs/html/predefined-roles.html)
    - [21.6. Function Security](full-docs/html/perm-functions.html)
  - [22. Managing Databases](full-docs/html/managing-databases.html)
    - [22.1. Overview](full-docs/html/manage-ag-overview.html)
    - [22.2. Creating a Database](full-docs/html/manage-ag-createdb.html)
    - [22.3. Template Databases](full-docs/html/manage-ag-templatedbs.html)
    - [22.4. Database Configuration](full-docs/html/manage-ag-config.html)
    - [22.5. Destroying a Database](full-docs/html/manage-ag-dropdb.html)
    - [22.6. Tablespaces](full-docs/html/manage-ag-tablespaces.html)
  - [23. Localization](full-docs/html/charset.html)
    - [23.1. Locale Support](full-docs/html/locale.html)
    - [23.2. Collation Support](full-docs/html/collation.html)
    - [23.3. Character Set Support](full-docs/html/multibyte.html)
  - [24. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks](full-docs/html/maintenance.html)
    - [24.1. Routine Vacuuming](full-docs/html/routine-vacuuming.html)
    - [24.2. Routine Reindexing](full-docs/html/routine-reindex.html)
    - [24.3. Log File Maintenance](full-docs/html/logfile-maintenance.html)
  - [25. Backup and Restore](full-docs/html/backup.html)
    - [25.1. SQL Dump](full-docs/html/backup-dump.html)
    - [25.2. File System Level Backup](full-docs/html/backup-file.html)
    - [25.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)](full-docs/html/continuous-archiving.html)
  - [26. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication](full-docs/html/high-availability.html)
    - [26.1. Comparison of Different Solutions](full-docs/html/different-replication-solutions.html)
    - [26.2. Log-Shipping Standby Servers](full-docs/html/warm-standby.html)
    - [26.3. Failover](full-docs/html/warm-standby-failover.html)
    - [26.4. Hot Standby](full-docs/html/hot-standby.html)
  - [27. Monitoring Database Activity](full-docs/html/monitoring.html)
    - [27.1. Standard Unix Tools](full-docs/html/monitoring-ps.html)
    - [27.2. The Cumulative Statistics System](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
    - [27.3. Viewing Locks](full-docs/html/monitoring-locks.html)
    - [27.4. Progress Reporting](full-docs/html/progress-reporting.html)
    - [27.5. Dynamic Tracing](full-docs/html/dynamic-trace.html)
    - [27.6. Monitoring Disk Usage](full-docs/html/diskusage.html)
  - [28. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log](full-docs/html/wal.html)
    - [28.1. Reliability](full-docs/html/wal-reliability.html)
    - [28.2. Data Checksums](full-docs/html/checksums.html)
    - [28.3. Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)](full-docs/html/wal-intro.html)
    - [28.4. Asynchronous Commit](full-docs/html/wal-async-commit.html)
    - [28.5. WAL Configuration](full-docs/html/wal-configuration.html)
    - [28.6. WAL Internals](full-docs/html/wal-internals.html)
  - [29. Logical Replication](full-docs/html/logical-replication.html)
    - [29.1. Publication](full-docs/html/logical-replication-publication.html)
    - [29.2. Subscription](full-docs/html/logical-replication-subscription.html)
    - [29.3. Logical Replication Failover](full-docs/html/logical-replication-failover.html)
    - [29.4. Row Filters](full-docs/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html)
    - [29.5. Column Lists](full-docs/html/logical-replication-col-lists.html)
    - [29.6. Generated Column Replication](full-docs/html/logical-replication-gencols.html)
    - [29.7. Conflicts](full-docs/html/logical-replication-conflicts.html)
    - [29.8. Restrictions](full-docs/html/logical-replication-restrictions.html)
    - [29.9. Architecture](full-docs/html/logical-replication-architecture.html)
    - [29.10. Monitoring](full-docs/html/logical-replication-monitoring.html)
    - [29.11. Security](full-docs/html/logical-replication-security.html)
    - [29.12. Configuration Settings](full-docs/html/logical-replication-config.html)
    - [29.13. Upgrade](full-docs/html/logical-replication-upgrade.html)
    - [29.14. Quick Setup](full-docs/html/logical-replication-quick-setup.html)
  - [30. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)](full-docs/html/jit.html)
    - [30.1. What Is JIT compilation?](full-docs/html/jit-reason.html)
    - [30.2. When to JIT?](full-docs/html/jit-decision.html)
    - [30.3. Configuration](full-docs/html/jit-configuration.html)
    - [30.4. Extensibility](full-docs/html/jit-extensibility.html)
  - [31. Regression Tests](full-docs/html/regress.html)
    - [31.1. Running the Tests](full-docs/html/regress-run.html)
    - [31.2. Test Evaluation](full-docs/html/regress-evaluation.html)
    - [31.3. Variant Comparison Files](full-docs/html/regress-variant.html)
    - [31.4. TAP Tests](full-docs/html/regress-tap.html)
    - [31.5. Test Coverage Examination](full-docs/html/regress-coverage.html)
- [16. Installation from Binaries](full-docs/html/install-binaries.html)
- [17. Installation from Source Code](full-docs/html/installation.html)
    - [17.1. Requirements](full-docs/html/install-requirements.html)
    - [17.2. Getting the Source](full-docs/html/install-getsource.html)
    - [17.3. Building and Installation with Autoconf and Make](full-docs/html/install-make.html)
      - [17.3.1. Short Version](full-docs/html/install-make.html)
      - [17.3.2. Installation Procedure](full-docs/html/install-make.html)
      - [17.3.3. configure Options](full-docs/html/install-make.html)
      - [17.3.4. configure Environment Variables](full-docs/html/install-make.html)
    - [17.4. Building and Installation with Meson](full-docs/html/install-meson.html)
      - [17.4.1. Short Version](full-docs/html/install-meson.html)
      - [17.4.2. Installation Procedure](full-docs/html/install-meson.html)
      - [17.4.3. meson setup Options](full-docs/html/install-meson.html)
      - [17.4.4. meson Build Targets](full-docs/html/install-meson.html)
    - [17.5. Post-Installation Setup](full-docs/html/install-post.html)
      - [17.5.1. Shared Libraries](full-docs/html/install-post.html)
      - [17.5.2. Environment Variables](full-docs/html/install-post.html)
    - [17.6. Supported Platforms](full-docs/html/supported-platforms.html)
    - [17.7. Platform-Specific Notes](full-docs/html/installation-platform-notes.html)
      - [17.7.1. Cygwin](full-docs/html/installation-platform-notes.html)
      - [17.7.2. macOS](full-docs/html/installation-platform-notes.html)
      - [17.7.3. MinGW](full-docs/html/installation-platform-notes.html)
      - [17.7.4. Solaris](full-docs/html/installation-platform-notes.html)
      - [17.7.5. Visual Studio](full-docs/html/installation-platform-notes.html)
- [18. Server Setup and Operation](full-docs/html/runtime.html)
    - [18.1. The PostgreSQL User Account](full-docs/html/postgres-user.html)
    - [18.2. Creating a Database Cluster](full-docs/html/creating-cluster.html)
      - [18.2.1. Use of Secondary File Systems](full-docs/html/creating-cluster.html)
      - [18.2.2. File Systems](full-docs/html/creating-cluster.html)
    - [18.3. Starting the Database Server](full-docs/html/server-start.html)
      - [18.3.1. Server Start-up Failures](full-docs/html/server-start.html)
      - [18.3.2. Client Connection Problems](full-docs/html/server-start.html)
    - [18.4. Managing Kernel Resources](full-docs/html/kernel-resources.html)
      - [18.4.1. Shared Memory and Semaphores](full-docs/html/kernel-resources.html)
      - [18.4.2. systemd RemoveIPC](full-docs/html/kernel-resources.html)
      - [18.4.3. Resource Limits](full-docs/html/kernel-resources.html)
      - [18.4.4. Linux Memory Overcommit](full-docs/html/kernel-resources.html)
      - [18.4.5. Linux Huge Pages](full-docs/html/kernel-resources.html)
    - [18.5. Shutting Down the Server](full-docs/html/server-shutdown.html)
    - [18.6. Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster](full-docs/html/upgrading.html)
      - [18.6.1. Upgrading Data via pg_dumpall](full-docs/html/upgrading.html)
      - [18.6.2. Upgrading Data via pg_upgrade](full-docs/html/upgrading.html)
      - [18.6.3. Upgrading Data via Replication](full-docs/html/upgrading.html)
    - [18.7. Preventing Server Spoofing](full-docs/html/preventing-server-spoofing.html)
    - [18.8. Encryption Options](full-docs/html/encryption-options.html)
    - [18.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL](full-docs/html/ssl-tcp.html)
      - [18.9.1. Basic Setup](full-docs/html/ssl-tcp.html)
      - [18.9.2. OpenSSL Configuration](full-docs/html/ssl-tcp.html)
      - [18.9.3. Using Client Certificates](full-docs/html/ssl-tcp.html)
      - [18.9.4. SSL Server File Usage](full-docs/html/ssl-tcp.html)
      - [18.9.5. Creating Certificates](full-docs/html/ssl-tcp.html)
    - [18.10. Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption](full-docs/html/gssapi-enc.html)
      - [18.10.1. Basic Setup](full-docs/html/gssapi-enc.html)
    - [18.11. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels](full-docs/html/ssh-tunnels.html)
    - [18.12. Registering Event Log on Windows](full-docs/html/event-log-registration.html)
- [19. Server Configuration](full-docs/html/runtime-config.html)
    - [19.1. Setting Parameters](full-docs/html/config-setting.html)
      - [19.1.1. Parameter Names and Values](full-docs/html/config-setting.html)
      - [19.1.2. Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File](full-docs/html/config-setting.html)
      - [19.1.3. Parameter Interaction via SQL](full-docs/html/config-setting.html)
      - [19.1.4. Parameter Interaction via the Shell](full-docs/html/config-setting.html)
      - [19.1.5. Managing Configuration File Contents](full-docs/html/config-setting.html)
    - [19.2. File Locations](full-docs/html/runtime-config-file-locations.html)
    - [19.3. Connections and Authentication](full-docs/html/runtime-config-connection.html)
      - [19.3.1. Connection Settings](full-docs/html/runtime-config-connection.html)
      - [19.3.2. TCP Settings](full-docs/html/runtime-config-connection.html)
      - [19.3.3. Authentication](full-docs/html/runtime-config-connection.html)
      - [19.3.4. SSL](full-docs/html/runtime-config-connection.html)
    - [19.4. Resource Consumption](full-docs/html/runtime-config-resource.html)
      - [19.4.1. Memory](full-docs/html/runtime-config-resource.html)
      - [19.4.2. Disk](full-docs/html/runtime-config-resource.html)
      - [19.4.3. Kernel Resource Usage](full-docs/html/runtime-config-resource.html)
      - [19.4.4. Background Writer](full-docs/html/runtime-config-resource.html)
      - [19.4.5. I/O](full-docs/html/runtime-config-resource.html)
      - [19.4.6. Worker Processes](full-docs/html/runtime-config-resource.html)
    - [19.5. Write Ahead Log](full-docs/html/runtime-config-wal.html)
      - [19.5.1. Settings](full-docs/html/runtime-config-wal.html)
      - [19.5.2. Checkpoints](full-docs/html/runtime-config-wal.html)
      - [19.5.3. Archiving](full-docs/html/runtime-config-wal.html)
      - [19.5.4. Recovery](full-docs/html/runtime-config-wal.html)
      - [19.5.5. Archive Recovery](full-docs/html/runtime-config-wal.html)
      - [19.5.6. Recovery Target](full-docs/html/runtime-config-wal.html)
      - [19.5.7. WAL Summarization](full-docs/html/runtime-config-wal.html)
    - [19.6. Replication](full-docs/html/runtime-config-replication.html)
      - [19.6.1. Sending Servers](full-docs/html/runtime-config-replication.html)
      - [19.6.2. Primary Server](full-docs/html/runtime-config-replication.html)
      - [19.6.3. Standby Servers](full-docs/html/runtime-config-replication.html)
      - [19.6.4. Subscribers](full-docs/html/runtime-config-replication.html)
    - [19.7. Query Planning](full-docs/html/runtime-config-query.html)
      - [19.7.1. Planner Method Configuration](full-docs/html/runtime-config-query.html)
      - [19.7.2. Planner Cost Constants](full-docs/html/runtime-config-query.html)
      - [19.7.3. Genetic Query Optimizer](full-docs/html/runtime-config-query.html)
      - [19.7.4. Other Planner Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-query.html)
    - [19.8. Error Reporting and Logging](full-docs/html/runtime-config-logging.html)
      - [19.8.1. Where to Log](full-docs/html/runtime-config-logging.html)
      - [19.8.2. When to Log](full-docs/html/runtime-config-logging.html)
      - [19.8.3. What to Log](full-docs/html/runtime-config-logging.html)
      - [19.8.4. Using CSV-Format Log Output](full-docs/html/runtime-config-logging.html)
      - [19.8.5. Using JSON-Format Log Output](full-docs/html/runtime-config-logging.html)
      - [19.8.6. Process Title](full-docs/html/runtime-config-logging.html)
    - [19.9. Run-time Statistics](full-docs/html/runtime-config-statistics.html)
      - [19.9.1. Cumulative Query and Index Statistics](full-docs/html/runtime-config-statistics.html)
      - [19.9.2. Statistics Monitoring](full-docs/html/runtime-config-statistics.html)
    - [19.10. Vacuuming](full-docs/html/runtime-config-vacuum.html)
      - [19.10.1. Automatic Vacuuming](full-docs/html/runtime-config-vacuum.html)
      - [19.10.2. Cost-based Vacuum Delay](full-docs/html/runtime-config-vacuum.html)
      - [19.10.3. Default Behavior](full-docs/html/runtime-config-vacuum.html)
      - [19.10.4. Freezing](full-docs/html/runtime-config-vacuum.html)
    - [19.11. Client Connection Defaults](full-docs/html/runtime-config-client.html)
      - [19.11.1. Statement Behavior](full-docs/html/runtime-config-client.html)
      - [19.11.2. Locale and Formatting](full-docs/html/runtime-config-client.html)
      - [19.11.3. Shared Library Preloading](full-docs/html/runtime-config-client.html)
      - [19.11.4. Other Defaults](full-docs/html/runtime-config-client.html)
    - [19.12. Lock Management](full-docs/html/runtime-config-locks.html)
    - [19.13. Version and Platform Compatibility](full-docs/html/runtime-config-compatible.html)
      - [19.13.1. Previous PostgreSQL Versions](full-docs/html/runtime-config-compatible.html)
      - [19.13.2. Platform and Client Compatibility](full-docs/html/runtime-config-compatible.html)
    - [19.14. Error Handling](full-docs/html/runtime-config-error-handling.html)
    - [19.15. Preset Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-preset.html)
    - [19.16. Customized Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-custom.html)
    - [19.17. Developer Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-developer.html)
    - [19.18. Short Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-short.html)
- [20. Client Authentication](full-docs/html/client-authentication.html)
    - [20.1. The pg_hba.conf File](full-docs/html/auth-pg-hba-conf.html)
    - [20.2. User Name Maps](full-docs/html/auth-username-maps.html)
    - [20.3. Authentication Methods](full-docs/html/auth-methods.html)
    - [20.4. Trust Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-trust.html)
    - [20.5. Password Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-password.html)
    - [20.6. GSSAPI Authentication](full-docs/html/gssapi-auth.html)
    - [20.7. SSPI Authentication](full-docs/html/sspi-auth.html)
    - [20.8. Ident Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-ident.html)
    - [20.9. Peer Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-peer.html)
    - [20.10. LDAP Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-ldap.html)
    - [20.11. RADIUS Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-radius.html)
    - [20.12. Certificate Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-cert.html)
    - [20.13. PAM Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-pam.html)
    - [20.14. BSD Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-bsd.html)
    - [20.15. OAuth Authorization/Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-oauth.html)
    - [20.16. Authentication Problems](full-docs/html/client-authentication-problems.html)
- [21. Database Roles](full-docs/html/user-manag.html)
    - [21.1. Database Roles](full-docs/html/database-roles.html)
    - [21.2. Role Attributes](full-docs/html/role-attributes.html)
    - [21.3. Role Membership](full-docs/html/role-membership.html)
    - [21.4. Dropping Roles](full-docs/html/role-removal.html)
    - [21.5. Predefined Roles](full-docs/html/predefined-roles.html)
    - [21.6. Function Security](full-docs/html/perm-functions.html)
- [22. Managing Databases](full-docs/html/managing-databases.html)
    - [22.1. Overview](full-docs/html/manage-ag-overview.html)
    - [22.2. Creating a Database](full-docs/html/manage-ag-createdb.html)
    - [22.3. Template Databases](full-docs/html/manage-ag-templatedbs.html)
    - [22.4. Database Configuration](full-docs/html/manage-ag-config.html)
    - [22.5. Destroying a Database](full-docs/html/manage-ag-dropdb.html)
    - [22.6. Tablespaces](full-docs/html/manage-ag-tablespaces.html)
- [23. Localization](full-docs/html/charset.html)
    - [23.1. Locale Support](full-docs/html/locale.html)
      - [23.1.1. Overview](full-docs/html/locale.html)
      - [23.1.2. Behavior](full-docs/html/locale.html)
      - [23.1.3. Selecting Locales](full-docs/html/locale.html)
      - [23.1.4. Locale Providers](full-docs/html/locale.html)
      - [23.1.5. ICU Locales](full-docs/html/locale.html)
      - [23.1.6. Problems](full-docs/html/locale.html)
    - [23.2. Collation Support](full-docs/html/collation.html)
      - [23.2.1. Concepts](full-docs/html/collation.html)
      - [23.2.2. Managing Collations](full-docs/html/collation.html)
      - [23.2.3. ICU Custom Collations](full-docs/html/collation.html)
    - [23.3. Character Set Support](full-docs/html/multibyte.html)
      - [23.3.1. Supported Character Sets](full-docs/html/multibyte.html)
      - [23.3.2. Setting the Character Set](full-docs/html/multibyte.html)
      - [23.3.3. Automatic Character Set Conversion Between Server and Client](full-docs/html/multibyte.html)
      - [23.3.4. Available Character Set Conversions](full-docs/html/multibyte.html)
      - [23.3.5. Further Reading](full-docs/html/multibyte.html)
- [24. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks](full-docs/html/maintenance.html)
    - [24.1. Routine Vacuuming](full-docs/html/routine-vacuuming.html)
      - [24.1.1. Vacuuming Basics](full-docs/html/routine-vacuuming.html)
      - [24.1.2. Recovering Disk Space](full-docs/html/routine-vacuuming.html)
      - [24.1.3. Updating Planner Statistics](full-docs/html/routine-vacuuming.html)
      - [24.1.4. Updating the Visibility Map](full-docs/html/routine-vacuuming.html)
      - [24.1.5. Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures](full-docs/html/routine-vacuuming.html)
      - [24.1.6. The Autovacuum Daemon](full-docs/html/routine-vacuuming.html)
    - [24.2. Routine Reindexing](full-docs/html/routine-reindex.html)
    - [24.3. Log File Maintenance](full-docs/html/logfile-maintenance.html)
- [25. Backup and Restore](full-docs/html/backup.html)
    - [25.1. SQL Dump](full-docs/html/backup-dump.html)
      - [25.1.1. Restoring the Dump](full-docs/html/backup-dump.html)
      - [25.1.2. Using pg_dumpall](full-docs/html/backup-dump.html)
      - [25.1.3. Handling Large Databases](full-docs/html/backup-dump.html)
    - [25.2. File System Level Backup](full-docs/html/backup-file.html)
    - [25.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)](full-docs/html/continuous-archiving.html)
      - [25.3.1. Setting Up WAL Archiving](full-docs/html/continuous-archiving.html)
      - [25.3.2. Making a Base Backup](full-docs/html/continuous-archiving.html)
      - [25.3.3. Making an Incremental Backup](full-docs/html/continuous-archiving.html)
      - [25.3.4. Making a Base Backup Using the Low Level API](full-docs/html/continuous-archiving.html)
      - [25.3.5. Recovering Using a Continuous Archive Backup](full-docs/html/continuous-archiving.html)
      - [25.3.6. Timelines](full-docs/html/continuous-archiving.html)
      - [25.3.7. Tips and Examples](full-docs/html/continuous-archiving.html)
      - [25.3.8. Caveats](full-docs/html/continuous-archiving.html)
- [26. High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication](full-docs/html/high-availability.html)
    - [26.1. Comparison of Different Solutions](full-docs/html/different-replication-solutions.html)
    - [26.2. Log-Shipping Standby Servers](full-docs/html/warm-standby.html)
      - [26.2.1. Planning](full-docs/html/warm-standby.html)
      - [26.2.2. Standby Server Operation](full-docs/html/warm-standby.html)
      - [26.2.3. Preparing the Primary for Standby Servers](full-docs/html/warm-standby.html)
      - [26.2.4. Setting Up a Standby Server](full-docs/html/warm-standby.html)
      - [26.2.5. Streaming Replication](full-docs/html/warm-standby.html)
      - [26.2.6. Replication Slots](full-docs/html/warm-standby.html)
      - [26.2.7. Cascading Replication](full-docs/html/warm-standby.html)
      - [26.2.8. Synchronous Replication](full-docs/html/warm-standby.html)
      - [26.2.9. Continuous Archiving in Standby](full-docs/html/warm-standby.html)
    - [26.3. Failover](full-docs/html/warm-standby-failover.html)
    - [26.4. Hot Standby](full-docs/html/hot-standby.html)
      - [26.4.1. User's Overview](full-docs/html/hot-standby.html)
      - [26.4.2. Handling Query Conflicts](full-docs/html/hot-standby.html)
      - [26.4.3. Administrator's Overview](full-docs/html/hot-standby.html)
      - [26.4.4. Hot Standby Parameter Reference](full-docs/html/hot-standby.html)
      - [26.4.5. Caveats](full-docs/html/hot-standby.html)
- [27. Monitoring Database Activity](full-docs/html/monitoring.html)
    - [27.1. Standard Unix Tools](full-docs/html/monitoring-ps.html)
    - [27.2. The Cumulative Statistics System](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.1. Statistics Collection Configuration](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.2. Viewing Statistics](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.3. pg_stat_activity](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.4. pg_stat_replication](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.5. pg_stat_replication_slots](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.6. pg_stat_wal_receiver](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.7. pg_stat_recovery_prefetch](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.8. pg_stat_subscription](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.9. pg_stat_subscription_stats](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.10. pg_stat_ssl](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.11. pg_stat_gssapi](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.12. pg_stat_archiver](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.13. pg_stat_io](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.14. pg_stat_bgwriter](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.15. pg_stat_checkpointer](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.16. pg_stat_wal](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.17. pg_stat_database](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.18. pg_stat_database_conflicts](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.19. pg_stat_all_tables](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.20. pg_stat_all_indexes](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.21. pg_statio_all_tables](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.22. pg_statio_all_indexes](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.23. pg_statio_all_sequences](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.24. pg_stat_user_functions](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.25. pg_stat_slru](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - [27.2.26. Statistics Functions](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
    - [27.3. Viewing Locks](full-docs/html/monitoring-locks.html)
    - [27.4. Progress Reporting](full-docs/html/progress-reporting.html)
      - [27.4.1. ANALYZE Progress Reporting](full-docs/html/progress-reporting.html)
      - [27.4.2. CLUSTER Progress Reporting](full-docs/html/progress-reporting.html)
      - [27.4.3. COPY Progress Reporting](full-docs/html/progress-reporting.html)
      - [27.4.4. CREATE INDEX Progress Reporting](full-docs/html/progress-reporting.html)
      - [27.4.5. VACUUM Progress Reporting](full-docs/html/progress-reporting.html)
      - [27.4.6. Base Backup Progress Reporting](full-docs/html/progress-reporting.html)
    - [27.5. Dynamic Tracing](full-docs/html/dynamic-trace.html)
      - [27.5.1. Compiling for Dynamic Tracing](full-docs/html/dynamic-trace.html)
      - [27.5.2. Built-in Probes](full-docs/html/dynamic-trace.html)
      - [27.5.3. Using Probes](full-docs/html/dynamic-trace.html)
      - [27.5.4. Defining New Probes](full-docs/html/dynamic-trace.html)
    - [27.6. Monitoring Disk Usage](full-docs/html/diskusage.html)
      - [27.6.1. Determining Disk Usage](full-docs/html/diskusage.html)
      - [27.6.2. Disk Full Failure](full-docs/html/diskusage.html)
- [28. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log](full-docs/html/wal.html)
    - [28.1. Reliability](full-docs/html/wal-reliability.html)
    - [28.2. Data Checksums](full-docs/html/checksums.html)
      - [28.2.1. Off-line Enabling of Checksums](full-docs/html/checksums.html)
    - [28.3. Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)](full-docs/html/wal-intro.html)
    - [28.4. Asynchronous Commit](full-docs/html/wal-async-commit.html)
    - [28.5. WAL Configuration](full-docs/html/wal-configuration.html)
    - [28.6. WAL Internals](full-docs/html/wal-internals.html)
- [29. Logical Replication](full-docs/html/logical-replication.html)
    - [29.1. Publication](full-docs/html/logical-replication-publication.html)
      - [29.1.1. Replica Identity](full-docs/html/logical-replication-publication.html)
    - [29.2. Subscription](full-docs/html/logical-replication-subscription.html)
      - [29.2.1. Replication Slot Management](full-docs/html/logical-replication-subscription.html)
      - [29.2.2. Examples: Set Up Logical Replication](full-docs/html/logical-replication-subscription.html)
      - [29.2.3. Examples: Deferred Replication Slot Creation](full-docs/html/logical-replication-subscription.html)
    - [29.3. Logical Replication Failover](full-docs/html/logical-replication-failover.html)
    - [29.4. Row Filters](full-docs/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html)
      - [29.4.1. Row Filter Rules](full-docs/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html)
      - [29.4.2. Expression Restrictions](full-docs/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html)
      - [29.4.3. UPDATE Transformations](full-docs/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html)
      - [29.4.4. Partitioned Tables](full-docs/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html)
      - [29.4.5. Initial Data Synchronization](full-docs/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html)
      - [29.4.6. Combining Multiple Row Filters](full-docs/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html)
      - [29.4.7. Examples](full-docs/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html)
    - [29.5. Column Lists](full-docs/html/logical-replication-col-lists.html)
      - [29.5.1. Examples](full-docs/html/logical-replication-col-lists.html)
    - [29.6. Generated Column Replication](full-docs/html/logical-replication-gencols.html)
    - [29.7. Conflicts](full-docs/html/logical-replication-conflicts.html)
    - [29.8. Restrictions](full-docs/html/logical-replication-restrictions.html)
    - [29.9. Architecture](full-docs/html/logical-replication-architecture.html)
      - [29.9.1. Initial Snapshot](full-docs/html/logical-replication-architecture.html)
    - [29.10. Monitoring](full-docs/html/logical-replication-monitoring.html)
    - [29.11. Security](full-docs/html/logical-replication-security.html)
    - [29.12. Configuration Settings](full-docs/html/logical-replication-config.html)
      - [29.12.1. Publishers](full-docs/html/logical-replication-config.html)
      - [29.12.2. Subscribers](full-docs/html/logical-replication-config.html)
    - [29.13. Upgrade](full-docs/html/logical-replication-upgrade.html)
      - [29.13.1. Prepare for Publisher Upgrades](full-docs/html/logical-replication-upgrade.html)
      - [29.13.2. Prepare for Subscriber Upgrades](full-docs/html/logical-replication-upgrade.html)
      - [29.13.3. Upgrading Logical Replication Clusters](full-docs/html/logical-replication-upgrade.html)
    - [29.14. Quick Setup](full-docs/html/logical-replication-quick-setup.html)
- [30. Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)](full-docs/html/jit.html)
    - [30.1. What Is JIT compilation?](full-docs/html/jit-reason.html)
      - [30.1.1. JIT Accelerated Operations](full-docs/html/jit-reason.html)
      - [30.1.2. Inlining](full-docs/html/jit-reason.html)
      - [30.1.3. Optimization](full-docs/html/jit-reason.html)
    - [30.2. When to JIT?](full-docs/html/jit-decision.html)
    - [30.3. Configuration](full-docs/html/jit-configuration.html)
    - [30.4. Extensibility](full-docs/html/jit-extensibility.html)
      - [30.4.1. Inlining Support for Extensions](full-docs/html/jit-extensibility.html)
      - [30.4.2. Pluggable JIT Providers](full-docs/html/jit-extensibility.html)
- [31. Regression Tests](full-docs/html/regress.html)
    - [31.1. Running the Tests](full-docs/html/regress-run.html)
      - [31.1.1. Running the Tests Against a Temporary Installation](full-docs/html/regress-run.html)
      - [31.1.2. Running the Tests Against an Existing Installation](full-docs/html/regress-run.html)
      - [31.1.3. Additional Test Suites](full-docs/html/regress-run.html)
      - [31.1.4. Locale and Encoding](full-docs/html/regress-run.html)
      - [31.1.5. Custom Server Settings](full-docs/html/regress-run.html)
      - [31.1.6. Extra Tests](full-docs/html/regress-run.html)
    - [31.2. Test Evaluation](full-docs/html/regress-evaluation.html)
      - [31.2.1. Error Message Differences](full-docs/html/regress-evaluation.html)
      - [31.2.2. Locale Differences](full-docs/html/regress-evaluation.html)
      - [31.2.3. Date and Time Differences](full-docs/html/regress-evaluation.html)
      - [31.2.4. Floating-Point Differences](full-docs/html/regress-evaluation.html)
      - [31.2.5. Row Ordering Differences](full-docs/html/regress-evaluation.html)
      - [31.2.6. Insufficient Stack Depth](full-docs/html/regress-evaluation.html)
      - [31.2.7. The “random” Test](full-docs/html/regress-evaluation.html)
      - [31.2.8. Configuration Parameters](full-docs/html/regress-evaluation.html)
    - [31.3. Variant Comparison Files](full-docs/html/regress-variant.html)
    - [31.4. TAP Tests](full-docs/html/regress-tap.html)
      - [31.4.1. Environment Variables](full-docs/html/regress-tap.html)
    - [31.5. Test Coverage Examination](full-docs/html/regress-coverage.html)
      - [31.5.1. Coverage with Autoconf and Make](full-docs/html/regress-coverage.html)
      - [31.5.2. Coverage with Meson](full-docs/html/regress-coverage.html)
- [IV. Client Interfaces](full-docs/html/client-interfaces.html)
  - [32. libpq — C Library](full-docs/html/libpq.html)
    - [32.1. Database Connection Control Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-connect.html)
    - [32.2. Connection Status Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-status.html)
    - [32.3. Command Execution Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-exec.html)
    - [32.4. Asynchronous Command Processing](full-docs/html/libpq-async.html)
    - [32.5. Pipeline Mode](full-docs/html/libpq-pipeline-mode.html)
    - [32.6. Retrieving Query Results in Chunks](full-docs/html/libpq-single-row-mode.html)
    - [32.7. Canceling Queries in Progress](full-docs/html/libpq-cancel.html)
    - [32.8. The Fast-Path Interface](full-docs/html/libpq-fastpath.html)
    - [32.9. Asynchronous Notification](full-docs/html/libpq-notify.html)
    - [32.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command](full-docs/html/libpq-copy.html)
    - [32.11. Control Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-control.html)
    - [32.12. Miscellaneous Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-misc.html)
    - [32.13. Notice Processing](full-docs/html/libpq-notice-processing.html)
    - [32.14. Event System](full-docs/html/libpq-events.html)
    - [32.15. Environment Variables](full-docs/html/libpq-envars.html)
    - [32.16. The Password File](full-docs/html/libpq-pgpass.html)
    - [32.17. The Connection Service File](full-docs/html/libpq-pgservice.html)
    - [32.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters](full-docs/html/libpq-ldap.html)
    - [32.19. SSL Support](full-docs/html/libpq-ssl.html)
    - [32.20. OAuth Support](full-docs/html/libpq-oauth.html)
    - [32.21. Behavior in Threaded Programs](full-docs/html/libpq-threading.html)
    - [32.22. Building libpq Programs](full-docs/html/libpq-build.html)
    - [32.23. Example Programs](full-docs/html/libpq-example.html)
  - [33. Large Objects](full-docs/html/largeobjects.html)
    - [33.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/lo-intro.html)
    - [33.2. Implementation Features](full-docs/html/lo-implementation.html)
    - [33.3. Client Interfaces](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
    - [33.4. Server-Side Functions](full-docs/html/lo-funcs.html)
    - [33.5. Example Program](full-docs/html/lo-examplesect.html)
  - [34. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C](full-docs/html/ecpg.html)
    - [34.1. The Concept](full-docs/html/ecpg-concept.html)
    - [34.2. Managing Database Connections](full-docs/html/ecpg-connect.html)
    - [34.3. Running SQL Commands](full-docs/html/ecpg-commands.html)
    - [34.4. Using Host Variables](full-docs/html/ecpg-variables.html)
    - [34.5. Dynamic SQL](full-docs/html/ecpg-dynamic.html)
    - [34.6. pgtypes Library](full-docs/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html)
    - [34.7. Using Descriptor Areas](full-docs/html/ecpg-descriptors.html)
    - [34.8. Error Handling](full-docs/html/ecpg-errors.html)
    - [34.9. Preprocessor Directives](full-docs/html/ecpg-preproc.html)
    - [34.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs](full-docs/html/ecpg-process.html)
    - [34.11. Library Functions](full-docs/html/ecpg-library.html)
    - [34.12. Large Objects](full-docs/html/ecpg-lo.html)
    - [34.13. C++ Applications](full-docs/html/ecpg-cpp.html)
    - [34.14. Embedded SQL Commands](full-docs/html/ecpg-sql-commands.html)
    - [34.15. Informix Compatibility Mode](full-docs/html/ecpg-informix-compat.html)
    - [34.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode](full-docs/html/ecpg-oracle-compat.html)
    - [34.17. Internals](full-docs/html/ecpg-develop.html)
  - [35. The Information Schema](full-docs/html/information-schema.html)
    - [35.1. The Schema](full-docs/html/infoschema-schema.html)
    - [35.2. Data Types](full-docs/html/infoschema-datatypes.html)
    - [35.3. information_schema_catalog_name](full-docs/html/infoschema-information-schema-catalog-name.html)
    - [35.4. administrable_role_​authorizations](full-docs/html/infoschema-administrable-role-authorizations.html)
    - [35.5. applicable_roles](full-docs/html/infoschema-applicable-roles.html)
    - [35.6. attributes](full-docs/html/infoschema-attributes.html)
    - [35.7. character_sets](full-docs/html/infoschema-character-sets.html)
    - [35.8. check_constraint_routine_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-check-constraint-routine-usage.html)
    - [35.9. check_constraints](full-docs/html/infoschema-check-constraints.html)
    - [35.10. collations](full-docs/html/infoschema-collations.html)
    - [35.11. collation_character_set_​applicability](full-docs/html/infoschema-collation-character-set-applicab.html)
    - [35.12. column_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-column-usage.html)
    - [35.13. column_domain_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-domain-usage.html)
    - [35.14. column_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-options.html)
    - [35.15. column_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-privileges.html)
    - [35.16. column_udt_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-udt-usage.html)
    - [35.17. columns](full-docs/html/infoschema-columns.html)
    - [35.18. constraint_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-constraint-column-usage.html)
    - [35.19. constraint_table_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-constraint-table-usage.html)
    - [35.20. data_type_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-data-type-privileges.html)
    - [35.21. domain_constraints](full-docs/html/infoschema-domain-constraints.html)
    - [35.22. domain_udt_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-domain-udt-usage.html)
    - [35.23. domains](full-docs/html/infoschema-domains.html)
    - [35.24. element_types](full-docs/html/infoschema-element-types.html)
    - [35.25. enabled_roles](full-docs/html/infoschema-enabled-roles.html)
    - [35.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrapper-options.html)
    - [35.27. foreign_data_wrappers](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrappers.html)
    - [35.28. foreign_server_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-server-options.html)
    - [35.29. foreign_servers](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-servers.html)
    - [35.30. foreign_table_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-table-options.html)
    - [35.31. foreign_tables](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-tables.html)
    - [35.32. key_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-key-column-usage.html)
    - [35.33. parameters](full-docs/html/infoschema-parameters.html)
    - [35.34. referential_constraints](full-docs/html/infoschema-referential-constraints.html)
    - [35.35. role_column_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-column-grants.html)
    - [35.36. role_routine_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-routine-grants.html)
    - [35.37. role_table_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-table-grants.html)
    - [35.38. role_udt_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-udt-grants.html)
    - [35.39. role_usage_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-usage-grants.html)
    - [35.40. routine_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-column-usage.html)
    - [35.41. routine_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-privileges.html)
    - [35.42. routine_routine_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-routine-usage.html)
    - [35.43. routine_sequence_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-sequence-usage.html)
    - [35.44. routine_table_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-table-usage.html)
    - [35.45. routines](full-docs/html/infoschema-routines.html)
    - [35.46. schemata](full-docs/html/infoschema-schemata.html)
    - [35.47. sequences](full-docs/html/infoschema-sequences.html)
    - [35.48. sql_features](full-docs/html/infoschema-sql-features.html)
    - [35.49. sql_implementation_info](full-docs/html/infoschema-sql-implementation-info.html)
    - [35.50. sql_parts](full-docs/html/infoschema-sql-parts.html)
    - [35.51. sql_sizing](full-docs/html/infoschema-sql-sizing.html)
    - [35.52. table_constraints](full-docs/html/infoschema-table-constraints.html)
    - [35.53. table_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-table-privileges.html)
    - [35.54. tables](full-docs/html/infoschema-tables.html)
    - [35.55. transforms](full-docs/html/infoschema-transforms.html)
    - [35.56. triggered_update_columns](full-docs/html/infoschema-triggered-update-columns.html)
    - [35.57. triggers](full-docs/html/infoschema-triggers.html)
    - [35.58. udt_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-udt-privileges.html)
    - [35.59. usage_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-usage-privileges.html)
    - [35.60. user_defined_types](full-docs/html/infoschema-user-defined-types.html)
    - [35.61. user_mapping_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-user-mapping-options.html)
    - [35.62. user_mappings](full-docs/html/infoschema-user-mappings.html)
    - [35.63. view_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-view-column-usage.html)
    - [35.64. view_routine_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-view-routine-usage.html)
    - [35.65. view_table_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-view-table-usage.html)
    - [35.66. views](full-docs/html/infoschema-views.html)
- [32. libpq — C Library](full-docs/html/libpq.html)
    - [32.1. Database Connection Control Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-connect.html)
      - [32.1.1. Connection Strings](full-docs/html/libpq-connect.html)
      - [32.1.2. Parameter Key Words](full-docs/html/libpq-connect.html)
    - [32.2. Connection Status Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-status.html)
    - [32.3. Command Execution Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-exec.html)
      - [32.3.1. Main Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-exec.html)
      - [32.3.2. Retrieving Query Result Information](full-docs/html/libpq-exec.html)
      - [32.3.3. Retrieving Other Result Information](full-docs/html/libpq-exec.html)
      - [32.3.4. Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands](full-docs/html/libpq-exec.html)
    - [32.4. Asynchronous Command Processing](full-docs/html/libpq-async.html)
    - [32.5. Pipeline Mode](full-docs/html/libpq-pipeline-mode.html)
      - [32.5.1. Using Pipeline Mode](full-docs/html/libpq-pipeline-mode.html)
      - [32.5.2. Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode](full-docs/html/libpq-pipeline-mode.html)
      - [32.5.3. When to Use Pipeline Mode](full-docs/html/libpq-pipeline-mode.html)
    - [32.6. Retrieving Query Results in Chunks](full-docs/html/libpq-single-row-mode.html)
    - [32.7. Canceling Queries in Progress](full-docs/html/libpq-cancel.html)
      - [32.7.1. Functions for Sending Cancel Requests](full-docs/html/libpq-cancel.html)
      - [32.7.2. Obsolete Functions for Sending Cancel Requests](full-docs/html/libpq-cancel.html)
    - [32.8. The Fast-Path Interface](full-docs/html/libpq-fastpath.html)
    - [32.9. Asynchronous Notification](full-docs/html/libpq-notify.html)
    - [32.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command](full-docs/html/libpq-copy.html)
      - [32.10.1. Functions for Sending COPY Data](full-docs/html/libpq-copy.html)
      - [32.10.2. Functions for Receiving COPY Data](full-docs/html/libpq-copy.html)
      - [32.10.3. Obsolete Functions for COPY](full-docs/html/libpq-copy.html)
    - [32.11. Control Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-control.html)
    - [32.12. Miscellaneous Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-misc.html)
    - [32.13. Notice Processing](full-docs/html/libpq-notice-processing.html)
    - [32.14. Event System](full-docs/html/libpq-events.html)
      - [32.14.1. Event Types](full-docs/html/libpq-events.html)
      - [32.14.2. Event Callback Procedure](full-docs/html/libpq-events.html)
      - [32.14.3. Event Support Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-events.html)
      - [32.14.4. Event Example](full-docs/html/libpq-events.html)
    - [32.15. Environment Variables](full-docs/html/libpq-envars.html)
    - [32.16. The Password File](full-docs/html/libpq-pgpass.html)
    - [32.17. The Connection Service File](full-docs/html/libpq-pgservice.html)
    - [32.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters](full-docs/html/libpq-ldap.html)
    - [32.19. SSL Support](full-docs/html/libpq-ssl.html)
      - [32.19.1. Client Verification of Server Certificates](full-docs/html/libpq-ssl.html)
      - [32.19.2. Client Certificates](full-docs/html/libpq-ssl.html)
      - [32.19.3. Protection Provided in Different Modes](full-docs/html/libpq-ssl.html)
      - [32.19.4. SSL Client File Usage](full-docs/html/libpq-ssl.html)
      - [32.19.5. SSL Library Initialization](full-docs/html/libpq-ssl.html)
    - [32.20. OAuth Support](full-docs/html/libpq-oauth.html)
      - [32.20.1. Authdata Hooks](full-docs/html/libpq-oauth.html)
      - [32.20.2. Debugging and Developer Settings](full-docs/html/libpq-oauth.html)
    - [32.21. Behavior in Threaded Programs](full-docs/html/libpq-threading.html)
    - [32.22. Building libpq Programs](full-docs/html/libpq-build.html)
    - [32.23. Example Programs](full-docs/html/libpq-example.html)
- [33. Large Objects](full-docs/html/largeobjects.html)
    - [33.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/lo-intro.html)
    - [33.2. Implementation Features](full-docs/html/lo-implementation.html)
    - [33.3. Client Interfaces](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
      - [33.3.1. Creating a Large Object](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
      - [33.3.2. Importing a Large Object](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
      - [33.3.3. Exporting a Large Object](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
      - [33.3.4. Opening an Existing Large Object](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
      - [33.3.5. Writing Data to a Large Object](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
      - [33.3.6. Reading Data from a Large Object](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
      - [33.3.7. Seeking in a Large Object](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
      - [33.3.8. Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
      - [33.3.9. Truncating a Large Object](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
      - [33.3.10. Closing a Large Object Descriptor](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
      - [33.3.11. Removing a Large Object](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
    - [33.4. Server-Side Functions](full-docs/html/lo-funcs.html)
    - [33.5. Example Program](full-docs/html/lo-examplesect.html)
- [34. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C](full-docs/html/ecpg.html)
    - [34.1. The Concept](full-docs/html/ecpg-concept.html)
    - [34.2. Managing Database Connections](full-docs/html/ecpg-connect.html)
      - [34.2.1. Connecting to the Database Server](full-docs/html/ecpg-connect.html)
      - [34.2.2. Choosing a Connection](full-docs/html/ecpg-connect.html)
      - [34.2.3. Closing a Connection](full-docs/html/ecpg-connect.html)
    - [34.3. Running SQL Commands](full-docs/html/ecpg-commands.html)
      - [34.3.1. Executing SQL Statements](full-docs/html/ecpg-commands.html)
      - [34.3.2. Using Cursors](full-docs/html/ecpg-commands.html)
      - [34.3.3. Managing Transactions](full-docs/html/ecpg-commands.html)
      - [34.3.4. Prepared Statements](full-docs/html/ecpg-commands.html)
    - [34.4. Using Host Variables](full-docs/html/ecpg-variables.html)
      - [34.4.1. Overview](full-docs/html/ecpg-variables.html)
      - [34.4.2. Declare Sections](full-docs/html/ecpg-variables.html)
      - [34.4.3. Retrieving Query Results](full-docs/html/ecpg-variables.html)
      - [34.4.4. Type Mapping](full-docs/html/ecpg-variables.html)
      - [34.4.5. Handling Nonprimitive SQL Data Types](full-docs/html/ecpg-variables.html)
      - [34.4.6. Indicators](full-docs/html/ecpg-variables.html)
    - [34.5. Dynamic SQL](full-docs/html/ecpg-dynamic.html)
      - [34.5.1. Executing Statements without a Result Set](full-docs/html/ecpg-dynamic.html)
      - [34.5.2. Executing a Statement with Input Parameters](full-docs/html/ecpg-dynamic.html)
      - [34.5.3. Executing a Statement with a Result Set](full-docs/html/ecpg-dynamic.html)
    - [34.6. pgtypes Library](full-docs/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html)
      - [34.6.1. Character Strings](full-docs/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html)
      - [34.6.2. The numeric Type](full-docs/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html)
      - [34.6.3. The date Type](full-docs/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html)
      - [34.6.4. The timestamp Type](full-docs/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html)
      - [34.6.5. The interval Type](full-docs/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html)
      - [34.6.6. The decimal Type](full-docs/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html)
      - [34.6.7. errno Values of pgtypeslib](full-docs/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html)
      - [34.6.8. Special Constants of pgtypeslib](full-docs/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html)
    - [34.7. Using Descriptor Areas](full-docs/html/ecpg-descriptors.html)
      - [34.7.1. Named SQL Descriptor Areas](full-docs/html/ecpg-descriptors.html)
      - [34.7.2. SQLDA Descriptor Areas](full-docs/html/ecpg-descriptors.html)
    - [34.8. Error Handling](full-docs/html/ecpg-errors.html)
      - [34.8.1. Setting Callbacks](full-docs/html/ecpg-errors.html)
      - [34.8.2. sqlca](full-docs/html/ecpg-errors.html)
      - [34.8.3. SQLSTATE vs. SQLCODE](full-docs/html/ecpg-errors.html)
    - [34.9. Preprocessor Directives](full-docs/html/ecpg-preproc.html)
      - [34.9.1. Including Files](full-docs/html/ecpg-preproc.html)
      - [34.9.2. The define and undef Directives](full-docs/html/ecpg-preproc.html)
      - [34.9.3. ifdef, ifndef, elif, else, and endif Directives](full-docs/html/ecpg-preproc.html)
    - [34.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs](full-docs/html/ecpg-process.html)
    - [34.11. Library Functions](full-docs/html/ecpg-library.html)
    - [34.12. Large Objects](full-docs/html/ecpg-lo.html)
    - [34.13. C++ Applications](full-docs/html/ecpg-cpp.html)
      - [34.13.1. Scope for Host Variables](full-docs/html/ecpg-cpp.html)
      - [34.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module](full-docs/html/ecpg-cpp.html)
    - [34.14. Embedded SQL Commands](full-docs/html/ecpg-sql-commands.html)
    - [34.15. Informix Compatibility Mode](full-docs/html/ecpg-informix-compat.html)
      - [34.15.1. Additional Types](full-docs/html/ecpg-informix-compat.html)
      - [34.15.2. Additional/Missing Embedded SQL Statements](full-docs/html/ecpg-informix-compat.html)
      - [34.15.3. Informix-compatible SQLDA Descriptor Areas](full-docs/html/ecpg-informix-compat.html)
      - [34.15.4. Additional Functions](full-docs/html/ecpg-informix-compat.html)
      - [34.15.5. Additional Constants](full-docs/html/ecpg-informix-compat.html)
    - [34.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode](full-docs/html/ecpg-oracle-compat.html)
    - [34.17. Internals](full-docs/html/ecpg-develop.html)
- [35. The Information Schema](full-docs/html/information-schema.html)
    - [35.1. The Schema](full-docs/html/infoschema-schema.html)
    - [35.2. Data Types](full-docs/html/infoschema-datatypes.html)
    - [35.3. information_schema_catalog_name](full-docs/html/infoschema-information-schema-catalog-name.html)
    - [35.4. administrable_role_​authorizations](full-docs/html/infoschema-administrable-role-authorizations.html)
    - [35.5. applicable_roles](full-docs/html/infoschema-applicable-roles.html)
    - [35.6. attributes](full-docs/html/infoschema-attributes.html)
    - [35.7. character_sets](full-docs/html/infoschema-character-sets.html)
    - [35.8. check_constraint_routine_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-check-constraint-routine-usage.html)
    - [35.9. check_constraints](full-docs/html/infoschema-check-constraints.html)
    - [35.10. collations](full-docs/html/infoschema-collations.html)
    - [35.11. collation_character_set_​applicability](full-docs/html/infoschema-collation-character-set-applicab.html)
    - [35.12. column_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-column-usage.html)
    - [35.13. column_domain_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-domain-usage.html)
    - [35.14. column_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-options.html)
    - [35.15. column_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-privileges.html)
    - [35.16. column_udt_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-udt-usage.html)
    - [35.17. columns](full-docs/html/infoschema-columns.html)
    - [35.18. constraint_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-constraint-column-usage.html)
    - [35.19. constraint_table_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-constraint-table-usage.html)
    - [35.20. data_type_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-data-type-privileges.html)
    - [35.21. domain_constraints](full-docs/html/infoschema-domain-constraints.html)
    - [35.22. domain_udt_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-domain-udt-usage.html)
    - [35.23. domains](full-docs/html/infoschema-domains.html)
    - [35.24. element_types](full-docs/html/infoschema-element-types.html)
    - [35.25. enabled_roles](full-docs/html/infoschema-enabled-roles.html)
    - [35.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrapper-options.html)
    - [35.27. foreign_data_wrappers](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrappers.html)
    - [35.28. foreign_server_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-server-options.html)
    - [35.29. foreign_servers](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-servers.html)
    - [35.30. foreign_table_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-table-options.html)
    - [35.31. foreign_tables](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-tables.html)
    - [35.32. key_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-key-column-usage.html)
    - [35.33. parameters](full-docs/html/infoschema-parameters.html)
    - [35.34. referential_constraints](full-docs/html/infoschema-referential-constraints.html)
    - [35.35. role_column_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-column-grants.html)
    - [35.36. role_routine_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-routine-grants.html)
    - [35.37. role_table_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-table-grants.html)
    - [35.38. role_udt_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-udt-grants.html)
    - [35.39. role_usage_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-usage-grants.html)
    - [35.40. routine_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-column-usage.html)
    - [35.41. routine_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-privileges.html)
    - [35.42. routine_routine_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-routine-usage.html)
    - [35.43. routine_sequence_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-sequence-usage.html)
    - [35.44. routine_table_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-table-usage.html)
    - [35.45. routines](full-docs/html/infoschema-routines.html)
    - [35.46. schemata](full-docs/html/infoschema-schemata.html)
    - [35.47. sequences](full-docs/html/infoschema-sequences.html)
    - [35.48. sql_features](full-docs/html/infoschema-sql-features.html)
    - [35.49. sql_implementation_info](full-docs/html/infoschema-sql-implementation-info.html)
    - [35.50. sql_parts](full-docs/html/infoschema-sql-parts.html)
    - [35.51. sql_sizing](full-docs/html/infoschema-sql-sizing.html)
    - [35.52. table_constraints](full-docs/html/infoschema-table-constraints.html)
    - [35.53. table_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-table-privileges.html)
    - [35.54. tables](full-docs/html/infoschema-tables.html)
    - [35.55. transforms](full-docs/html/infoschema-transforms.html)
    - [35.56. triggered_update_columns](full-docs/html/infoschema-triggered-update-columns.html)
    - [35.57. triggers](full-docs/html/infoschema-triggers.html)
    - [35.58. udt_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-udt-privileges.html)
    - [35.59. usage_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-usage-privileges.html)
    - [35.60. user_defined_types](full-docs/html/infoschema-user-defined-types.html)
    - [35.61. user_mapping_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-user-mapping-options.html)
    - [35.62. user_mappings](full-docs/html/infoschema-user-mappings.html)
    - [35.63. view_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-view-column-usage.html)
    - [35.64. view_routine_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-view-routine-usage.html)
    - [35.65. view_table_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-view-table-usage.html)
    - [35.66. views](full-docs/html/infoschema-views.html)
- [V. Server Programming](full-docs/html/server-programming.html)
  - [36. Extending SQL](full-docs/html/extend.html)
    - [36.1. How Extensibility Works](full-docs/html/extend-how.html)
    - [36.2. The PostgreSQL Type System](full-docs/html/extend-type-system.html)
    - [36.3. User-Defined Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc.html)
    - [36.4. User-Defined Procedures](full-docs/html/xproc.html)
    - [36.5. Query Language (SQL) Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
    - [36.6. Function Overloading](full-docs/html/xfunc-overload.html)
    - [36.7. Function Volatility Categories](full-docs/html/xfunc-volatility.html)
    - [36.8. Procedural Language Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-pl.html)
    - [36.9. Internal Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-internal.html)
    - [36.10. C-Language Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
    - [36.11. Function Optimization Information](full-docs/html/xfunc-optimization.html)
    - [36.12. User-Defined Aggregates](full-docs/html/xaggr.html)
    - [36.13. User-Defined Types](full-docs/html/xtypes.html)
    - [36.14. User-Defined Operators](full-docs/html/xoper.html)
    - [36.15. Operator Optimization Information](full-docs/html/xoper-optimization.html)
    - [36.16. Interfacing Extensions to Indexes](full-docs/html/xindex.html)
    - [36.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension](full-docs/html/extend-extensions.html)
    - [36.18. Extension Building Infrastructure](full-docs/html/extend-pgxs.html)
  - [37. Triggers](full-docs/html/triggers.html)
    - [37.1. Overview of Trigger Behavior](full-docs/html/trigger-definition.html)
    - [37.2. Visibility of Data Changes](full-docs/html/trigger-datachanges.html)
    - [37.3. Writing Trigger Functions in C](full-docs/html/trigger-interface.html)
    - [37.4. A Complete Trigger Example](full-docs/html/trigger-example.html)
  - [38. Event Triggers](full-docs/html/event-triggers.html)
    - [38.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior](full-docs/html/event-trigger-definition.html)
    - [38.2. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C](full-docs/html/event-trigger-interface.html)
    - [38.3. A Complete Event Trigger Example](full-docs/html/event-trigger-example.html)
    - [38.4. A Table Rewrite Event Trigger Example](full-docs/html/event-trigger-table-rewrite-example.html)
    - [38.5. A Database Login Event Trigger Example](full-docs/html/event-trigger-database-login-example.html)
  - [39. The Rule System](full-docs/html/rules.html)
    - [39.1. The Query Tree](full-docs/html/querytree.html)
    - [39.2. Views and the Rule System](full-docs/html/rules-views.html)
    - [39.3. Materialized Views](full-docs/html/rules-materializedviews.html)
    - [39.4. Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE](full-docs/html/rules-update.html)
    - [39.5. Rules and Privileges](full-docs/html/rules-privileges.html)
    - [39.6. Rules and Command Status](full-docs/html/rules-status.html)
    - [39.7. Rules Versus Triggers](full-docs/html/rules-triggers.html)
  - [40. Procedural Languages](full-docs/html/xplang.html)
    - [40.1. Installing Procedural Languages](full-docs/html/xplang-install.html)
  - [41. PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language](full-docs/html/plpgsql.html)
    - [41.1. Overview](full-docs/html/plpgsql-overview.html)
    - [41.2. Structure of PL/pgSQL](full-docs/html/plpgsql-structure.html)
    - [41.3. Declarations](full-docs/html/plpgsql-declarations.html)
    - [41.4. Expressions](full-docs/html/plpgsql-expressions.html)
    - [41.5. Basic Statements](full-docs/html/plpgsql-statements.html)
    - [41.6. Control Structures](full-docs/html/plpgsql-control-structures.html)
    - [41.7. Cursors](full-docs/html/plpgsql-cursors.html)
    - [41.8. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/plpgsql-transactions.html)
    - [41.9. Errors and Messages](full-docs/html/plpgsql-errors-and-messages.html)
    - [41.10. Trigger Functions](full-docs/html/plpgsql-trigger.html)
    - [41.11. PL/pgSQL under the Hood](full-docs/html/plpgsql-implementation.html)
    - [41.12. Tips for Developing in PL/pgSQL](full-docs/html/plpgsql-development-tips.html)
    - [41.13. Porting from Oracle PL/SQL](full-docs/html/plpgsql-porting.html)
  - [42. PL/Tcl — Tcl Procedural Language](full-docs/html/pltcl.html)
    - [42.1. Overview](full-docs/html/pltcl-overview.html)
    - [42.2. PL/Tcl Functions and Arguments](full-docs/html/pltcl-functions.html)
    - [42.3. Data Values in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-data.html)
    - [42.4. Global Data in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-global.html)
    - [42.5. Database Access from PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-dbaccess.html)
    - [42.6. Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-trigger.html)
    - [42.7. Event Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-event-trigger.html)
    - [42.8. Error Handling in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-error-handling.html)
    - [42.9. Explicit Subtransactions in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-subtransactions.html)
    - [42.10. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/pltcl-transactions.html)
    - [42.11. PL/Tcl Configuration](full-docs/html/pltcl-config.html)
    - [42.12. Tcl Procedure Names](full-docs/html/pltcl-procnames.html)
  - [43. PL/Perl — Perl Procedural Language](full-docs/html/plperl.html)
    - [43.1. PL/Perl Functions and Arguments](full-docs/html/plperl-funcs.html)
    - [43.2. Data Values in PL/Perl](full-docs/html/plperl-data.html)
    - [43.3. Built-in Functions](full-docs/html/plperl-builtins.html)
    - [43.4. Global Values in PL/Perl](full-docs/html/plperl-global.html)
    - [43.5. Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl](full-docs/html/plperl-trusted.html)
    - [43.6. PL/Perl Triggers](full-docs/html/plperl-triggers.html)
    - [43.7. PL/Perl Event Triggers](full-docs/html/plperl-event-triggers.html)
    - [43.8. PL/Perl Under the Hood](full-docs/html/plperl-under-the-hood.html)
  - [44. PL/Python — Python Procedural Language](full-docs/html/plpython.html)
    - [44.1. PL/Python Functions](full-docs/html/plpython-funcs.html)
    - [44.2. Data Values](full-docs/html/plpython-data.html)
    - [44.3. Sharing Data](full-docs/html/plpython-sharing.html)
    - [44.4. Anonymous Code Blocks](full-docs/html/plpython-do.html)
    - [44.5. Trigger Functions](full-docs/html/plpython-trigger.html)
    - [44.6. Database Access](full-docs/html/plpython-database.html)
    - [44.7. Explicit Subtransactions](full-docs/html/plpython-subtransaction.html)
    - [44.8. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/plpython-transactions.html)
    - [44.9. Utility Functions](full-docs/html/plpython-util.html)
    - [44.10. Python 2 vs. Python 3](full-docs/html/plpython-python23.html)
    - [44.11. Environment Variables](full-docs/html/plpython-envar.html)
  - [45. Server Programming Interface](full-docs/html/spi.html)
    - [45.1. Interface Functions](full-docs/html/spi-interface.html)
    - [45.2. Interface Support Functions](full-docs/html/spi-interface-support.html)
    - [45.3. Memory Management](full-docs/html/spi-memory.html)
    - [45.4. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/spi-transaction.html)
    - [45.5. Visibility of Data Changes](full-docs/html/spi-visibility.html)
    - [45.6. Examples](full-docs/html/spi-examples.html)
  - [46. Background Worker Processes](full-docs/html/bgworker.html)
  - [47. Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding.html)
    - [47.1. Logical Decoding Examples](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-example.html)
    - [47.2. Logical Decoding Concepts](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-explanation.html)
    - [47.3. Streaming Replication Protocol Interface](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-walsender.html)
    - [47.4. Logical Decoding SQL Interface](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-sql.html)
    - [47.5. System Catalogs Related to Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-catalogs.html)
    - [47.6. Logical Decoding Output Plugins](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-output-plugin.html)
    - [47.7. Logical Decoding Output Writers](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-writer.html)
    - [47.8. Synchronous Replication Support for Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-synchronous.html)
    - [47.9. Streaming of Large Transactions for Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-streaming.html)
    - [47.10. Two-phase Commit Support for Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-two-phase-commits.html)
  - [48. Replication Progress Tracking](full-docs/html/replication-origins.html)
  - [49. Archive Modules](full-docs/html/archive-modules.html)
    - [49.1. Initialization Functions](full-docs/html/archive-module-init.html)
    - [49.2. Archive Module Callbacks](full-docs/html/archive-module-callbacks.html)
  - [50. OAuth Validator Modules](full-docs/html/oauth-validators.html)
    - [50.1. Safely Designing a Validator Module](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-design.html)
    - [50.2. Initialization Functions](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-init.html)
    - [50.3. OAuth Validator Callbacks](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-callbacks.html)
- [36. Extending SQL](full-docs/html/extend.html)
    - [36.1. How Extensibility Works](full-docs/html/extend-how.html)
    - [36.2. The PostgreSQL Type System](full-docs/html/extend-type-system.html)
      - [36.2.1. Base Types](full-docs/html/extend-type-system.html)
      - [36.2.2. Container Types](full-docs/html/extend-type-system.html)
      - [36.2.3. Domains](full-docs/html/extend-type-system.html)
      - [36.2.4. Pseudo-Types](full-docs/html/extend-type-system.html)
      - [36.2.5. Polymorphic Types](full-docs/html/extend-type-system.html)
    - [36.3. User-Defined Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc.html)
    - [36.4. User-Defined Procedures](full-docs/html/xproc.html)
    - [36.5. Query Language (SQL) Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - [36.5.1. Arguments for SQL Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - [36.5.2. SQL Functions on Base Types](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - [36.5.3. SQL Functions on Composite Types](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - [36.5.4. SQL Functions with Output Parameters](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - [36.5.5. SQL Procedures with Output Parameters](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - [36.5.6. SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - [36.5.7. SQL Functions with Default Values for Arguments](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - [36.5.8. SQL Functions as Table Sources](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - [36.5.9. SQL Functions Returning Sets](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - [36.5.10. SQL Functions Returning TABLE](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - [36.5.11. Polymorphic SQL Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - [36.5.12. SQL Functions with Collations](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
    - [36.6. Function Overloading](full-docs/html/xfunc-overload.html)
    - [36.7. Function Volatility Categories](full-docs/html/xfunc-volatility.html)
    - [36.8. Procedural Language Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-pl.html)
    - [36.9. Internal Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-internal.html)
    - [36.10. C-Language Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.1. Dynamic Loading](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.2. Base Types in C-Language Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.3. Version 1 Calling Conventions](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.4. Writing Code](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.5. Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.6. Server API and ABI Stability Guidance](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.7. Composite-Type Arguments](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.8. Returning Rows (Composite Types)](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.9. Returning Sets](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.10. Polymorphic Arguments and Return Types](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.11. Shared Memory](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.12. LWLocks](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.13. Custom Wait Events](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.14. Injection Points](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.15. Custom Cumulative Statistics](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - [36.10.16. Using C++ for Extensibility](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
    - [36.11. Function Optimization Information](full-docs/html/xfunc-optimization.html)
    - [36.12. User-Defined Aggregates](full-docs/html/xaggr.html)
      - [36.12.1. Moving-Aggregate Mode](full-docs/html/xaggr.html)
      - [36.12.2. Polymorphic and Variadic Aggregates](full-docs/html/xaggr.html)
      - [36.12.3. Ordered-Set Aggregates](full-docs/html/xaggr.html)
      - [36.12.4. Partial Aggregation](full-docs/html/xaggr.html)
      - [36.12.5. Support Functions for Aggregates](full-docs/html/xaggr.html)
    - [36.13. User-Defined Types](full-docs/html/xtypes.html)
      - [36.13.1. TOAST Considerations](full-docs/html/xtypes.html)
    - [36.14. User-Defined Operators](full-docs/html/xoper.html)
    - [36.15. Operator Optimization Information](full-docs/html/xoper-optimization.html)
      - [36.15.1. COMMUTATOR](full-docs/html/xoper-optimization.html)
      - [36.15.2. NEGATOR](full-docs/html/xoper-optimization.html)
      - [36.15.3. RESTRICT](full-docs/html/xoper-optimization.html)
      - [36.15.4. JOIN](full-docs/html/xoper-optimization.html)
      - [36.15.5. HASHES](full-docs/html/xoper-optimization.html)
      - [36.15.6. MERGES](full-docs/html/xoper-optimization.html)
    - [36.16. Interfacing Extensions to Indexes](full-docs/html/xindex.html)
      - [36.16.1. Index Methods and Operator Classes](full-docs/html/xindex.html)
      - [36.16.2. Index Method Strategies](full-docs/html/xindex.html)
      - [36.16.3. Index Method Support Routines](full-docs/html/xindex.html)
      - [36.16.4. An Example](full-docs/html/xindex.html)
      - [36.16.5. Operator Classes and Operator Families](full-docs/html/xindex.html)
      - [36.16.6. System Dependencies on Operator Classes](full-docs/html/xindex.html)
      - [36.16.7. Ordering Operators](full-docs/html/xindex.html)
      - [36.16.8. Special Features of Operator Classes](full-docs/html/xindex.html)
    - [36.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension](full-docs/html/extend-extensions.html)
      - [36.17.1. Extension Files](full-docs/html/extend-extensions.html)
      - [36.17.2. Extension Relocatability](full-docs/html/extend-extensions.html)
      - [36.17.3. Extension Configuration Tables](full-docs/html/extend-extensions.html)
      - [36.17.4. Extension Updates](full-docs/html/extend-extensions.html)
      - [36.17.5. Installing Extensions Using Update Scripts](full-docs/html/extend-extensions.html)
      - [36.17.6. Security Considerations for Extensions](full-docs/html/extend-extensions.html)
      - [36.17.7. Extension Example](full-docs/html/extend-extensions.html)
    - [36.18. Extension Building Infrastructure](full-docs/html/extend-pgxs.html)
- [37. Triggers](full-docs/html/triggers.html)
    - [37.1. Overview of Trigger Behavior](full-docs/html/trigger-definition.html)
    - [37.2. Visibility of Data Changes](full-docs/html/trigger-datachanges.html)
    - [37.3. Writing Trigger Functions in C](full-docs/html/trigger-interface.html)
    - [37.4. A Complete Trigger Example](full-docs/html/trigger-example.html)
- [38. Event Triggers](full-docs/html/event-triggers.html)
    - [38.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior](full-docs/html/event-trigger-definition.html)
      - [38.1.1. login](full-docs/html/event-trigger-definition.html)
      - [38.1.2. ddl_command_start](full-docs/html/event-trigger-definition.html)
      - [38.1.3. ddl_command_end](full-docs/html/event-trigger-definition.html)
      - [38.1.4. sql_drop](full-docs/html/event-trigger-definition.html)
      - [38.1.5. table_rewrite](full-docs/html/event-trigger-definition.html)
      - [38.1.6. Event Triggers in Aborted Transactions](full-docs/html/event-trigger-definition.html)
      - [38.1.7. Creating Event Triggers](full-docs/html/event-trigger-definition.html)
    - [38.2. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C](full-docs/html/event-trigger-interface.html)
    - [38.3. A Complete Event Trigger Example](full-docs/html/event-trigger-example.html)
    - [38.4. A Table Rewrite Event Trigger Example](full-docs/html/event-trigger-table-rewrite-example.html)
    - [38.5. A Database Login Event Trigger Example](full-docs/html/event-trigger-database-login-example.html)
- [39. The Rule System](full-docs/html/rules.html)
    - [39.1. The Query Tree](full-docs/html/querytree.html)
    - [39.2. Views and the Rule System](full-docs/html/rules-views.html)
      - [39.2.1. How SELECT Rules Work](full-docs/html/rules-views.html)
      - [39.2.2. View Rules in Non-SELECT Statements](full-docs/html/rules-views.html)
      - [39.2.3. The Power of Views in PostgreSQL](full-docs/html/rules-views.html)
      - [39.2.4. Updating a View](full-docs/html/rules-views.html)
    - [39.3. Materialized Views](full-docs/html/rules-materializedviews.html)
    - [39.4. Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE](full-docs/html/rules-update.html)
      - [39.4.1. How Update Rules Work](full-docs/html/rules-update.html)
      - [39.4.2. Cooperation with Views](full-docs/html/rules-update.html)
    - [39.5. Rules and Privileges](full-docs/html/rules-privileges.html)
    - [39.6. Rules and Command Status](full-docs/html/rules-status.html)
    - [39.7. Rules Versus Triggers](full-docs/html/rules-triggers.html)
- [40. Procedural Languages](full-docs/html/xplang.html)
    - [40.1. Installing Procedural Languages](full-docs/html/xplang-install.html)
- [41. PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language](full-docs/html/plpgsql.html)
    - [41.1. Overview](full-docs/html/plpgsql-overview.html)
      - [41.1.1. Advantages of Using PL/pgSQL](full-docs/html/plpgsql-overview.html)
      - [41.1.2. Supported Argument and Result Data Types](full-docs/html/plpgsql-overview.html)
    - [41.2. Structure of PL/pgSQL](full-docs/html/plpgsql-structure.html)
    - [41.3. Declarations](full-docs/html/plpgsql-declarations.html)
      - [41.3.1. Declaring Function Parameters](full-docs/html/plpgsql-declarations.html)
      - [41.3.2. ALIAS](full-docs/html/plpgsql-declarations.html)
      - [41.3.3. Copying Types](full-docs/html/plpgsql-declarations.html)
      - [41.3.4. Row Types](full-docs/html/plpgsql-declarations.html)
      - [41.3.5. Record Types](full-docs/html/plpgsql-declarations.html)
      - [41.3.6. Collation of PL/pgSQL Variables](full-docs/html/plpgsql-declarations.html)
    - [41.4. Expressions](full-docs/html/plpgsql-expressions.html)
    - [41.5. Basic Statements](full-docs/html/plpgsql-statements.html)
      - [41.5.1. Assignment](full-docs/html/plpgsql-statements.html)
      - [41.5.2. Executing SQL Commands](full-docs/html/plpgsql-statements.html)
      - [41.5.3. Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result](full-docs/html/plpgsql-statements.html)
      - [41.5.4. Executing Dynamic Commands](full-docs/html/plpgsql-statements.html)
      - [41.5.5. Obtaining the Result Status](full-docs/html/plpgsql-statements.html)
      - [41.5.6. Doing Nothing At All](full-docs/html/plpgsql-statements.html)
    - [41.6. Control Structures](full-docs/html/plpgsql-control-structures.html)
      - [41.6.1. Returning from a Function](full-docs/html/plpgsql-control-structures.html)
      - [41.6.2. Returning from a Procedure](full-docs/html/plpgsql-control-structures.html)
      - [41.6.3. Calling a Procedure](full-docs/html/plpgsql-control-structures.html)
      - [41.6.4. Conditionals](full-docs/html/plpgsql-control-structures.html)
      - [41.6.5. Simple Loops](full-docs/html/plpgsql-control-structures.html)
      - [41.6.6. Looping through Query Results](full-docs/html/plpgsql-control-structures.html)
      - [41.6.7. Looping through Arrays](full-docs/html/plpgsql-control-structures.html)
      - [41.6.8. Trapping Errors](full-docs/html/plpgsql-control-structures.html)
      - [41.6.9. Obtaining Execution Location Information](full-docs/html/plpgsql-control-structures.html)
    - [41.7. Cursors](full-docs/html/plpgsql-cursors.html)
      - [41.7.1. Declaring Cursor Variables](full-docs/html/plpgsql-cursors.html)
      - [41.7.2. Opening Cursors](full-docs/html/plpgsql-cursors.html)
      - [41.7.3. Using Cursors](full-docs/html/plpgsql-cursors.html)
      - [41.7.4. Looping through a Cursor's Result](full-docs/html/plpgsql-cursors.html)
    - [41.8. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/plpgsql-transactions.html)
    - [41.9. Errors and Messages](full-docs/html/plpgsql-errors-and-messages.html)
      - [41.9.1. Reporting Errors and Messages](full-docs/html/plpgsql-errors-and-messages.html)
      - [41.9.2. Checking Assertions](full-docs/html/plpgsql-errors-and-messages.html)
    - [41.10. Trigger Functions](full-docs/html/plpgsql-trigger.html)
      - [41.10.1. Triggers on Data Changes](full-docs/html/plpgsql-trigger.html)
      - [41.10.2. Triggers on Events](full-docs/html/plpgsql-trigger.html)
    - [41.11. PL/pgSQL under the Hood](full-docs/html/plpgsql-implementation.html)
      - [41.11.1. Variable Substitution](full-docs/html/plpgsql-implementation.html)
      - [41.11.2. Plan Caching](full-docs/html/plpgsql-implementation.html)
    - [41.12. Tips for Developing in PL/pgSQL](full-docs/html/plpgsql-development-tips.html)
      - [41.12.1. Handling of Quotation Marks](full-docs/html/plpgsql-development-tips.html)
      - [41.12.2. Additional Compile-Time and Run-Time Checks](full-docs/html/plpgsql-development-tips.html)
    - [41.13. Porting from Oracle PL/SQL](full-docs/html/plpgsql-porting.html)
      - [41.13.1. Porting Examples](full-docs/html/plpgsql-porting.html)
      - [41.13.2. Other Things to Watch For](full-docs/html/plpgsql-porting.html)
      - [41.13.3. Appendix](full-docs/html/plpgsql-porting.html)
- [42. PL/Tcl — Tcl Procedural Language](full-docs/html/pltcl.html)
    - [42.1. Overview](full-docs/html/pltcl-overview.html)
    - [42.2. PL/Tcl Functions and Arguments](full-docs/html/pltcl-functions.html)
    - [42.3. Data Values in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-data.html)
    - [42.4. Global Data in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-global.html)
    - [42.5. Database Access from PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-dbaccess.html)
    - [42.6. Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-trigger.html)
    - [42.7. Event Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-event-trigger.html)
    - [42.8. Error Handling in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-error-handling.html)
    - [42.9. Explicit Subtransactions in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-subtransactions.html)
    - [42.10. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/pltcl-transactions.html)
    - [42.11. PL/Tcl Configuration](full-docs/html/pltcl-config.html)
    - [42.12. Tcl Procedure Names](full-docs/html/pltcl-procnames.html)
- [43. PL/Perl — Perl Procedural Language](full-docs/html/plperl.html)
    - [43.1. PL/Perl Functions and Arguments](full-docs/html/plperl-funcs.html)
    - [43.2. Data Values in PL/Perl](full-docs/html/plperl-data.html)
    - [43.3. Built-in Functions](full-docs/html/plperl-builtins.html)
      - [43.3.1. Database Access from PL/Perl](full-docs/html/plperl-builtins.html)
      - [43.3.2. Utility Functions in PL/Perl](full-docs/html/plperl-builtins.html)
    - [43.4. Global Values in PL/Perl](full-docs/html/plperl-global.html)
    - [43.5. Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl](full-docs/html/plperl-trusted.html)
    - [43.6. PL/Perl Triggers](full-docs/html/plperl-triggers.html)
    - [43.7. PL/Perl Event Triggers](full-docs/html/plperl-event-triggers.html)
    - [43.8. PL/Perl Under the Hood](full-docs/html/plperl-under-the-hood.html)
      - [43.8.1. Configuration](full-docs/html/plperl-under-the-hood.html)
      - [43.8.2. Limitations and Missing Features](full-docs/html/plperl-under-the-hood.html)
- [44. PL/Python — Python Procedural Language](full-docs/html/plpython.html)
    - [44.1. PL/Python Functions](full-docs/html/plpython-funcs.html)
    - [44.2. Data Values](full-docs/html/plpython-data.html)
      - [44.2.1. Data Type Mapping](full-docs/html/plpython-data.html)
      - [44.2.2. Null, None](full-docs/html/plpython-data.html)
      - [44.2.3. Arrays, Lists](full-docs/html/plpython-data.html)
      - [44.2.4. Composite Types](full-docs/html/plpython-data.html)
      - [44.2.5. Set-Returning Functions](full-docs/html/plpython-data.html)
    - [44.3. Sharing Data](full-docs/html/plpython-sharing.html)
    - [44.4. Anonymous Code Blocks](full-docs/html/plpython-do.html)
    - [44.5. Trigger Functions](full-docs/html/plpython-trigger.html)
    - [44.6. Database Access](full-docs/html/plpython-database.html)
      - [44.6.1. Database Access Functions](full-docs/html/plpython-database.html)
      - [44.6.2. Trapping Errors](full-docs/html/plpython-database.html)
    - [44.7. Explicit Subtransactions](full-docs/html/plpython-subtransaction.html)
      - [44.7.1. Subtransaction Context Managers](full-docs/html/plpython-subtransaction.html)
    - [44.8. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/plpython-transactions.html)
    - [44.9. Utility Functions](full-docs/html/plpython-util.html)
    - [44.10. Python 2 vs. Python 3](full-docs/html/plpython-python23.html)
    - [44.11. Environment Variables](full-docs/html/plpython-envar.html)
- [45. Server Programming Interface](full-docs/html/spi.html)
    - [45.1. Interface Functions](full-docs/html/spi-interface.html)
    - [45.2. Interface Support Functions](full-docs/html/spi-interface-support.html)
    - [45.3. Memory Management](full-docs/html/spi-memory.html)
    - [45.4. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/spi-transaction.html)
    - [45.5. Visibility of Data Changes](full-docs/html/spi-visibility.html)
    - [45.6. Examples](full-docs/html/spi-examples.html)
- [46. Background Worker Processes](full-docs/html/bgworker.html)
- [47. Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding.html)
    - [47.1. Logical Decoding Examples](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-example.html)
    - [47.2. Logical Decoding Concepts](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-explanation.html)
      - [47.2.1. Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-explanation.html)
      - [47.2.2. Replication Slots](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-explanation.html)
      - [47.2.3. Replication Slot Synchronization](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-explanation.html)
      - [47.2.4. Output Plugins](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-explanation.html)
      - [47.2.5. Exported Snapshots](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-explanation.html)
    - [47.3. Streaming Replication Protocol Interface](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-walsender.html)
    - [47.4. Logical Decoding SQL Interface](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-sql.html)
    - [47.5. System Catalogs Related to Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-catalogs.html)
    - [47.6. Logical Decoding Output Plugins](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-output-plugin.html)
      - [47.6.1. Initialization Function](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-output-plugin.html)
      - [47.6.2. Capabilities](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-output-plugin.html)
      - [47.6.3. Output Modes](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-output-plugin.html)
      - [47.6.4. Output Plugin Callbacks](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-output-plugin.html)
      - [47.6.5. Functions for Producing Output](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-output-plugin.html)
    - [47.7. Logical Decoding Output Writers](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-writer.html)
    - [47.8. Synchronous Replication Support for Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-synchronous.html)
      - [47.8.1. Overview](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-synchronous.html)
      - [47.8.2. Caveats](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-synchronous.html)
    - [47.9. Streaming of Large Transactions for Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-streaming.html)
    - [47.10. Two-phase Commit Support for Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-two-phase-commits.html)
- [48. Replication Progress Tracking](full-docs/html/replication-origins.html)
- [49. Archive Modules](full-docs/html/archive-modules.html)
    - [49.1. Initialization Functions](full-docs/html/archive-module-init.html)
    - [49.2. Archive Module Callbacks](full-docs/html/archive-module-callbacks.html)
      - [49.2.1. Startup Callback](full-docs/html/archive-module-callbacks.html)
      - [49.2.2. Check Callback](full-docs/html/archive-module-callbacks.html)
      - [49.2.3. Archive Callback](full-docs/html/archive-module-callbacks.html)
      - [49.2.4. Shutdown Callback](full-docs/html/archive-module-callbacks.html)
- [50. OAuth Validator Modules](full-docs/html/oauth-validators.html)
    - [50.1. Safely Designing a Validator Module](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-design.html)
      - [50.1.1. Validator Responsibilities](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-design.html)
      - [50.1.2. General Coding Guidelines](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-design.html)
      - [50.1.3. Authorizing Users (Usermap Delegation)](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-design.html)
    - [50.2. Initialization Functions](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-init.html)
    - [50.3. OAuth Validator Callbacks](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-callbacks.html)
      - [50.3.1. Startup Callback](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-callbacks.html)
      - [50.3.2. Validate Callback](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-callbacks.html)
      - [50.3.3. Shutdown Callback](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-callbacks.html)
- [VI. Reference](full-docs/html/reference.html)
  - [I. SQL Commands](full-docs/html/sql-commands.html)
  - [II. PostgreSQL Client Applications](full-docs/html/reference-client.html)
  - [III. PostgreSQL Server Applications](full-docs/html/reference-server.html)
- [I. SQL Commands](full-docs/html/sql-commands.html)
- [II. PostgreSQL Client Applications](full-docs/html/reference-client.html)
- [III. PostgreSQL Server Applications](full-docs/html/reference-server.html)
- [VII. Internals](full-docs/html/internals.html)
  - [51. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals](full-docs/html/overview.html)
    - [51.1. The Path of a Query](full-docs/html/query-path.html)
    - [51.2. How Connections Are Established](full-docs/html/connect-estab.html)
    - [51.3. The Parser Stage](full-docs/html/parser-stage.html)
    - [51.4. The PostgreSQL Rule System](full-docs/html/rule-system.html)
    - [51.5. Planner/Optimizer](full-docs/html/planner-optimizer.html)
    - [51.6. Executor](full-docs/html/executor.html)
  - [52. System Catalogs](full-docs/html/catalogs.html)
    - [52.1. Overview](full-docs/html/catalogs-overview.html)
    - [52.2. pg_aggregate](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-aggregate.html)
    - [52.3. pg_am](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-am.html)
    - [52.4. pg_amop](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-amop.html)
    - [52.5. pg_amproc](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-amproc.html)
    - [52.6. pg_attrdef](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-attrdef.html)
    - [52.7. pg_attribute](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-attribute.html)
    - [52.8. pg_authid](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-authid.html)
    - [52.9. pg_auth_members](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-auth-members.html)
    - [52.10. pg_cast](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-cast.html)
    - [52.11. pg_class](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-class.html)
    - [52.12. pg_collation](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-collation.html)
    - [52.13. pg_constraint](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-constraint.html)
    - [52.14. pg_conversion](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-conversion.html)
    - [52.15. pg_database](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-database.html)
    - [52.16. pg_db_role_setting](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-db-role-setting.html)
    - [52.17. pg_default_acl](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-default-acl.html)
    - [52.18. pg_depend](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-depend.html)
    - [52.19. pg_description](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-description.html)
    - [52.20. pg_enum](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-enum.html)
    - [52.21. pg_event_trigger](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-event-trigger.html)
    - [52.22. pg_extension](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-extension.html)
    - [52.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-foreign-data-wrapper.html)
    - [52.24. pg_foreign_server](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-foreign-server.html)
    - [52.25. pg_foreign_table](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-foreign-table.html)
    - [52.26. pg_index](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-index.html)
    - [52.27. pg_inherits](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-inherits.html)
    - [52.28. pg_init_privs](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-init-privs.html)
    - [52.29. pg_language](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-language.html)
    - [52.30. pg_largeobject](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-largeobject.html)
    - [52.31. pg_largeobject_metadata](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-largeobject-metadata.html)
    - [52.32. pg_namespace](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-namespace.html)
    - [52.33. pg_opclass](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-opclass.html)
    - [52.34. pg_operator](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-operator.html)
    - [52.35. pg_opfamily](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-opfamily.html)
    - [52.36. pg_parameter_acl](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-parameter-acl.html)
    - [52.37. pg_partitioned_table](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-partitioned-table.html)
    - [52.38. pg_policy](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-policy.html)
    - [52.39. pg_proc](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-proc.html)
    - [52.40. pg_publication](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-publication.html)
    - [52.41. pg_publication_namespace](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-publication-namespace.html)
    - [52.42. pg_publication_rel](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-publication-rel.html)
    - [52.43. pg_range](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-range.html)
    - [52.44. pg_replication_origin](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-replication-origin.html)
    - [52.45. pg_rewrite](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-rewrite.html)
    - [52.46. pg_seclabel](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-seclabel.html)
    - [52.47. pg_sequence](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-sequence.html)
    - [52.48. pg_shdepend](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-shdepend.html)
    - [52.49. pg_shdescription](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-shdescription.html)
    - [52.50. pg_shseclabel](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-shseclabel.html)
    - [52.51. pg_statistic](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-statistic.html)
    - [52.52. pg_statistic_ext](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-statistic-ext.html)
    - [52.53. pg_statistic_ext_data](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-statistic-ext-data.html)
    - [52.54. pg_subscription](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-subscription.html)
    - [52.55. pg_subscription_rel](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-subscription-rel.html)
    - [52.56. pg_tablespace](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-tablespace.html)
    - [52.57. pg_transform](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-transform.html)
    - [52.58. pg_trigger](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-trigger.html)
    - [52.59. pg_ts_config](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-config.html)
    - [52.60. pg_ts_config_map](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-config-map.html)
    - [52.61. pg_ts_dict](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-dict.html)
    - [52.62. pg_ts_parser](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-parser.html)
    - [52.63. pg_ts_template](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-template.html)
    - [52.64. pg_type](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-type.html)
    - [52.65. pg_user_mapping](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-user-mapping.html)
  - [53. System Views](full-docs/html/views.html)
    - [53.1. Overview](full-docs/html/views-overview.html)
    - [53.2. pg_aios](full-docs/html/view-pg-aios.html)
    - [53.3. pg_available_extensions](full-docs/html/view-pg-available-extensions.html)
    - [53.4. pg_available_extension_versions](full-docs/html/view-pg-available-extension-versions.html)
    - [53.5. pg_backend_memory_contexts](full-docs/html/view-pg-backend-memory-contexts.html)
    - [53.6. pg_config](full-docs/html/view-pg-config.html)
    - [53.7. pg_cursors](full-docs/html/view-pg-cursors.html)
    - [53.8. pg_file_settings](full-docs/html/view-pg-file-settings.html)
    - [53.9. pg_group](full-docs/html/view-pg-group.html)
    - [53.10. pg_hba_file_rules](full-docs/html/view-pg-hba-file-rules.html)
    - [53.11. pg_ident_file_mappings](full-docs/html/view-pg-ident-file-mappings.html)
    - [53.12. pg_indexes](full-docs/html/view-pg-indexes.html)
    - [53.13. pg_locks](full-docs/html/view-pg-locks.html)
    - [53.14. pg_matviews](full-docs/html/view-pg-matviews.html)
    - [53.15. pg_policies](full-docs/html/view-pg-policies.html)
    - [53.16. pg_prepared_statements](full-docs/html/view-pg-prepared-statements.html)
    - [53.17. pg_prepared_xacts](full-docs/html/view-pg-prepared-xacts.html)
    - [53.18. pg_publication_tables](full-docs/html/view-pg-publication-tables.html)
    - [53.19. pg_replication_origin_status](full-docs/html/view-pg-replication-origin-status.html)
    - [53.20. pg_replication_slots](full-docs/html/view-pg-replication-slots.html)
    - [53.21. pg_roles](full-docs/html/view-pg-roles.html)
    - [53.22. pg_rules](full-docs/html/view-pg-rules.html)
    - [53.23. pg_seclabels](full-docs/html/view-pg-seclabels.html)
    - [53.24. pg_sequences](full-docs/html/view-pg-sequences.html)
    - [53.25. pg_settings](full-docs/html/view-pg-settings.html)
    - [53.26. pg_shadow](full-docs/html/view-pg-shadow.html)
    - [53.27. pg_shmem_allocations](full-docs/html/view-pg-shmem-allocations.html)
    - [53.28. pg_shmem_allocations_numa](full-docs/html/view-pg-shmem-allocations-numa.html)
    - [53.29. pg_stats](full-docs/html/view-pg-stats.html)
    - [53.30. pg_stats_ext](full-docs/html/view-pg-stats-ext.html)
    - [53.31. pg_stats_ext_exprs](full-docs/html/view-pg-stats-ext-exprs.html)
    - [53.32. pg_tables](full-docs/html/view-pg-tables.html)
    - [53.33. pg_timezone_abbrevs](full-docs/html/view-pg-timezone-abbrevs.html)
    - [53.34. pg_timezone_names](full-docs/html/view-pg-timezone-names.html)
    - [53.35. pg_user](full-docs/html/view-pg-user.html)
    - [53.36. pg_user_mappings](full-docs/html/view-pg-user-mappings.html)
    - [53.37. pg_views](full-docs/html/view-pg-views.html)
    - [53.38. pg_wait_events](full-docs/html/view-pg-wait-events.html)
  - [54. Frontend/Backend Protocol](full-docs/html/protocol.html)
    - [54.1. Overview](full-docs/html/protocol-overview.html)
    - [54.2. Message Flow](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
    - [54.3. SASL Authentication](full-docs/html/sasl-authentication.html)
    - [54.4. Streaming Replication Protocol](full-docs/html/protocol-replication.html)
    - [54.5. Logical Streaming Replication Protocol](full-docs/html/protocol-logical-replication.html)
    - [54.6. Message Data Types](full-docs/html/protocol-message-types.html)
    - [54.7. Message Formats](full-docs/html/protocol-message-formats.html)
    - [54.8. Error and Notice Message Fields](full-docs/html/protocol-error-fields.html)
    - [54.9. Logical Replication Message Formats](full-docs/html/protocol-logicalrep-message-formats.html)
    - [54.10. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0](full-docs/html/protocol-changes.html)
  - [55. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions](full-docs/html/source.html)
    - [55.1. Formatting](full-docs/html/source-format.html)
    - [55.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server](full-docs/html/error-message-reporting.html)
    - [55.3. Error Message Style Guide](full-docs/html/error-style-guide.html)
    - [55.4. Miscellaneous Coding Conventions](full-docs/html/source-conventions.html)
  - [56. Native Language Support](full-docs/html/nls.html)
    - [56.1. For the Translator](full-docs/html/nls-translator.html)
    - [56.2. For the Programmer](full-docs/html/nls-programmer.html)
  - [57. Writing a Procedural Language Handler](full-docs/html/plhandler.html)
  - [58. Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper](full-docs/html/fdwhandler.html)
    - [58.1. Foreign Data Wrapper Functions](full-docs/html/fdw-functions.html)
    - [58.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
    - [58.3. Foreign Data Wrapper Helper Functions](full-docs/html/fdw-helpers.html)
    - [58.4. Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning](full-docs/html/fdw-planning.html)
    - [58.5. Row Locking in Foreign Data Wrappers](full-docs/html/fdw-row-locking.html)
  - [59. Writing a Table Sampling Method](full-docs/html/tablesample-method.html)
    - [59.1. Sampling Method Support Functions](full-docs/html/tablesample-support-functions.html)
  - [60. Writing a Custom Scan Provider](full-docs/html/custom-scan.html)
    - [60.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths](full-docs/html/custom-scan-path.html)
    - [60.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans](full-docs/html/custom-scan-plan.html)
    - [60.3. Executing Custom Scans](full-docs/html/custom-scan-execution.html)
  - [61. Genetic Query Optimizer](full-docs/html/geqo.html)
    - [61.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem](full-docs/html/geqo-intro.html)
    - [61.2. Genetic Algorithms](full-docs/html/geqo-intro2.html)
    - [61.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL](full-docs/html/geqo-pg-intro.html)
    - [61.4. Further Reading](full-docs/html/geqo-biblio.html)
  - [62. Table Access Method Interface Definition](full-docs/html/tableam.html)
  - [63. Index Access Method Interface Definition](full-docs/html/indexam.html)
    - [63.1. Basic API Structure for Indexes](full-docs/html/index-api.html)
    - [63.2. Index Access Method Functions](full-docs/html/index-functions.html)
    - [63.3. Index Scanning](full-docs/html/index-scanning.html)
    - [63.4. Index Locking Considerations](full-docs/html/index-locking.html)
    - [63.5. Index Uniqueness Checks](full-docs/html/index-unique-checks.html)
    - [63.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions](full-docs/html/index-cost-estimation.html)
  - [64. Write Ahead Logging for Extensions](full-docs/html/wal-for-extensions.html)
    - [64.1. Generic WAL Records](full-docs/html/generic-wal.html)
    - [64.2. Custom WAL Resource Managers](full-docs/html/custom-rmgr.html)
  - [65. Built-in Index Access Methods](full-docs/html/indextypes.html)
    - [65.1. B-Tree Indexes](full-docs/html/btree.html)
    - [65.2. GiST Indexes](full-docs/html/gist.html)
    - [65.3. SP-GiST Indexes](full-docs/html/spgist.html)
    - [65.4. GIN Indexes](full-docs/html/gin.html)
    - [65.5. BRIN Indexes](full-docs/html/brin.html)
    - [65.6. Hash Indexes](full-docs/html/hash-index.html)
  - [66. Database Physical Storage](full-docs/html/storage.html)
    - [66.1. Database File Layout](full-docs/html/storage-file-layout.html)
    - [66.2. TOAST](full-docs/html/storage-toast.html)
    - [66.3. Free Space Map](full-docs/html/storage-fsm.html)
    - [66.4. Visibility Map](full-docs/html/storage-vm.html)
    - [66.5. The Initialization Fork](full-docs/html/storage-init.html)
    - [66.6. Database Page Layout](full-docs/html/storage-page-layout.html)
    - [66.7. Heap-Only Tuples (HOT)](full-docs/html/storage-hot.html)
  - [67. Transaction Processing](full-docs/html/transactions.html)
    - [67.1. Transactions and Identifiers](full-docs/html/transaction-id.html)
    - [67.2. Transactions and Locking](full-docs/html/xact-locking.html)
    - [67.3. Subtransactions](full-docs/html/subxacts.html)
    - [67.4. Two-Phase Transactions](full-docs/html/two-phase.html)
  - [68. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents](full-docs/html/bki.html)
    - [68.1. System Catalog Declaration Rules](full-docs/html/system-catalog-declarations.html)
    - [68.2. System Catalog Initial Data](full-docs/html/system-catalog-initial-data.html)
    - [68.3. BKI File Format](full-docs/html/bki-format.html)
    - [68.4. BKI Commands](full-docs/html/bki-commands.html)
    - [68.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File](full-docs/html/bki-structure.html)
    - [68.6. BKI Example](full-docs/html/bki-example.html)
  - [69. How the Planner Uses Statistics](full-docs/html/planner-stats-details.html)
    - [69.1. Row Estimation Examples](full-docs/html/row-estimation-examples.html)
    - [69.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples](full-docs/html/multivariate-statistics-examples.html)
    - [69.3. Planner Statistics and Security](full-docs/html/planner-stats-security.html)
  - [70. Backup Manifest Format](full-docs/html/backup-manifest-format.html)
    - [70.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object](full-docs/html/backup-manifest-toplevel.html)
    - [70.2. Backup Manifest File Object](full-docs/html/backup-manifest-files.html)
    - [70.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object](full-docs/html/backup-manifest-wal-ranges.html)
- [51. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals](full-docs/html/overview.html)
    - [51.1. The Path of a Query](full-docs/html/query-path.html)
    - [51.2. How Connections Are Established](full-docs/html/connect-estab.html)
    - [51.3. The Parser Stage](full-docs/html/parser-stage.html)
      - [51.3.1. Parser](full-docs/html/parser-stage.html)
      - [51.3.2. Transformation Process](full-docs/html/parser-stage.html)
    - [51.4. The PostgreSQL Rule System](full-docs/html/rule-system.html)
    - [51.5. Planner/Optimizer](full-docs/html/planner-optimizer.html)
      - [51.5.1. Generating Possible Plans](full-docs/html/planner-optimizer.html)
    - [51.6. Executor](full-docs/html/executor.html)
- [52. System Catalogs](full-docs/html/catalogs.html)
    - [52.1. Overview](full-docs/html/catalogs-overview.html)
    - [52.2. pg_aggregate](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-aggregate.html)
    - [52.3. pg_am](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-am.html)
    - [52.4. pg_amop](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-amop.html)
    - [52.5. pg_amproc](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-amproc.html)
    - [52.6. pg_attrdef](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-attrdef.html)
    - [52.7. pg_attribute](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-attribute.html)
    - [52.8. pg_authid](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-authid.html)
    - [52.9. pg_auth_members](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-auth-members.html)
    - [52.10. pg_cast](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-cast.html)
    - [52.11. pg_class](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-class.html)
    - [52.12. pg_collation](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-collation.html)
    - [52.13. pg_constraint](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-constraint.html)
    - [52.14. pg_conversion](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-conversion.html)
    - [52.15. pg_database](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-database.html)
    - [52.16. pg_db_role_setting](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-db-role-setting.html)
    - [52.17. pg_default_acl](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-default-acl.html)
    - [52.18. pg_depend](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-depend.html)
    - [52.19. pg_description](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-description.html)
    - [52.20. pg_enum](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-enum.html)
    - [52.21. pg_event_trigger](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-event-trigger.html)
    - [52.22. pg_extension](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-extension.html)
    - [52.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-foreign-data-wrapper.html)
    - [52.24. pg_foreign_server](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-foreign-server.html)
    - [52.25. pg_foreign_table](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-foreign-table.html)
    - [52.26. pg_index](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-index.html)
    - [52.27. pg_inherits](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-inherits.html)
    - [52.28. pg_init_privs](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-init-privs.html)
    - [52.29. pg_language](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-language.html)
    - [52.30. pg_largeobject](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-largeobject.html)
    - [52.31. pg_largeobject_metadata](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-largeobject-metadata.html)
    - [52.32. pg_namespace](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-namespace.html)
    - [52.33. pg_opclass](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-opclass.html)
    - [52.34. pg_operator](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-operator.html)
    - [52.35. pg_opfamily](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-opfamily.html)
    - [52.36. pg_parameter_acl](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-parameter-acl.html)
    - [52.37. pg_partitioned_table](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-partitioned-table.html)
    - [52.38. pg_policy](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-policy.html)
    - [52.39. pg_proc](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-proc.html)
    - [52.40. pg_publication](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-publication.html)
    - [52.41. pg_publication_namespace](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-publication-namespace.html)
    - [52.42. pg_publication_rel](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-publication-rel.html)
    - [52.43. pg_range](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-range.html)
    - [52.44. pg_replication_origin](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-replication-origin.html)
    - [52.45. pg_rewrite](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-rewrite.html)
    - [52.46. pg_seclabel](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-seclabel.html)
    - [52.47. pg_sequence](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-sequence.html)
    - [52.48. pg_shdepend](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-shdepend.html)
    - [52.49. pg_shdescription](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-shdescription.html)
    - [52.50. pg_shseclabel](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-shseclabel.html)
    - [52.51. pg_statistic](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-statistic.html)
    - [52.52. pg_statistic_ext](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-statistic-ext.html)
    - [52.53. pg_statistic_ext_data](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-statistic-ext-data.html)
    - [52.54. pg_subscription](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-subscription.html)
    - [52.55. pg_subscription_rel](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-subscription-rel.html)
    - [52.56. pg_tablespace](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-tablespace.html)
    - [52.57. pg_transform](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-transform.html)
    - [52.58. pg_trigger](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-trigger.html)
    - [52.59. pg_ts_config](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-config.html)
    - [52.60. pg_ts_config_map](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-config-map.html)
    - [52.61. pg_ts_dict](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-dict.html)
    - [52.62. pg_ts_parser](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-parser.html)
    - [52.63. pg_ts_template](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-template.html)
    - [52.64. pg_type](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-type.html)
    - [52.65. pg_user_mapping](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-user-mapping.html)
- [53. System Views](full-docs/html/views.html)
    - [53.1. Overview](full-docs/html/views-overview.html)
    - [53.2. pg_aios](full-docs/html/view-pg-aios.html)
    - [53.3. pg_available_extensions](full-docs/html/view-pg-available-extensions.html)
    - [53.4. pg_available_extension_versions](full-docs/html/view-pg-available-extension-versions.html)
    - [53.5. pg_backend_memory_contexts](full-docs/html/view-pg-backend-memory-contexts.html)
    - [53.6. pg_config](full-docs/html/view-pg-config.html)
    - [53.7. pg_cursors](full-docs/html/view-pg-cursors.html)
    - [53.8. pg_file_settings](full-docs/html/view-pg-file-settings.html)
    - [53.9. pg_group](full-docs/html/view-pg-group.html)
    - [53.10. pg_hba_file_rules](full-docs/html/view-pg-hba-file-rules.html)
    - [53.11. pg_ident_file_mappings](full-docs/html/view-pg-ident-file-mappings.html)
    - [53.12. pg_indexes](full-docs/html/view-pg-indexes.html)
    - [53.13. pg_locks](full-docs/html/view-pg-locks.html)
    - [53.14. pg_matviews](full-docs/html/view-pg-matviews.html)
    - [53.15. pg_policies](full-docs/html/view-pg-policies.html)
    - [53.16. pg_prepared_statements](full-docs/html/view-pg-prepared-statements.html)
    - [53.17. pg_prepared_xacts](full-docs/html/view-pg-prepared-xacts.html)
    - [53.18. pg_publication_tables](full-docs/html/view-pg-publication-tables.html)
    - [53.19. pg_replication_origin_status](full-docs/html/view-pg-replication-origin-status.html)
    - [53.20. pg_replication_slots](full-docs/html/view-pg-replication-slots.html)
    - [53.21. pg_roles](full-docs/html/view-pg-roles.html)
    - [53.22. pg_rules](full-docs/html/view-pg-rules.html)
    - [53.23. pg_seclabels](full-docs/html/view-pg-seclabels.html)
    - [53.24. pg_sequences](full-docs/html/view-pg-sequences.html)
    - [53.25. pg_settings](full-docs/html/view-pg-settings.html)
    - [53.26. pg_shadow](full-docs/html/view-pg-shadow.html)
    - [53.27. pg_shmem_allocations](full-docs/html/view-pg-shmem-allocations.html)
    - [53.28. pg_shmem_allocations_numa](full-docs/html/view-pg-shmem-allocations-numa.html)
    - [53.29. pg_stats](full-docs/html/view-pg-stats.html)
    - [53.30. pg_stats_ext](full-docs/html/view-pg-stats-ext.html)
    - [53.31. pg_stats_ext_exprs](full-docs/html/view-pg-stats-ext-exprs.html)
    - [53.32. pg_tables](full-docs/html/view-pg-tables.html)
    - [53.33. pg_timezone_abbrevs](full-docs/html/view-pg-timezone-abbrevs.html)
    - [53.34. pg_timezone_names](full-docs/html/view-pg-timezone-names.html)
    - [53.35. pg_user](full-docs/html/view-pg-user.html)
    - [53.36. pg_user_mappings](full-docs/html/view-pg-user-mappings.html)
    - [53.37. pg_views](full-docs/html/view-pg-views.html)
    - [53.38. pg_wait_events](full-docs/html/view-pg-wait-events.html)
- [54. Frontend/Backend Protocol](full-docs/html/protocol.html)
    - [54.1. Overview](full-docs/html/protocol-overview.html)
      - [54.1.1. Messaging Overview](full-docs/html/protocol-overview.html)
      - [54.1.2. Extended Query Overview](full-docs/html/protocol-overview.html)
      - [54.1.3. Formats and Format Codes](full-docs/html/protocol-overview.html)
      - [54.1.4. Protocol Versions](full-docs/html/protocol-overview.html)
    - [54.2. Message Flow](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
      - [54.2.1. Start-up](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
      - [54.2.2. Simple Query](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
      - [54.2.3. Extended Query](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
      - [54.2.4. Pipelining](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
      - [54.2.5. Function Call](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
      - [54.2.6. COPY Operations](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
      - [54.2.7. Asynchronous Operations](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
      - [54.2.8. Canceling Requests in Progress](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
      - [54.2.9. Termination](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
      - [54.2.10. SSL Session Encryption](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
      - [54.2.11. GSSAPI Session Encryption](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
    - [54.3. SASL Authentication](full-docs/html/sasl-authentication.html)
      - [54.3.1. SCRAM-SHA-256 Authentication](full-docs/html/sasl-authentication.html)
      - [54.3.2. OAUTHBEARER Authentication](full-docs/html/sasl-authentication.html)
    - [54.4. Streaming Replication Protocol](full-docs/html/protocol-replication.html)
    - [54.5. Logical Streaming Replication Protocol](full-docs/html/protocol-logical-replication.html)
      - [54.5.1. Logical Streaming Replication Parameters](full-docs/html/protocol-logical-replication.html)
      - [54.5.2. Logical Replication Protocol Messages](full-docs/html/protocol-logical-replication.html)
      - [54.5.3. Logical Replication Protocol Message Flow](full-docs/html/protocol-logical-replication.html)
    - [54.6. Message Data Types](full-docs/html/protocol-message-types.html)
    - [54.7. Message Formats](full-docs/html/protocol-message-formats.html)
    - [54.8. Error and Notice Message Fields](full-docs/html/protocol-error-fields.html)
    - [54.9. Logical Replication Message Formats](full-docs/html/protocol-logicalrep-message-formats.html)
    - [54.10. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0](full-docs/html/protocol-changes.html)
- [55. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions](full-docs/html/source.html)
    - [55.1. Formatting](full-docs/html/source-format.html)
    - [55.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server](full-docs/html/error-message-reporting.html)
    - [55.3. Error Message Style Guide](full-docs/html/error-style-guide.html)
    - [55.4. Miscellaneous Coding Conventions](full-docs/html/source-conventions.html)
- [56. Native Language Support](full-docs/html/nls.html)
    - [56.1. For the Translator](full-docs/html/nls-translator.html)
      - [56.1.1. Requirements](full-docs/html/nls-translator.html)
      - [56.1.2. Concepts](full-docs/html/nls-translator.html)
      - [56.1.3. Creating and Maintaining Message Catalogs](full-docs/html/nls-translator.html)
      - [56.1.4. Editing the PO Files](full-docs/html/nls-translator.html)
    - [56.2. For the Programmer](full-docs/html/nls-programmer.html)
      - [56.2.1. Mechanics](full-docs/html/nls-programmer.html)
      - [56.2.2. Message-Writing Guidelines](full-docs/html/nls-programmer.html)
- [57. Writing a Procedural Language Handler](full-docs/html/plhandler.html)
- [58. Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper](full-docs/html/fdwhandler.html)
    - [58.1. Foreign Data Wrapper Functions](full-docs/html/fdw-functions.html)
    - [58.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - [58.2.1. FDW Routines for Scanning Foreign Tables](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - [58.2.2. FDW Routines for Scanning Foreign Joins](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - [58.2.3. FDW Routines for Planning Post-Scan/Join Processing](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - [58.2.4. FDW Routines for Updating Foreign Tables](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - [58.2.5. FDW Routines for TRUNCATE](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - [58.2.6. FDW Routines for Row Locking](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - [58.2.7. FDW Routines for EXPLAIN](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - [58.2.8. FDW Routines for ANALYZE](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - [58.2.9. FDW Routines for IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - [58.2.10. FDW Routines for Parallel Execution](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - [58.2.11. FDW Routines for Asynchronous Execution](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - [58.2.12. FDW Routines for Reparameterization of Paths](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
    - [58.3. Foreign Data Wrapper Helper Functions](full-docs/html/fdw-helpers.html)
    - [58.4. Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning](full-docs/html/fdw-planning.html)
    - [58.5. Row Locking in Foreign Data Wrappers](full-docs/html/fdw-row-locking.html)
- [59. Writing a Table Sampling Method](full-docs/html/tablesample-method.html)
    - [59.1. Sampling Method Support Functions](full-docs/html/tablesample-support-functions.html)
- [60. Writing a Custom Scan Provider](full-docs/html/custom-scan.html)
    - [60.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths](full-docs/html/custom-scan-path.html)
      - [60.1.1. Custom Scan Path Callbacks](full-docs/html/custom-scan-path.html)
    - [60.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans](full-docs/html/custom-scan-plan.html)
      - [60.2.1. Custom Scan Plan Callbacks](full-docs/html/custom-scan-plan.html)
    - [60.3. Executing Custom Scans](full-docs/html/custom-scan-execution.html)
      - [60.3.1. Custom Scan Execution Callbacks](full-docs/html/custom-scan-execution.html)
- [61. Genetic Query Optimizer](full-docs/html/geqo.html)
    - [61.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem](full-docs/html/geqo-intro.html)
    - [61.2. Genetic Algorithms](full-docs/html/geqo-intro2.html)
    - [61.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL](full-docs/html/geqo-pg-intro.html)
      - [61.3.1. Generating Possible Plans with GEQO](full-docs/html/geqo-pg-intro.html)
      - [61.3.2. Future Implementation Tasks for
    PostgreSQL GEQO](full-docs/html/geqo-pg-intro.html)
    - [61.4. Further Reading](full-docs/html/geqo-biblio.html)
- [62. Table Access Method Interface Definition](full-docs/html/tableam.html)
- [63. Index Access Method Interface Definition](full-docs/html/indexam.html)
    - [63.1. Basic API Structure for Indexes](full-docs/html/index-api.html)
    - [63.2. Index Access Method Functions](full-docs/html/index-functions.html)
    - [63.3. Index Scanning](full-docs/html/index-scanning.html)
    - [63.4. Index Locking Considerations](full-docs/html/index-locking.html)
    - [63.5. Index Uniqueness Checks](full-docs/html/index-unique-checks.html)
    - [63.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions](full-docs/html/index-cost-estimation.html)
- [64. Write Ahead Logging for Extensions](full-docs/html/wal-for-extensions.html)
    - [64.1. Generic WAL Records](full-docs/html/generic-wal.html)
    - [64.2. Custom WAL Resource Managers](full-docs/html/custom-rmgr.html)
- [65. Built-in Index Access Methods](full-docs/html/indextypes.html)
    - [65.1. B-Tree Indexes](full-docs/html/btree.html)
      - [65.1.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/btree.html)
      - [65.1.2. Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes](full-docs/html/btree.html)
      - [65.1.3. B-Tree Support Functions](full-docs/html/btree.html)
      - [65.1.4. Implementation](full-docs/html/btree.html)
    - [65.2. GiST Indexes](full-docs/html/gist.html)
      - [65.2.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/gist.html)
      - [65.2.2. Built-in Operator Classes](full-docs/html/gist.html)
      - [65.2.3. Extensibility](full-docs/html/gist.html)
      - [65.2.4. Implementation](full-docs/html/gist.html)
      - [65.2.5. Examples](full-docs/html/gist.html)
    - [65.3. SP-GiST Indexes](full-docs/html/spgist.html)
      - [65.3.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/spgist.html)
      - [65.3.2. Built-in Operator Classes](full-docs/html/spgist.html)
      - [65.3.3. Extensibility](full-docs/html/spgist.html)
      - [65.3.4. Implementation](full-docs/html/spgist.html)
      - [65.3.5. Examples](full-docs/html/spgist.html)
    - [65.4. GIN Indexes](full-docs/html/gin.html)
      - [65.4.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/gin.html)
      - [65.4.2. Built-in Operator Classes](full-docs/html/gin.html)
      - [65.4.3. Extensibility](full-docs/html/gin.html)
      - [65.4.4. Implementation](full-docs/html/gin.html)
      - [65.4.5. GIN Tips and Tricks](full-docs/html/gin.html)
      - [65.4.6. Limitations](full-docs/html/gin.html)
      - [65.4.7. Examples](full-docs/html/gin.html)
    - [65.5. BRIN Indexes](full-docs/html/brin.html)
      - [65.5.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/brin.html)
      - [65.5.2. Built-in Operator Classes](full-docs/html/brin.html)
      - [65.5.3. Extensibility](full-docs/html/brin.html)
    - [65.6. Hash Indexes](full-docs/html/hash-index.html)
      - [65.6.1. Overview](full-docs/html/hash-index.html)
      - [65.6.2. Implementation](full-docs/html/hash-index.html)
- [66. Database Physical Storage](full-docs/html/storage.html)
    - [66.1. Database File Layout](full-docs/html/storage-file-layout.html)
    - [66.2. TOAST](full-docs/html/storage-toast.html)
      - [66.2.1. Out-of-Line, On-Disk TOAST Storage](full-docs/html/storage-toast.html)
      - [66.2.2. Out-of-Line, In-Memory TOAST Storage](full-docs/html/storage-toast.html)
    - [66.3. Free Space Map](full-docs/html/storage-fsm.html)
    - [66.4. Visibility Map](full-docs/html/storage-vm.html)
    - [66.5. The Initialization Fork](full-docs/html/storage-init.html)
    - [66.6. Database Page Layout](full-docs/html/storage-page-layout.html)
      - [66.6.1. Table Row Layout](full-docs/html/storage-page-layout.html)
    - [66.7. Heap-Only Tuples (HOT)](full-docs/html/storage-hot.html)
- [67. Transaction Processing](full-docs/html/transactions.html)
    - [67.1. Transactions and Identifiers](full-docs/html/transaction-id.html)
    - [67.2. Transactions and Locking](full-docs/html/xact-locking.html)
    - [67.3. Subtransactions](full-docs/html/subxacts.html)
    - [67.4. Two-Phase Transactions](full-docs/html/two-phase.html)
- [68. System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents](full-docs/html/bki.html)
    - [68.1. System Catalog Declaration Rules](full-docs/html/system-catalog-declarations.html)
    - [68.2. System Catalog Initial Data](full-docs/html/system-catalog-initial-data.html)
      - [68.2.1. Data File Format](full-docs/html/system-catalog-initial-data.html)
      - [68.2.2. OID Assignment](full-docs/html/system-catalog-initial-data.html)
      - [68.2.3. OID Reference Lookup](full-docs/html/system-catalog-initial-data.html)
      - [68.2.4. Automatic Creation of Array Types](full-docs/html/system-catalog-initial-data.html)
      - [68.2.5. Recipes for Editing Data Files](full-docs/html/system-catalog-initial-data.html)
    - [68.3. BKI File Format](full-docs/html/bki-format.html)
    - [68.4. BKI Commands](full-docs/html/bki-commands.html)
    - [68.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File](full-docs/html/bki-structure.html)
    - [68.6. BKI Example](full-docs/html/bki-example.html)
- [69. How the Planner Uses Statistics](full-docs/html/planner-stats-details.html)
    - [69.1. Row Estimation Examples](full-docs/html/row-estimation-examples.html)
    - [69.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples](full-docs/html/multivariate-statistics-examples.html)
      - [69.2.1. Functional Dependencies](full-docs/html/multivariate-statistics-examples.html)
      - [69.2.2. Multivariate N-Distinct Counts](full-docs/html/multivariate-statistics-examples.html)
      - [69.2.3. MCV Lists](full-docs/html/multivariate-statistics-examples.html)
    - [69.3. Planner Statistics and Security](full-docs/html/planner-stats-security.html)
- [70. Backup Manifest Format](full-docs/html/backup-manifest-format.html)
    - [70.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object](full-docs/html/backup-manifest-toplevel.html)
    - [70.2. Backup Manifest File Object](full-docs/html/backup-manifest-files.html)
    - [70.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object](full-docs/html/backup-manifest-wal-ranges.html)
- [VIII. Appendixes](full-docs/html/appendixes.html)
  - [A. PostgreSQL Error Codes](full-docs/html/errcodes-appendix.html)
  - [B. Date/Time Support](full-docs/html/datetime-appendix.html)
    - [B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation](full-docs/html/datetime-input-rules.html)
    - [B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps](full-docs/html/datetime-invalid-input.html)
    - [B.3. Date/Time Key Words](full-docs/html/datetime-keywords.html)
    - [B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files](full-docs/html/datetime-config-files.html)
    - [B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications](full-docs/html/datetime-posix-timezone-specs.html)
    - [B.6. History of Units](full-docs/html/datetime-units-history.html)
    - [B.7. Julian Dates](full-docs/html/datetime-julian-dates.html)
  - [C. SQL Key Words](full-docs/html/sql-keywords-appendix.html)
  - [D. SQL Conformance](full-docs/html/features.html)
    - [D.1. Supported Features](full-docs/html/features-sql-standard.html)
    - [D.2. Unsupported Features](full-docs/html/unsupported-features-sql-standard.html)
    - [D.3. XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML](full-docs/html/xml-limits-conformance.html)
  - [E. Release Notes](full-docs/html/release.html)
    - [E.1. Release 18](full-docs/html/release-18.html)
    - [E.2. Prior Releases](full-docs/html/release-prior.html)
  - [F. Additional Supplied Modules and Extensions](full-docs/html/contrib.html)
    - [F.1. amcheck — tools to verify table and index consistency](full-docs/html/amcheck.html)
    - [F.2. auth_delay — pause on authentication failure](full-docs/html/auth-delay.html)
    - [F.3. auto_explain — log execution plans of slow queries](full-docs/html/auto-explain.html)
    - [F.4. basebackup_to_shell — example "shell" pg_basebackup module](full-docs/html/basebackup-to-shell.html)
    - [F.5. basic_archive — an example WAL archive module](full-docs/html/basic-archive.html)
    - [F.6. bloom — bloom filter index access method](full-docs/html/bloom.html)
    - [F.7. btree_gin — GIN operator classes with B-tree behavior](full-docs/html/btree-gin.html)
    - [F.8. btree_gist — GiST operator classes with B-tree behavior](full-docs/html/btree-gist.html)
    - [F.9. citext — a case-insensitive character string type](full-docs/html/citext.html)
    - [F.10. cube — a multi-dimensional cube data type](full-docs/html/cube.html)
    - [F.11. dblink — connect to other PostgreSQL databases](full-docs/html/dblink.html)
    - [F.12. dict_int —
   example full-text search dictionary for integers](full-docs/html/dict-int.html)
    - [F.13. dict_xsyn — example synonym full-text search dictionary](full-docs/html/dict-xsyn.html)
    - [F.14. earthdistance — calculate great-circle distances](full-docs/html/earthdistance.html)
    - [F.15. file_fdw — access data files in the server's file system](full-docs/html/file-fdw.html)
    - [F.16. fuzzystrmatch — determine string similarities and distance](full-docs/html/fuzzystrmatch.html)
    - [F.17. hstore — hstore key/value datatype](full-docs/html/hstore.html)
    - [F.18. intagg — integer aggregator and enumerator](full-docs/html/intagg.html)
    - [F.19. intarray — manipulate arrays of integers](full-docs/html/intarray.html)
    - [F.20. isn — data types for international standard numbers (ISBN, EAN, UPC, etc.)](full-docs/html/isn.html)
    - [F.21. lo — manage large objects](full-docs/html/lo.html)
    - [F.22. ltree — hierarchical tree-like data type](full-docs/html/ltree.html)
    - [F.23. pageinspect — low-level inspection of database pages](full-docs/html/pageinspect.html)
    - [F.24. passwordcheck — verify password strength](full-docs/html/passwordcheck.html)
    - [F.25. pg_buffercache — inspect PostgreSQL
    buffer cache state](full-docs/html/pgbuffercache.html)
    - [F.26. pgcrypto — cryptographic functions](full-docs/html/pgcrypto.html)
    - [F.27. pg_freespacemap — examine the free space map](full-docs/html/pgfreespacemap.html)
    - [F.28. pg_logicalinspect — logical decoding components inspection](full-docs/html/pglogicalinspect.html)
    - [F.29. pg_overexplain — allow EXPLAIN to dump even more details](full-docs/html/pgoverexplain.html)
    - [F.30. pg_prewarm — preload relation data into buffer caches](full-docs/html/pgprewarm.html)
    - [F.31. pgrowlocks — show a table's row locking information](full-docs/html/pgrowlocks.html)
    - [F.32. pg_stat_statements — track statistics of SQL planning and execution](full-docs/html/pgstatstatements.html)
    - [F.33. pgstattuple — obtain tuple-level statistics](full-docs/html/pgstattuple.html)
    - [F.34. pg_surgery — perform low-level surgery on relation data](full-docs/html/pgsurgery.html)
    - [F.35. pg_trgm —
   support for similarity of text using trigram matching](full-docs/html/pgtrgm.html)
    - [F.36. pg_visibility — visibility map information and utilities](full-docs/html/pgvisibility.html)
    - [F.37. pg_walinspect — low-level WAL inspection](full-docs/html/pgwalinspect.html)
    - [F.38. postgres_fdw —
   access data stored in external PostgreSQL
   servers](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
    - [F.39. seg — a datatype for line segments or floating point intervals](full-docs/html/seg.html)
    - [F.40. sepgsql —
   SELinux-, label-based mandatory access control (MAC) security module](full-docs/html/sepgsql.html)
    - [F.41. spi — Server Programming Interface features/examples](full-docs/html/contrib-spi.html)
    - [F.42. sslinfo — obtain client SSL information](full-docs/html/sslinfo.html)
    - [F.43. tablefunc — functions that return tables (crosstab and others)](full-docs/html/tablefunc.html)
    - [F.44. tcn — a trigger function to notify listeners of changes to table content](full-docs/html/tcn.html)
    - [F.45. test_decoding — SQL-based test/example module for WAL logical decoding](full-docs/html/test-decoding.html)
    - [F.46. tsm_system_rows —
   the SYSTEM_ROWS sampling method for TABLESAMPLE](full-docs/html/tsm-system-rows.html)
    - [F.47. tsm_system_time —
   the SYSTEM_TIME sampling method for TABLESAMPLE](full-docs/html/tsm-system-time.html)
    - [F.48. unaccent — a text search dictionary which removes diacritics](full-docs/html/unaccent.html)
    - [F.49. uuid-ossp — a UUID generator](full-docs/html/uuid-ossp.html)
    - [F.50. xml2 — XPath querying and XSLT functionality](full-docs/html/xml2.html)
  - [G. Additional Supplied Programs](full-docs/html/contrib-prog.html)
    - [G.1. Client Applications](full-docs/html/contrib-prog-client.html)
    - [G.2. Server Applications](full-docs/html/contrib-prog-server.html)
  - [H. External Projects](full-docs/html/external-projects.html)
    - [H.1. Client Interfaces](full-docs/html/external-interfaces.html)
    - [H.2. Administration Tools](full-docs/html/external-admin-tools.html)
    - [H.3. Procedural Languages](full-docs/html/external-pl.html)
    - [H.4. Extensions](full-docs/html/external-extensions.html)
  - [I. The Source Code Repository](full-docs/html/sourcerepo.html)
    - [I.1. Getting the Source via Git](full-docs/html/git.html)
  - [J. Documentation](full-docs/html/docguide.html)
    - [J.1. DocBook](full-docs/html/docguide-docbook.html)
    - [J.2. Tool Sets](full-docs/html/docguide-toolsets.html)
    - [J.3. Building the Documentation with Make](full-docs/html/docguide-build.html)
    - [J.4. Building the Documentation with Meson](full-docs/html/docguide-build-meson.html)
    - [J.5. Documentation Authoring](full-docs/html/docguide-authoring.html)
    - [J.6. Style Guide](full-docs/html/docguide-style.html)
  - [K. PostgreSQL Limits](full-docs/html/limits.html)
  - [L. Acronyms](full-docs/html/acronyms.html)
  - [M. Glossary](full-docs/html/glossary.html)
  - [N. Color Support](full-docs/html/color.html)
    - [N.1. When Color is Used](full-docs/html/color-when.html)
    - [N.2. Configuring the Colors](full-docs/html/color-which.html)
  - [O. Obsolete or Renamed Features](full-docs/html/appendix-obsolete.html)
    - [O.1. recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf](full-docs/html/recovery-config.html)
    - [O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles](full-docs/html/default-roles.html)
    - [O.3. pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump](full-docs/html/pgxlogdump.html)
    - [O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal](full-docs/html/app-pgresetxlog.html)
    - [O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal](full-docs/html/app-pgreceivexlog.html)
- [A. PostgreSQL Error Codes](full-docs/html/errcodes-appendix.html)
- [B. Date/Time Support](full-docs/html/datetime-appendix.html)
    - [B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation](full-docs/html/datetime-input-rules.html)
    - [B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps](full-docs/html/datetime-invalid-input.html)
    - [B.3. Date/Time Key Words](full-docs/html/datetime-keywords.html)
    - [B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files](full-docs/html/datetime-config-files.html)
    - [B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications](full-docs/html/datetime-posix-timezone-specs.html)
    - [B.6. History of Units](full-docs/html/datetime-units-history.html)
    - [B.7. Julian Dates](full-docs/html/datetime-julian-dates.html)
- [C. SQL Key Words](full-docs/html/sql-keywords-appendix.html)
- [D. SQL Conformance](full-docs/html/features.html)
    - [D.1. Supported Features](full-docs/html/features-sql-standard.html)
    - [D.2. Unsupported Features](full-docs/html/unsupported-features-sql-standard.html)
    - [D.3. XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML](full-docs/html/xml-limits-conformance.html)
      - [D.3.1. Queries Are Restricted to XPath 1.0](full-docs/html/xml-limits-conformance.html)
      - [D.3.2. Incidental Limits of the Implementation](full-docs/html/xml-limits-conformance.html)
- [E. Release Notes](full-docs/html/release.html)
    - [E.1. Release 18](full-docs/html/release-18.html)
      - [E.1.1. Overview](full-docs/html/release-18.html)
      - [E.1.2. Migration to Version 18](full-docs/html/release-18.html)
      - [E.1.3. Changes](full-docs/html/release-18.html)
      - [E.1.4. Acknowledgments](full-docs/html/release-18.html)
    - [E.2. Prior Releases](full-docs/html/release-prior.html)
- [F. Additional Supplied Modules and Extensions](full-docs/html/contrib.html)
    - [F.1. amcheck — tools to verify table and index consistency](full-docs/html/amcheck.html)
      - [F.1.1. Functions](full-docs/html/amcheck.html)
      - [F.1.2. Optional heapallindexed Verification](full-docs/html/amcheck.html)
      - [F.1.3. Using amcheck Effectively](full-docs/html/amcheck.html)
      - [F.1.4. Repairing Corruption](full-docs/html/amcheck.html)
    - [F.2. auth_delay — pause on authentication failure](full-docs/html/auth-delay.html)
      - [F.2.1. Configuration Parameters](full-docs/html/auth-delay.html)
      - [F.2.2. Author](full-docs/html/auth-delay.html)
    - [F.3. auto_explain — log execution plans of slow queries](full-docs/html/auto-explain.html)
      - [F.3.1. Configuration Parameters](full-docs/html/auto-explain.html)
      - [F.3.2. Example](full-docs/html/auto-explain.html)
      - [F.3.3. Author](full-docs/html/auto-explain.html)
    - [F.4. basebackup_to_shell — example "shell" pg_basebackup module](full-docs/html/basebackup-to-shell.html)
      - [F.4.1. Configuration Parameters](full-docs/html/basebackup-to-shell.html)
      - [F.4.2. Author](full-docs/html/basebackup-to-shell.html)
    - [F.5. basic_archive — an example WAL archive module](full-docs/html/basic-archive.html)
      - [F.5.1. Configuration Parameters](full-docs/html/basic-archive.html)
      - [F.5.2. Notes](full-docs/html/basic-archive.html)
      - [F.5.3. Author](full-docs/html/basic-archive.html)
    - [F.6. bloom — bloom filter index access method](full-docs/html/bloom.html)
      - [F.6.1. Parameters](full-docs/html/bloom.html)
      - [F.6.2. Examples](full-docs/html/bloom.html)
      - [F.6.3. Operator Class Interface](full-docs/html/bloom.html)
      - [F.6.4. Limitations](full-docs/html/bloom.html)
      - [F.6.5. Authors](full-docs/html/bloom.html)
    - [F.7. btree_gin — GIN operator classes with B-tree behavior](full-docs/html/btree-gin.html)
      - [F.7.1. Example Usage](full-docs/html/btree-gin.html)
      - [F.7.2. Authors](full-docs/html/btree-gin.html)
    - [F.8. btree_gist — GiST operator classes with B-tree behavior](full-docs/html/btree-gist.html)
      - [F.8.1. Example Usage](full-docs/html/btree-gist.html)
      - [F.8.2. Authors](full-docs/html/btree-gist.html)
    - [F.9. citext — a case-insensitive character string type](full-docs/html/citext.html)
      - [F.9.1. Rationale](full-docs/html/citext.html)
      - [F.9.2. How to Use It](full-docs/html/citext.html)
      - [F.9.3. String Comparison Behavior](full-docs/html/citext.html)
      - [F.9.4. Limitations](full-docs/html/citext.html)
      - [F.9.5. Author](full-docs/html/citext.html)
    - [F.10. cube — a multi-dimensional cube data type](full-docs/html/cube.html)
      - [F.10.1. Syntax](full-docs/html/cube.html)
      - [F.10.2. Precision](full-docs/html/cube.html)
      - [F.10.3. Usage](full-docs/html/cube.html)
      - [F.10.4. Defaults](full-docs/html/cube.html)
      - [F.10.5. Notes](full-docs/html/cube.html)
      - [F.10.6. Credits](full-docs/html/cube.html)
    - [F.11. dblink — connect to other PostgreSQL databases](full-docs/html/dblink.html)
    - [F.12. dict_int —
   example full-text search dictionary for integers](full-docs/html/dict-int.html)
      - [F.12.1. Configuration](full-docs/html/dict-int.html)
      - [F.12.2. Usage](full-docs/html/dict-int.html)
    - [F.13. dict_xsyn — example synonym full-text search dictionary](full-docs/html/dict-xsyn.html)
      - [F.13.1. Configuration](full-docs/html/dict-xsyn.html)
      - [F.13.2. Usage](full-docs/html/dict-xsyn.html)
    - [F.14. earthdistance — calculate great-circle distances](full-docs/html/earthdistance.html)
      - [F.14.1. Cube-Based Earth Distances](full-docs/html/earthdistance.html)
      - [F.14.2. Point-Based Earth Distances](full-docs/html/earthdistance.html)
    - [F.15. file_fdw — access data files in the server's file system](full-docs/html/file-fdw.html)
    - [F.16. fuzzystrmatch — determine string similarities and distance](full-docs/html/fuzzystrmatch.html)
      - [F.16.1. Soundex](full-docs/html/fuzzystrmatch.html)
      - [F.16.2. Daitch-Mokotoff Soundex](full-docs/html/fuzzystrmatch.html)
      - [F.16.3. Levenshtein](full-docs/html/fuzzystrmatch.html)
      - [F.16.4. Metaphone](full-docs/html/fuzzystrmatch.html)
      - [F.16.5. Double Metaphone](full-docs/html/fuzzystrmatch.html)
    - [F.17. hstore — hstore key/value datatype](full-docs/html/hstore.html)
      - [F.17.1. hstore External Representation](full-docs/html/hstore.html)
      - [F.17.2. hstore Operators and Functions](full-docs/html/hstore.html)
      - [F.17.3. Indexes](full-docs/html/hstore.html)
      - [F.17.4. Examples](full-docs/html/hstore.html)
      - [F.17.5. Statistics](full-docs/html/hstore.html)
      - [F.17.6. Compatibility](full-docs/html/hstore.html)
      - [F.17.7. Transforms](full-docs/html/hstore.html)
      - [F.17.8. Authors](full-docs/html/hstore.html)
    - [F.18. intagg — integer aggregator and enumerator](full-docs/html/intagg.html)
      - [F.18.1. Functions](full-docs/html/intagg.html)
      - [F.18.2. Sample Uses](full-docs/html/intagg.html)
    - [F.19. intarray — manipulate arrays of integers](full-docs/html/intarray.html)
      - [F.19.1. intarray Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/intarray.html)
      - [F.19.2. Index Support](full-docs/html/intarray.html)
      - [F.19.3. Example](full-docs/html/intarray.html)
      - [F.19.4. Benchmark](full-docs/html/intarray.html)
      - [F.19.5. Authors](full-docs/html/intarray.html)
    - [F.20. isn — data types for international standard numbers (ISBN, EAN, UPC, etc.)](full-docs/html/isn.html)
      - [F.20.1. Data Types](full-docs/html/isn.html)
      - [F.20.2. Casts](full-docs/html/isn.html)
      - [F.20.3. Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/isn.html)
      - [F.20.4. Configuration Parameters](full-docs/html/isn.html)
      - [F.20.5. Examples](full-docs/html/isn.html)
      - [F.20.6. Bibliography](full-docs/html/isn.html)
      - [F.20.7. Author](full-docs/html/isn.html)
    - [F.21. lo — manage large objects](full-docs/html/lo.html)
      - [F.21.1. Rationale](full-docs/html/lo.html)
      - [F.21.2. How to Use It](full-docs/html/lo.html)
      - [F.21.3. Limitations](full-docs/html/lo.html)
      - [F.21.4. Author](full-docs/html/lo.html)
    - [F.22. ltree — hierarchical tree-like data type](full-docs/html/ltree.html)
      - [F.22.1. Definitions](full-docs/html/ltree.html)
      - [F.22.2. Operators and Functions](full-docs/html/ltree.html)
      - [F.22.3. Indexes](full-docs/html/ltree.html)
      - [F.22.4. Example](full-docs/html/ltree.html)
      - [F.22.5. Transforms](full-docs/html/ltree.html)
      - [F.22.6. Authors](full-docs/html/ltree.html)
    - [F.23. pageinspect — low-level inspection of database pages](full-docs/html/pageinspect.html)
      - [F.23.1. General Functions](full-docs/html/pageinspect.html)
      - [F.23.2. Heap Functions](full-docs/html/pageinspect.html)
      - [F.23.3. B-Tree Functions](full-docs/html/pageinspect.html)
      - [F.23.4. BRIN Functions](full-docs/html/pageinspect.html)
      - [F.23.5. GIN Functions](full-docs/html/pageinspect.html)
      - [F.23.6. GiST Functions](full-docs/html/pageinspect.html)
      - [F.23.7. Hash Functions](full-docs/html/pageinspect.html)
    - [F.24. passwordcheck — verify password strength](full-docs/html/passwordcheck.html)
      - [F.24.1. Configuration Parameters](full-docs/html/passwordcheck.html)
    - [F.25. pg_buffercache — inspect PostgreSQL
    buffer cache state](full-docs/html/pgbuffercache.html)
      - [F.25.1. The pg_buffercache View](full-docs/html/pgbuffercache.html)
      - [F.25.2. The pg_buffercache_numa View](full-docs/html/pgbuffercache.html)
      - [F.25.3. The pg_buffercache_summary() Function](full-docs/html/pgbuffercache.html)
      - [F.25.4. The pg_buffercache_usage_counts() Function](full-docs/html/pgbuffercache.html)
      - [F.25.5. The pg_buffercache_evict() Function](full-docs/html/pgbuffercache.html)
      - [F.25.6. The pg_buffercache_evict_relation() Function](full-docs/html/pgbuffercache.html)
      - [F.25.7. The pg_buffercache_evict_all() Function](full-docs/html/pgbuffercache.html)
      - [F.25.8. Sample Output](full-docs/html/pgbuffercache.html)
      - [F.25.9. Authors](full-docs/html/pgbuffercache.html)
    - [F.26. pgcrypto — cryptographic functions](full-docs/html/pgcrypto.html)
      - [F.26.1. General Hashing Functions](full-docs/html/pgcrypto.html)
      - [F.26.2. Password Hashing Functions](full-docs/html/pgcrypto.html)
      - [F.26.3. PGP Encryption Functions](full-docs/html/pgcrypto.html)
      - [F.26.4. Raw Encryption Functions](full-docs/html/pgcrypto.html)
      - [F.26.5. Random-Data Functions](full-docs/html/pgcrypto.html)
      - [F.26.6. OpenSSL Support Functions](full-docs/html/pgcrypto.html)
      - [F.26.7. Configuration Parameters](full-docs/html/pgcrypto.html)
      - [F.26.8. Notes](full-docs/html/pgcrypto.html)
      - [F.26.9. Author](full-docs/html/pgcrypto.html)
    - [F.27. pg_freespacemap — examine the free space map](full-docs/html/pgfreespacemap.html)
      - [F.27.1. Functions](full-docs/html/pgfreespacemap.html)
      - [F.27.2. Sample Output](full-docs/html/pgfreespacemap.html)
      - [F.27.3. Author](full-docs/html/pgfreespacemap.html)
    - [F.28. pg_logicalinspect — logical decoding components inspection](full-docs/html/pglogicalinspect.html)
      - [F.28.1. Functions](full-docs/html/pglogicalinspect.html)
      - [F.28.2. Author](full-docs/html/pglogicalinspect.html)
    - [F.29. pg_overexplain — allow EXPLAIN to dump even more details](full-docs/html/pgoverexplain.html)
      - [F.29.1. EXPLAIN (DEBUG)](full-docs/html/pgoverexplain.html)
      - [F.29.2. EXPLAIN (RANGE_TABLE)](full-docs/html/pgoverexplain.html)
      - [F.29.3. Author](full-docs/html/pgoverexplain.html)
    - [F.30. pg_prewarm — preload relation data into buffer caches](full-docs/html/pgprewarm.html)
      - [F.30.1. Functions](full-docs/html/pgprewarm.html)
      - [F.30.2. Configuration Parameters](full-docs/html/pgprewarm.html)
      - [F.30.3. Author](full-docs/html/pgprewarm.html)
    - [F.31. pgrowlocks — show a table's row locking information](full-docs/html/pgrowlocks.html)
      - [F.31.1. Overview](full-docs/html/pgrowlocks.html)
      - [F.31.2. Sample Output](full-docs/html/pgrowlocks.html)
      - [F.31.3. Author](full-docs/html/pgrowlocks.html)
    - [F.32. pg_stat_statements — track statistics of SQL planning and execution](full-docs/html/pgstatstatements.html)
      - [F.32.1. The pg_stat_statements View](full-docs/html/pgstatstatements.html)
      - [F.32.2. The pg_stat_statements_info View](full-docs/html/pgstatstatements.html)
      - [F.32.3. Functions](full-docs/html/pgstatstatements.html)
      - [F.32.4. Configuration Parameters](full-docs/html/pgstatstatements.html)
      - [F.32.5. Sample Output](full-docs/html/pgstatstatements.html)
      - [F.32.6. Authors](full-docs/html/pgstatstatements.html)
    - [F.33. pgstattuple — obtain tuple-level statistics](full-docs/html/pgstattuple.html)
      - [F.33.1. Functions](full-docs/html/pgstattuple.html)
      - [F.33.2. Authors](full-docs/html/pgstattuple.html)
    - [F.34. pg_surgery — perform low-level surgery on relation data](full-docs/html/pgsurgery.html)
      - [F.34.1. Functions](full-docs/html/pgsurgery.html)
      - [F.34.2. Authors](full-docs/html/pgsurgery.html)
    - [F.35. pg_trgm —
   support for similarity of text using trigram matching](full-docs/html/pgtrgm.html)
      - [F.35.1. Trigram (or Trigraph) Concepts](full-docs/html/pgtrgm.html)
      - [F.35.2. Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/pgtrgm.html)
      - [F.35.3. GUC Parameters](full-docs/html/pgtrgm.html)
      - [F.35.4. Index Support](full-docs/html/pgtrgm.html)
      - [F.35.5. Text Search Integration](full-docs/html/pgtrgm.html)
      - [F.35.6. References](full-docs/html/pgtrgm.html)
      - [F.35.7. Authors](full-docs/html/pgtrgm.html)
    - [F.36. pg_visibility — visibility map information and utilities](full-docs/html/pgvisibility.html)
      - [F.36.1. Functions](full-docs/html/pgvisibility.html)
      - [F.36.2. Author](full-docs/html/pgvisibility.html)
    - [F.37. pg_walinspect — low-level WAL inspection](full-docs/html/pgwalinspect.html)
      - [F.37.1. General Functions](full-docs/html/pgwalinspect.html)
      - [F.37.2. Author](full-docs/html/pgwalinspect.html)
    - [F.38. postgres_fdw —
   access data stored in external PostgreSQL
   servers](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
      - [F.38.1. FDW Options of postgres_fdw](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
      - [F.38.2. Functions](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
      - [F.38.3. Connection Management](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
      - [F.38.4. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
      - [F.38.5. Remote Query Optimization](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
      - [F.38.6. Remote Query Execution Environment](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
      - [F.38.7. Cross-Version Compatibility](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
      - [F.38.8. Wait Events](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
      - [F.38.9. Configuration Parameters](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
      - [F.38.10. Examples](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
      - [F.38.11. Author](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
    - [F.39. seg — a datatype for line segments or floating point intervals](full-docs/html/seg.html)
      - [F.39.1. Rationale](full-docs/html/seg.html)
      - [F.39.2. Syntax](full-docs/html/seg.html)
      - [F.39.3. Precision](full-docs/html/seg.html)
      - [F.39.4. Usage](full-docs/html/seg.html)
      - [F.39.5. Notes](full-docs/html/seg.html)
      - [F.39.6. Credits](full-docs/html/seg.html)
    - [F.40. sepgsql —
   SELinux-, label-based mandatory access control (MAC) security module](full-docs/html/sepgsql.html)
      - [F.40.1. Overview](full-docs/html/sepgsql.html)
      - [F.40.2. Installation](full-docs/html/sepgsql.html)
      - [F.40.3. Regression Tests](full-docs/html/sepgsql.html)
      - [F.40.4. GUC Parameters](full-docs/html/sepgsql.html)
      - [F.40.5. Features](full-docs/html/sepgsql.html)
      - [F.40.6. Sepgsql Functions](full-docs/html/sepgsql.html)
      - [F.40.7. Limitations](full-docs/html/sepgsql.html)
      - [F.40.8. External Resources](full-docs/html/sepgsql.html)
      - [F.40.9. Author](full-docs/html/sepgsql.html)
    - [F.41. spi — Server Programming Interface features/examples](full-docs/html/contrib-spi.html)
      - [F.41.1. refint — Functions for Implementing Referential Integrity](full-docs/html/contrib-spi.html)
      - [F.41.2. autoinc — Functions for Autoincrementing Fields](full-docs/html/contrib-spi.html)
      - [F.41.3. insert_username — Functions for Tracking Who Changed a Table](full-docs/html/contrib-spi.html)
      - [F.41.4. moddatetime — Functions for Tracking Last Modification Time](full-docs/html/contrib-spi.html)
    - [F.42. sslinfo — obtain client SSL information](full-docs/html/sslinfo.html)
      - [F.42.1. Functions Provided](full-docs/html/sslinfo.html)
      - [F.42.2. Author](full-docs/html/sslinfo.html)
    - [F.43. tablefunc — functions that return tables (crosstab and others)](full-docs/html/tablefunc.html)
      - [F.43.1. Functions Provided](full-docs/html/tablefunc.html)
      - [F.43.2. Author](full-docs/html/tablefunc.html)
    - [F.44. tcn — a trigger function to notify listeners of changes to table content](full-docs/html/tcn.html)
    - [F.45. test_decoding — SQL-based test/example module for WAL logical decoding](full-docs/html/test-decoding.html)
    - [F.46. tsm_system_rows —
   the SYSTEM_ROWS sampling method for TABLESAMPLE](full-docs/html/tsm-system-rows.html)
      - [F.46.1. Examples](full-docs/html/tsm-system-rows.html)
    - [F.47. tsm_system_time —
   the SYSTEM_TIME sampling method for TABLESAMPLE](full-docs/html/tsm-system-time.html)
      - [F.47.1. Examples](full-docs/html/tsm-system-time.html)
    - [F.48. unaccent — a text search dictionary which removes diacritics](full-docs/html/unaccent.html)
      - [F.48.1. Configuration](full-docs/html/unaccent.html)
      - [F.48.2. Usage](full-docs/html/unaccent.html)
      - [F.48.3. Functions](full-docs/html/unaccent.html)
    - [F.49. uuid-ossp — a UUID generator](full-docs/html/uuid-ossp.html)
      - [F.49.1. uuid-ossp Functions](full-docs/html/uuid-ossp.html)
      - [F.49.2. Building uuid-ossp](full-docs/html/uuid-ossp.html)
      - [F.49.3. Author](full-docs/html/uuid-ossp.html)
    - [F.50. xml2 — XPath querying and XSLT functionality](full-docs/html/xml2.html)
      - [F.50.1. Deprecation Notice](full-docs/html/xml2.html)
      - [F.50.2. Description of Functions](full-docs/html/xml2.html)
      - [F.50.3. xpath_table](full-docs/html/xml2.html)
      - [F.50.4. XSLT Functions](full-docs/html/xml2.html)
      - [F.50.5. Author](full-docs/html/xml2.html)
- [G. Additional Supplied Programs](full-docs/html/contrib-prog.html)
    - [G.1. Client Applications](full-docs/html/contrib-prog-client.html)
    - [G.2. Server Applications](full-docs/html/contrib-prog-server.html)
- [H. External Projects](full-docs/html/external-projects.html)
    - [H.1. Client Interfaces](full-docs/html/external-interfaces.html)
    - [H.2. Administration Tools](full-docs/html/external-admin-tools.html)
    - [H.3. Procedural Languages](full-docs/html/external-pl.html)
    - [H.4. Extensions](full-docs/html/external-extensions.html)
- [I. The Source Code Repository](full-docs/html/sourcerepo.html)
    - [I.1. Getting the Source via Git](full-docs/html/git.html)
- [J. Documentation](full-docs/html/docguide.html)
    - [J.1. DocBook](full-docs/html/docguide-docbook.html)
    - [J.2. Tool Sets](full-docs/html/docguide-toolsets.html)
      - [J.2.1. Installation on Fedora, RHEL, and Derivatives](full-docs/html/docguide-toolsets.html)
      - [J.2.2. Installation on FreeBSD](full-docs/html/docguide-toolsets.html)
      - [J.2.3. Debian Packages](full-docs/html/docguide-toolsets.html)
      - [J.2.4. macOS](full-docs/html/docguide-toolsets.html)
      - [J.2.5. Detection by configure](full-docs/html/docguide-toolsets.html)
    - [J.3. Building the Documentation with Make](full-docs/html/docguide-build.html)
      - [J.3.1. HTML](full-docs/html/docguide-build.html)
      - [J.3.2. Manpages](full-docs/html/docguide-build.html)
      - [J.3.3. PDF](full-docs/html/docguide-build.html)
      - [J.3.4. Syntax Check](full-docs/html/docguide-build.html)
    - [J.4. Building the Documentation with Meson](full-docs/html/docguide-build-meson.html)
    - [J.5. Documentation Authoring](full-docs/html/docguide-authoring.html)
      - [J.5.1. Emacs](full-docs/html/docguide-authoring.html)
    - [J.6. Style Guide](full-docs/html/docguide-style.html)
      - [J.6.1. Reference Pages](full-docs/html/docguide-style.html)
- [K. PostgreSQL Limits](full-docs/html/limits.html)
- [L. Acronyms](full-docs/html/acronyms.html)
- [M. Glossary](full-docs/html/glossary.html)
- [N. Color Support](full-docs/html/color.html)
    - [N.1. When Color is Used](full-docs/html/color-when.html)
    - [N.2. Configuring the Colors](full-docs/html/color-which.html)
- [O. Obsolete or Renamed Features](full-docs/html/appendix-obsolete.html)
    - [O.1. recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf](full-docs/html/recovery-config.html)
    - [O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles](full-docs/html/default-roles.html)
    - [O.3. pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump](full-docs/html/pgxlogdump.html)
    - [O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal](full-docs/html/app-pgresetxlog.html)
    - [O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal](full-docs/html/app-pgreceivexlog.html)
- [Bibliography](full-docs/html/biblio.html)
- [Index](full-docs/html/bookindex.html)
- [1.1. Installation](full-docs/html/tutorial-install.html)
- [1.2. Architectural Fundamentals](full-docs/html/tutorial-arch.html)
- [1.3. Creating a Database](full-docs/html/tutorial-createdb.html)
- [1.4. Accessing a Database](full-docs/html/tutorial-accessdb.html)
- [2.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/tutorial-sql-intro.html)
- [2.2. Concepts](full-docs/html/tutorial-concepts.html)
- [2.3. Creating a New Table](full-docs/html/tutorial-table.html)
- [2.4. Populating a Table With Rows](full-docs/html/tutorial-populate.html)
- [2.5. Querying a Table](full-docs/html/tutorial-select.html)
- [2.6. Joins Between Tables](full-docs/html/tutorial-join.html)
- [2.7. Aggregate Functions](full-docs/html/tutorial-agg.html)
- [2.8. Updates](full-docs/html/tutorial-update.html)
- [2.9. Deletions](full-docs/html/tutorial-delete.html)
- [3.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/tutorial-advanced-intro.html)
- [3.2. Views](full-docs/html/tutorial-views.html)
- [3.3. Foreign Keys](full-docs/html/tutorial-fk.html)
- [3.4. Transactions](full-docs/html/tutorial-transactions.html)
- [3.5. Window Functions](full-docs/html/tutorial-window.html)
- [3.6. Inheritance](full-docs/html/tutorial-inheritance.html)
- [3.7. Conclusion](full-docs/html/tutorial-conclusion.html)
- [4.1. Lexical Structure](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-lexical.html)
      - 4.1.1. Identifiers and Key Words
      - 4.1.2. Constants
      - 4.1.3. Operators
      - 4.1.4. Special Characters
      - 4.1.5. Comments
      - 4.1.6. Operator Precedence
- [4.2. Value Expressions](full-docs/html/sql-expressions.html)
      - 4.2.1. Column References
      - 4.2.2. Positional Parameters
      - 4.2.3. Subscripts
      - 4.2.4. Field Selection
      - 4.2.5. Operator Invocations
      - 4.2.6. Function Calls
      - 4.2.7. Aggregate Expressions
      - 4.2.8. Window Function Calls
      - 4.2.9. Type Casts
      - 4.2.10. Collation Expressions
      - 4.2.11. Scalar Subqueries
      - 4.2.12. Array Constructors
      - 4.2.13. Row Constructors
      - 4.2.14. Expression Evaluation Rules
- [4.3. Calling Functions](full-docs/html/sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html)
      - 4.3.1. Using Positional Notation
      - 4.3.2. Using Named Notation
      - 4.3.3. Using Mixed Notation
- [5.1. Table Basics](full-docs/html/ddl-basics.html)
- [5.2. Default Values](full-docs/html/ddl-default.html)
- [5.3. Identity Columns](full-docs/html/ddl-identity-columns.html)
- [5.4. Generated Columns](full-docs/html/ddl-generated-columns.html)
- [5.5. Constraints](full-docs/html/ddl-constraints.html)
      - 5.5.1. Check Constraints
      - 5.5.2. Not-Null Constraints
      - 5.5.3. Unique Constraints
      - 5.5.4. Primary Keys
      - 5.5.5. Foreign Keys
      - 5.5.6. Exclusion Constraints
- [5.6. System Columns](full-docs/html/ddl-system-columns.html)
- [5.7. Modifying Tables](full-docs/html/ddl-alter.html)
      - 5.7.1. Adding a Column
      - 5.7.2. Removing a Column
      - 5.7.3. Adding a Constraint
      - 5.7.4. Removing a Constraint
      - 5.7.5. Changing a Column's Default Value
      - 5.7.6. Changing a Column's Data Type
      - 5.7.7. Renaming a Column
      - 5.7.8. Renaming a Table
- [5.8. Privileges](full-docs/html/ddl-priv.html)
- [5.9. Row Security Policies](full-docs/html/ddl-rowsecurity.html)
- [5.10. Schemas](full-docs/html/ddl-schemas.html)
      - 5.10.1. Creating a Schema
      - 5.10.2. The Public Schema
      - 5.10.3. The Schema Search Path
      - 5.10.4. Schemas and Privileges
      - 5.10.5. The System Catalog Schema
      - 5.10.6. Usage Patterns
      - 5.10.7. Portability
- [5.11. Inheritance](full-docs/html/ddl-inherit.html)
      - 5.11.1. Caveats
- [5.12. Table Partitioning](full-docs/html/ddl-partitioning.html)
      - 5.12.1. Overview
      - 5.12.2. Declarative Partitioning
      - 5.12.3. Partitioning Using Inheritance
      - 5.12.4. Partition Pruning
      - 5.12.5. Partitioning and Constraint Exclusion
      - 5.12.6. Best Practices for Declarative Partitioning
- [5.13. Foreign Data](full-docs/html/ddl-foreign-data.html)
- [5.14. Other Database Objects](full-docs/html/ddl-others.html)
- [5.15. Dependency Tracking](full-docs/html/ddl-depend.html)
- [6.1. Inserting Data](full-docs/html/dml-insert.html)
- [6.2. Updating Data](full-docs/html/dml-update.html)
- [6.3. Deleting Data](full-docs/html/dml-delete.html)
- [6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows](full-docs/html/dml-returning.html)
- [7.1. Overview](full-docs/html/queries-overview.html)
- [7.2. Table Expressions](full-docs/html/queries-table-expressions.html)
      - 7.2.1. The FROM Clause
      - 7.2.2. The WHERE Clause
      - 7.2.3. The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
      - 7.2.4. GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
      - 7.2.5. Window Function Processing
- [7.3. Select Lists](full-docs/html/queries-select-lists.html)
      - 7.3.1. Select-List Items
      - 7.3.2. Column Labels
      - 7.3.3. DISTINCT
- [7.4. Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)](full-docs/html/queries-union.html)
- [7.5. Sorting Rows (ORDER BY)](full-docs/html/queries-order.html)
- [7.6. LIMIT and OFFSET](full-docs/html/queries-limit.html)
- [7.7. VALUES Lists](full-docs/html/queries-values.html)
- [7.8. WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)](full-docs/html/queries-with.html)
      - 7.8.1. SELECT in WITH
      - 7.8.2. Recursive Queries
      - 7.8.3. Common Table Expression Materialization
      - 7.8.4. Data-Modifying Statements in WITH
- [8.1. Numeric Types](full-docs/html/datatype-numeric.html)
      - 8.1.1. Integer Types
      - 8.1.2. Arbitrary Precision Numbers
      - 8.1.3. Floating-Point Types
      - 8.1.4. Serial Types
- [8.2. Monetary Types](full-docs/html/datatype-money.html)
- [8.3. Character Types](full-docs/html/datatype-character.html)
- [8.4. Binary Data Types](full-docs/html/datatype-binary.html)
      - 8.4.1. bytea Hex Format
      - 8.4.2. bytea Escape Format
- [8.5. Date/Time Types](full-docs/html/datatype-datetime.html)
      - 8.5.1. Date/Time Input
      - 8.5.2. Date/Time Output
      - 8.5.3. Time Zones
      - 8.5.4. Interval Input
      - 8.5.5. Interval Output
- [8.6. Boolean Type](full-docs/html/datatype-boolean.html)
- [8.7. Enumerated Types](full-docs/html/datatype-enum.html)
      - 8.7.1. Declaration of Enumerated Types
      - 8.7.2. Ordering
      - 8.7.3. Type Safety
      - 8.7.4. Implementation Details
- [8.8. Geometric Types](full-docs/html/datatype-geometric.html)
      - 8.8.1. Points
      - 8.8.2. Lines
      - 8.8.3. Line Segments
      - 8.8.4. Boxes
      - 8.8.5. Paths
      - 8.8.6. Polygons
      - 8.8.7. Circles
- [8.9. Network Address Types](full-docs/html/datatype-net-types.html)
      - 8.9.1. inet
      - 8.9.2. cidr
      - 8.9.3. inet vs. cidr
      - 8.9.4. macaddr
      - 8.9.5. macaddr8
- [8.10. Bit String Types](full-docs/html/datatype-bit.html)
- [8.11. Text Search Types](full-docs/html/datatype-textsearch.html)
      - 8.11.1. tsvector
      - 8.11.2. tsquery
- [8.12. UUID Type](full-docs/html/datatype-uuid.html)
- [8.13. XML Type](full-docs/html/datatype-xml.html)
      - 8.13.1. Creating XML Values
      - 8.13.2. Encoding Handling
      - 8.13.3. Accessing XML Values
- [8.14. JSON Types](full-docs/html/datatype-json.html)
      - 8.14.1. JSON Input and Output Syntax
      - 8.14.2. Designing JSON Documents
      - 8.14.3. jsonb Containment and Existence
      - 8.14.4. jsonb Indexing
      - 8.14.5. jsonb Subscripting
      - 8.14.6. Transforms
      - 8.14.7. jsonpath Type
- [8.15. Arrays](full-docs/html/arrays.html)
      - 8.15.1. Declaration of Array Types
      - 8.15.2. Array Value Input
      - 8.15.3. Accessing Arrays
      - 8.15.4. Modifying Arrays
      - 8.15.5. Searching in Arrays
      - 8.15.6. Array Input and Output Syntax
- [8.16. Composite Types](full-docs/html/rowtypes.html)
      - 8.16.1. Declaration of Composite Types
      - 8.16.2. Constructing Composite Values
      - 8.16.3. Accessing Composite Types
      - 8.16.4. Modifying Composite Types
      - 8.16.5. Using Composite Types in Queries
      - 8.16.6. Composite Type Input and Output Syntax
- [8.17. Range Types](full-docs/html/rangetypes.html)
      - 8.17.1. Built-in Range and Multirange Types
      - 8.17.2. Examples
      - 8.17.3. Inclusive and Exclusive Bounds
      - 8.17.4. Infinite (Unbounded) Ranges
      - 8.17.5. Range Input/Output
      - 8.17.6. Constructing Ranges and Multiranges
      - 8.17.7. Discrete Range Types
      - 8.17.8. Defining New Range Types
      - 8.17.9. Indexing
      - 8.17.10. Constraints on Ranges
- [8.18. Domain Types](full-docs/html/domains.html)
- [8.19. Object Identifier Types](full-docs/html/datatype-oid.html)
- [8.20. pg_lsn Type](full-docs/html/datatype-pg-lsn.html)
- [8.21. Pseudo-Types](full-docs/html/datatype-pseudo.html)
- [9.1. Logical Operators](full-docs/html/functions-logical.html)
- [9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-comparison.html)
- [9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-math.html)
- [9.4. String Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-string.html)
      - 9.4.1. format
- [9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-binarystring.html)
- [9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-bitstring.html)
- [9.7. Pattern Matching](full-docs/html/functions-matching.html)
      - 9.7.1. LIKE
      - 9.7.2. SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions
      - 9.7.3. POSIX Regular Expressions
- [9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions](full-docs/html/functions-formatting.html)
- [9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-datetime.html)
      - 9.9.1. EXTRACT, date_part
      - 9.9.2. date_trunc
      - 9.9.3. date_bin
      - 9.9.4. AT TIME ZONE and AT LOCAL
      - 9.9.5. Current Date/Time
      - 9.9.6. Delaying Execution
- [9.10. Enum Support Functions](full-docs/html/functions-enum.html)
- [9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-geometry.html)
- [9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-net.html)
- [9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-textsearch.html)
- [9.14. UUID Functions](full-docs/html/functions-uuid.html)
- [9.15. XML Functions](full-docs/html/functions-xml.html)
      - 9.15.1. Producing XML Content
      - 9.15.2. XML Predicates
      - 9.15.3. Processing XML
      - 9.15.4. Mapping Tables to XML
- [9.16. JSON Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-json.html)
      - 9.16.1. Processing and Creating JSON Data
      - 9.16.2. The SQL/JSON Path Language
      - 9.16.3. SQL/JSON Query Functions
      - 9.16.4. JSON_TABLE
- [9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions](full-docs/html/functions-sequence.html)
- [9.18. Conditional Expressions](full-docs/html/functions-conditional.html)
      - 9.18.1. CASE
      - 9.18.2. COALESCE
      - 9.18.3. NULLIF
      - 9.18.4. GREATEST and LEAST
- [9.19. Array Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-array.html)
- [9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-range.html)
- [9.21. Aggregate Functions](full-docs/html/functions-aggregate.html)
- [9.22. Window Functions](full-docs/html/functions-window.html)
- [9.23. Merge Support Functions](full-docs/html/functions-merge-support.html)
- [9.24. Subquery Expressions](full-docs/html/functions-subquery.html)
      - 9.24.1. EXISTS
      - 9.24.2. IN
      - 9.24.3. NOT IN
      - 9.24.4. ANY/SOME
      - 9.24.5. ALL
      - 9.24.6. Single-Row Comparison
- [9.25. Row and Array Comparisons](full-docs/html/functions-comparisons.html)
      - 9.25.1. IN
      - 9.25.2. NOT IN
      - 9.25.3. ANY/SOME (array)
      - 9.25.4. ALL (array)
      - 9.25.5. Row Constructor Comparison
      - 9.25.6. Composite Type Comparison
- [9.26. Set Returning Functions](full-docs/html/functions-srf.html)
- [9.27. System Information Functions and Operators](full-docs/html/functions-info.html)
      - 9.27.1. Session Information Functions
      - 9.27.2. Access Privilege Inquiry Functions
      - 9.27.3. Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions
      - 9.27.4. System Catalog Information Functions
      - 9.27.5. Object Information and Addressing Functions
      - 9.27.6. Comment Information Functions
      - 9.27.7. Data Validity Checking Functions
      - 9.27.8. Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions
      - 9.27.9. Committed Transaction Information Functions
      - 9.27.10. Control Data Functions
      - 9.27.11. Version Information Functions
      - 9.27.12. WAL Summarization Information Functions
- [9.28. System Administration Functions](full-docs/html/functions-admin.html)
      - 9.28.1. Configuration Settings Functions
      - 9.28.2. Server Signaling Functions
      - 9.28.3. Backup Control Functions
      - 9.28.4. Recovery Control Functions
      - 9.28.5. Snapshot Synchronization Functions
      - 9.28.6. Replication Management Functions
      - 9.28.7. Database Object Management Functions
      - 9.28.8. Index Maintenance Functions
      - 9.28.9. Generic File Access Functions
      - 9.28.10. Advisory Lock Functions
- [9.29. Trigger Functions](full-docs/html/functions-trigger.html)
- [9.30. Event Trigger Functions](full-docs/html/functions-event-triggers.html)
      - 9.30.1. Capturing Changes at Command End
      - 9.30.2. Processing Objects Dropped by a DDL Command
      - 9.30.3. Handling a Table Rewrite Event
- [9.31. Statistics Information Functions](full-docs/html/functions-statistics.html)
      - 9.31.1. Inspecting MCV Lists
- [10.1. Overview](full-docs/html/typeconv-overview.html)
- [10.2. Operators](full-docs/html/typeconv-oper.html)
- [10.3. Functions](full-docs/html/typeconv-func.html)
- [10.4. Value Storage](full-docs/html/typeconv-query.html)
- [10.5. UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs](full-docs/html/typeconv-union-case.html)
- [10.6. SELECT Output Columns](full-docs/html/typeconv-select.html)
- [11.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/indexes-intro.html)
- [11.2. Index Types](full-docs/html/indexes-types.html)
      - 11.2.1. B-Tree
      - 11.2.2. Hash
      - 11.2.3. GiST
      - 11.2.4. SP-GiST
      - 11.2.5. GIN
      - 11.2.6. BRIN
- [11.3. Multicolumn Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-multicolumn.html)
- [11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY](full-docs/html/indexes-ordering.html)
- [11.5. Combining Multiple Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-bitmap-scans.html)
- [11.6. Unique Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-unique.html)
- [11.7. Indexes on Expressions](full-docs/html/indexes-expressional.html)
- [11.8. Partial Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-partial.html)
- [11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes](full-docs/html/indexes-index-only-scans.html)
- [11.10. Operator Classes and Operator Families](full-docs/html/indexes-opclass.html)
- [11.11. Indexes and Collations](full-docs/html/indexes-collations.html)
- [11.12. Examining Index Usage](full-docs/html/indexes-examine.html)
- [12.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/textsearch-intro.html)
      - 12.1.1. What Is a Document?
      - 12.1.2. Basic Text Matching
      - 12.1.3. Configurations
- [12.2. Tables and Indexes](full-docs/html/textsearch-tables.html)
      - 12.2.1. Searching a Table
      - 12.2.2. Creating Indexes
- [12.3. Controlling Text Search](full-docs/html/textsearch-controls.html)
      - 12.3.1. Parsing Documents
      - 12.3.2. Parsing Queries
      - 12.3.3. Ranking Search Results
      - 12.3.4. Highlighting Results
- [12.4. Additional Features](full-docs/html/textsearch-features.html)
      - 12.4.1. Manipulating Documents
      - 12.4.2. Manipulating Queries
      - 12.4.3. Triggers for Automatic Updates
      - 12.4.4. Gathering Document Statistics
- [12.5. Parsers](full-docs/html/textsearch-parsers.html)
- [12.6. Dictionaries](full-docs/html/textsearch-dictionaries.html)
      - 12.6.1. Stop Words
      - 12.6.2. Simple Dictionary
      - 12.6.3. Synonym Dictionary
      - 12.6.4. Thesaurus Dictionary
      - 12.6.5. Ispell Dictionary
      - 12.6.6. Snowball Dictionary
- [12.7. Configuration Example](full-docs/html/textsearch-configuration.html)
- [12.8. Testing and Debugging Text Search](full-docs/html/textsearch-debugging.html)
      - 12.8.1. Configuration Testing
      - 12.8.2. Parser Testing
      - 12.8.3. Dictionary Testing
- [12.9. Preferred Index Types for Text Search](full-docs/html/textsearch-indexes.html)
- [12.10. psql Support](full-docs/html/textsearch-psql.html)
- [12.11. Limitations](full-docs/html/textsearch-limitations.html)
- [13.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/mvcc-intro.html)
- [13.2. Transaction Isolation](full-docs/html/transaction-iso.html)
      - 13.2.1. Read Committed Isolation Level
      - 13.2.2. Repeatable Read Isolation Level
      - 13.2.3. Serializable Isolation Level
- [13.3. Explicit Locking](full-docs/html/explicit-locking.html)
      - 13.3.1. Table-Level Locks
      - 13.3.2. Row-Level Locks
      - 13.3.3. Page-Level Locks
      - 13.3.4. Deadlocks
      - 13.3.5. Advisory Locks
- [13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level](full-docs/html/applevel-consistency.html)
      - 13.4.1. Enforcing Consistency with Serializable Transactions
      - 13.4.2. Enforcing Consistency with Explicit Blocking Locks
- [13.5. Serialization Failure Handling](full-docs/html/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html)
- [13.6. Caveats](full-docs/html/mvcc-caveats.html)
- [13.7. Locking and Indexes](full-docs/html/locking-indexes.html)
- [14.1. Using EXPLAIN](full-docs/html/using-explain.html)
      - 14.1.1. EXPLAIN Basics
      - 14.1.2. EXPLAIN ANALYZE
      - 14.1.3. Caveats
- [14.2. Statistics Used by the Planner](full-docs/html/planner-stats.html)
      - 14.2.1. Single-Column Statistics
      - 14.2.2. Extended Statistics
- [14.3. Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses](full-docs/html/explicit-joins.html)
- [14.4. Populating a Database](full-docs/html/populate.html)
      - 14.4.1. Disable Autocommit
      - 14.4.2. Use COPY
      - 14.4.3. Remove Indexes
      - 14.4.4. Remove Foreign Key Constraints
      - 14.4.5. Increase maintenance_work_mem
      - 14.4.6. Increase max_wal_size
      - 14.4.7. Disable WAL Archival and Streaming Replication
      - 14.4.8. Run ANALYZE Afterwards
      - 14.4.9. Some Notes about pg_dump
- [14.5. Non-Durable Settings](full-docs/html/non-durability.html)
- [15.1. How Parallel Query Works](full-docs/html/how-parallel-query-works.html)
- [15.2. When Can Parallel Query Be Used?](full-docs/html/when-can-parallel-query-be-used.html)
- [15.3. Parallel Plans](full-docs/html/parallel-plans.html)
      - 15.3.1. Parallel Scans
      - 15.3.2. Parallel Joins
      - 15.3.3. Parallel Aggregation
      - 15.3.4. Parallel Append
      - 15.3.5. Parallel Plan Tips
- [15.4. Parallel Safety](full-docs/html/parallel-safety.html)
      - 15.4.1. Parallel Labeling for Functions and Aggregates
- [17.1. Requirements](full-docs/html/install-requirements.html)
- [17.2. Getting the Source](full-docs/html/install-getsource.html)
- [17.3. Building and Installation with Autoconf and Make](full-docs/html/install-make.html)
      - 17.3.1. Short Version
      - 17.3.2. Installation Procedure
      - 17.3.3. configure Options
      - 17.3.4. configure Environment Variables
- [17.4. Building and Installation with Meson](full-docs/html/install-meson.html)
      - 17.4.1. Short Version
      - 17.4.2. Installation Procedure
      - 17.4.3. meson setup Options
      - 17.4.4. meson Build Targets
- [17.5. Post-Installation Setup](full-docs/html/install-post.html)
      - 17.5.1. Shared Libraries
      - 17.5.2. Environment Variables
- [17.6. Supported Platforms](full-docs/html/supported-platforms.html)
- [17.7. Platform-Specific Notes](full-docs/html/installation-platform-notes.html)
      - 17.7.1. Cygwin
      - 17.7.2. macOS
      - 17.7.3. MinGW
      - 17.7.4. Solaris
      - 17.7.5. Visual Studio
- [18.1. The PostgreSQL User Account](full-docs/html/postgres-user.html)
- [18.2. Creating a Database Cluster](full-docs/html/creating-cluster.html)
      - 18.2.1. Use of Secondary File Systems
      - 18.2.2. File Systems
- [18.3. Starting the Database Server](full-docs/html/server-start.html)
      - 18.3.1. Server Start-up Failures
      - 18.3.2. Client Connection Problems
- [18.4. Managing Kernel Resources](full-docs/html/kernel-resources.html)
      - 18.4.1. Shared Memory and Semaphores
      - 18.4.2. systemd RemoveIPC
      - 18.4.3. Resource Limits
      - 18.4.4. Linux Memory Overcommit
      - 18.4.5. Linux Huge Pages
- [18.5. Shutting Down the Server](full-docs/html/server-shutdown.html)
- [18.6. Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster](full-docs/html/upgrading.html)
      - 18.6.1. Upgrading Data via pg_dumpall
      - 18.6.2. Upgrading Data via pg_upgrade
      - 18.6.3. Upgrading Data via Replication
- [18.7. Preventing Server Spoofing](full-docs/html/preventing-server-spoofing.html)
- [18.8. Encryption Options](full-docs/html/encryption-options.html)
- [18.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL](full-docs/html/ssl-tcp.html)
      - 18.9.1. Basic Setup
      - 18.9.2. OpenSSL Configuration
      - 18.9.3. Using Client Certificates
      - 18.9.4. SSL Server File Usage
      - 18.9.5. Creating Certificates
- [18.10. Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption](full-docs/html/gssapi-enc.html)
      - 18.10.1. Basic Setup
- [18.11. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels](full-docs/html/ssh-tunnels.html)
- [18.12. Registering Event Log on Windows](full-docs/html/event-log-registration.html)
- [19.1. Setting Parameters](full-docs/html/config-setting.html)
      - 19.1.1. Parameter Names and Values
      - 19.1.2. Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File
      - 19.1.3. Parameter Interaction via SQL
      - 19.1.4. Parameter Interaction via the Shell
      - 19.1.5. Managing Configuration File Contents
- [19.2. File Locations](full-docs/html/runtime-config-file-locations.html)
- [19.3. Connections and Authentication](full-docs/html/runtime-config-connection.html)
      - 19.3.1. Connection Settings
      - 19.3.2. TCP Settings
      - 19.3.3. Authentication
      - 19.3.4. SSL
- [19.4. Resource Consumption](full-docs/html/runtime-config-resource.html)
      - 19.4.1. Memory
      - 19.4.2. Disk
      - 19.4.3. Kernel Resource Usage
      - 19.4.4. Background Writer
      - 19.4.5. I/O
      - 19.4.6. Worker Processes
- [19.5. Write Ahead Log](full-docs/html/runtime-config-wal.html)
      - 19.5.1. Settings
      - 19.5.2. Checkpoints
      - 19.5.3. Archiving
      - 19.5.4. Recovery
      - 19.5.5. Archive Recovery
      - 19.5.6. Recovery Target
      - 19.5.7. WAL Summarization
- [19.6. Replication](full-docs/html/runtime-config-replication.html)
      - 19.6.1. Sending Servers
      - 19.6.2. Primary Server
      - 19.6.3. Standby Servers
      - 19.6.4. Subscribers
- [19.7. Query Planning](full-docs/html/runtime-config-query.html)
      - 19.7.1. Planner Method Configuration
      - 19.7.2. Planner Cost Constants
      - 19.7.3. Genetic Query Optimizer
      - 19.7.4. Other Planner Options
- [19.8. Error Reporting and Logging](full-docs/html/runtime-config-logging.html)
      - 19.8.1. Where to Log
      - 19.8.2. When to Log
      - 19.8.3. What to Log
      - 19.8.4. Using CSV-Format Log Output
      - 19.8.5. Using JSON-Format Log Output
      - 19.8.6. Process Title
- [19.9. Run-time Statistics](full-docs/html/runtime-config-statistics.html)
      - 19.9.1. Cumulative Query and Index Statistics
      - 19.9.2. Statistics Monitoring
- [19.10. Vacuuming](full-docs/html/runtime-config-vacuum.html)
      - 19.10.1. Automatic Vacuuming
      - 19.10.2. Cost-based Vacuum Delay
      - 19.10.3. Default Behavior
      - 19.10.4. Freezing
- [19.11. Client Connection Defaults](full-docs/html/runtime-config-client.html)
      - 19.11.1. Statement Behavior
      - 19.11.2. Locale and Formatting
      - 19.11.3. Shared Library Preloading
      - 19.11.4. Other Defaults
- [19.12. Lock Management](full-docs/html/runtime-config-locks.html)
- [19.13. Version and Platform Compatibility](full-docs/html/runtime-config-compatible.html)
      - 19.13.1. Previous PostgreSQL Versions
      - 19.13.2. Platform and Client Compatibility
- [19.14. Error Handling](full-docs/html/runtime-config-error-handling.html)
- [19.15. Preset Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-preset.html)
- [19.16. Customized Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-custom.html)
- [19.17. Developer Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-developer.html)
- [19.18. Short Options](full-docs/html/runtime-config-short.html)
- [20.1. The pg_hba.conf File](full-docs/html/auth-pg-hba-conf.html)
- [20.2. User Name Maps](full-docs/html/auth-username-maps.html)
- [20.3. Authentication Methods](full-docs/html/auth-methods.html)
- [20.4. Trust Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-trust.html)
- [20.5. Password Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-password.html)
- [20.6. GSSAPI Authentication](full-docs/html/gssapi-auth.html)
- [20.7. SSPI Authentication](full-docs/html/sspi-auth.html)
- [20.8. Ident Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-ident.html)
- [20.9. Peer Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-peer.html)
- [20.10. LDAP Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-ldap.html)
- [20.11. RADIUS Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-radius.html)
- [20.12. Certificate Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-cert.html)
- [20.13. PAM Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-pam.html)
- [20.14. BSD Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-bsd.html)
- [20.15. OAuth Authorization/Authentication](full-docs/html/auth-oauth.html)
- [20.16. Authentication Problems](full-docs/html/client-authentication-problems.html)
- [21.1. Database Roles](full-docs/html/database-roles.html)
- [21.2. Role Attributes](full-docs/html/role-attributes.html)
- [21.3. Role Membership](full-docs/html/role-membership.html)
- [21.4. Dropping Roles](full-docs/html/role-removal.html)
- [21.5. Predefined Roles](full-docs/html/predefined-roles.html)
- [21.6. Function Security](full-docs/html/perm-functions.html)
- [22.1. Overview](full-docs/html/manage-ag-overview.html)
- [22.2. Creating a Database](full-docs/html/manage-ag-createdb.html)
- [22.3. Template Databases](full-docs/html/manage-ag-templatedbs.html)
- [22.4. Database Configuration](full-docs/html/manage-ag-config.html)
- [22.5. Destroying a Database](full-docs/html/manage-ag-dropdb.html)
- [22.6. Tablespaces](full-docs/html/manage-ag-tablespaces.html)
- [23.1. Locale Support](full-docs/html/locale.html)
      - 23.1.1. Overview
      - 23.1.2. Behavior
      - 23.1.3. Selecting Locales
      - 23.1.4. Locale Providers
      - 23.1.5. ICU Locales
      - 23.1.6. Problems
- [23.2. Collation Support](full-docs/html/collation.html)
      - 23.2.1. Concepts
      - 23.2.2. Managing Collations
      - 23.2.3. ICU Custom Collations
- [23.3. Character Set Support](full-docs/html/multibyte.html)
      - 23.3.1. Supported Character Sets
      - 23.3.2. Setting the Character Set
      - 23.3.3. Automatic Character Set Conversion Between Server and Client
      - 23.3.4. Available Character Set Conversions
      - 23.3.5. Further Reading
- [24.1. Routine Vacuuming](full-docs/html/routine-vacuuming.html)
      - 24.1.1. Vacuuming Basics
      - 24.1.2. Recovering Disk Space
      - 24.1.3. Updating Planner Statistics
      - 24.1.4. Updating the Visibility Map
      - 24.1.5. Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures
      - 24.1.6. The Autovacuum Daemon
- [24.2. Routine Reindexing](full-docs/html/routine-reindex.html)
- [24.3. Log File Maintenance](full-docs/html/logfile-maintenance.html)
- [25.1. SQL Dump](full-docs/html/backup-dump.html)
      - 25.1.1. Restoring the Dump
      - 25.1.2. Using pg_dumpall
      - 25.1.3. Handling Large Databases
- [25.2. File System Level Backup](full-docs/html/backup-file.html)
- [25.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)](full-docs/html/continuous-archiving.html)
      - 25.3.1. Setting Up WAL Archiving
      - 25.3.2. Making a Base Backup
      - 25.3.3. Making an Incremental Backup
      - 25.3.4. Making a Base Backup Using the Low Level API
      - 25.3.5. Recovering Using a Continuous Archive Backup
      - 25.3.6. Timelines
      - 25.3.7. Tips and Examples
      - 25.3.8. Caveats
- [26.1. Comparison of Different Solutions](full-docs/html/different-replication-solutions.html)
- [26.2. Log-Shipping Standby Servers](full-docs/html/warm-standby.html)
      - 26.2.1. Planning
      - 26.2.2. Standby Server Operation
      - 26.2.3. Preparing the Primary for Standby Servers
      - 26.2.4. Setting Up a Standby Server
      - 26.2.5. Streaming Replication
      - 26.2.6. Replication Slots
      - 26.2.7. Cascading Replication
      - 26.2.8. Synchronous Replication
      - 26.2.9. Continuous Archiving in Standby
- [26.3. Failover](full-docs/html/warm-standby-failover.html)
- [26.4. Hot Standby](full-docs/html/hot-standby.html)
      - 26.4.1. User's Overview
      - 26.4.2. Handling Query Conflicts
      - 26.4.3. Administrator's Overview
      - 26.4.4. Hot Standby Parameter Reference
      - 26.4.5. Caveats
- [27.1. Standard Unix Tools](full-docs/html/monitoring-ps.html)
- [27.2. The Cumulative Statistics System](full-docs/html/monitoring-stats.html)
      - 27.2.1. Statistics Collection Configuration
      - 27.2.2. Viewing Statistics
      - 27.2.3. pg_stat_activity
      - 27.2.4. pg_stat_replication
      - 27.2.5. pg_stat_replication_slots
      - 27.2.6. pg_stat_wal_receiver
      - 27.2.7. pg_stat_recovery_prefetch
      - 27.2.8. pg_stat_subscription
      - 27.2.9. pg_stat_subscription_stats
      - 27.2.10. pg_stat_ssl
      - 27.2.11. pg_stat_gssapi
      - 27.2.12. pg_stat_archiver
      - 27.2.13. pg_stat_io
      - 27.2.14. pg_stat_bgwriter
      - 27.2.15. pg_stat_checkpointer
      - 27.2.16. pg_stat_wal
      - 27.2.17. pg_stat_database
      - 27.2.18. pg_stat_database_conflicts
      - 27.2.19. pg_stat_all_tables
      - 27.2.20. pg_stat_all_indexes
      - 27.2.21. pg_statio_all_tables
      - 27.2.22. pg_statio_all_indexes
      - 27.2.23. pg_statio_all_sequences
      - 27.2.24. pg_stat_user_functions
      - 27.2.25. pg_stat_slru
      - 27.2.26. Statistics Functions
- [27.3. Viewing Locks](full-docs/html/monitoring-locks.html)
- [27.4. Progress Reporting](full-docs/html/progress-reporting.html)
      - 27.4.1. ANALYZE Progress Reporting
      - 27.4.2. CLUSTER Progress Reporting
      - 27.4.3. COPY Progress Reporting
      - 27.4.4. CREATE INDEX Progress Reporting
      - 27.4.5. VACUUM Progress Reporting
      - 27.4.6. Base Backup Progress Reporting
- [27.5. Dynamic Tracing](full-docs/html/dynamic-trace.html)
      - 27.5.1. Compiling for Dynamic Tracing
      - 27.5.2. Built-in Probes
      - 27.5.3. Using Probes
      - 27.5.4. Defining New Probes
- [27.6. Monitoring Disk Usage](full-docs/html/diskusage.html)
      - 27.6.1. Determining Disk Usage
      - 27.6.2. Disk Full Failure
- [28.1. Reliability](full-docs/html/wal-reliability.html)
- [28.2. Data Checksums](full-docs/html/checksums.html)
      - 28.2.1. Off-line Enabling of Checksums
- [28.3. Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)](full-docs/html/wal-intro.html)
- [28.4. Asynchronous Commit](full-docs/html/wal-async-commit.html)
- [28.5. WAL Configuration](full-docs/html/wal-configuration.html)
- [28.6. WAL Internals](full-docs/html/wal-internals.html)
- [29.1. Publication](full-docs/html/logical-replication-publication.html)
      - 29.1.1. Replica Identity
- [29.2. Subscription](full-docs/html/logical-replication-subscription.html)
      - 29.2.1. Replication Slot Management
      - 29.2.2. Examples: Set Up Logical Replication
      - 29.2.3. Examples: Deferred Replication Slot Creation
- [29.3. Logical Replication Failover](full-docs/html/logical-replication-failover.html)
- [29.4. Row Filters](full-docs/html/logical-replication-row-filter.html)
      - 29.4.1. Row Filter Rules
      - 29.4.2. Expression Restrictions
      - 29.4.3. UPDATE Transformations
      - 29.4.4. Partitioned Tables
      - 29.4.5. Initial Data Synchronization
      - 29.4.6. Combining Multiple Row Filters
      - 29.4.7. Examples
- [29.5. Column Lists](full-docs/html/logical-replication-col-lists.html)
      - 29.5.1. Examples
- [29.6. Generated Column Replication](full-docs/html/logical-replication-gencols.html)
- [29.7. Conflicts](full-docs/html/logical-replication-conflicts.html)
- [29.8. Restrictions](full-docs/html/logical-replication-restrictions.html)
- [29.9. Architecture](full-docs/html/logical-replication-architecture.html)
      - 29.9.1. Initial Snapshot
- [29.10. Monitoring](full-docs/html/logical-replication-monitoring.html)
- [29.11. Security](full-docs/html/logical-replication-security.html)
- [29.12. Configuration Settings](full-docs/html/logical-replication-config.html)
      - 29.12.1. Publishers
      - 29.12.2. Subscribers
- [29.13. Upgrade](full-docs/html/logical-replication-upgrade.html)
      - 29.13.1. Prepare for Publisher Upgrades
      - 29.13.2. Prepare for Subscriber Upgrades
      - 29.13.3. Upgrading Logical Replication Clusters
- [29.14. Quick Setup](full-docs/html/logical-replication-quick-setup.html)
- [30.1. What Is JIT compilation?](full-docs/html/jit-reason.html)
      - 30.1.1. JIT Accelerated Operations
      - 30.1.2. Inlining
      - 30.1.3. Optimization
- [30.2. When to JIT?](full-docs/html/jit-decision.html)
- [30.3. Configuration](full-docs/html/jit-configuration.html)
- [30.4. Extensibility](full-docs/html/jit-extensibility.html)
      - 30.4.1. Inlining Support for Extensions
      - 30.4.2. Pluggable JIT Providers
- [31.1. Running the Tests](full-docs/html/regress-run.html)
      - 31.1.1. Running the Tests Against a Temporary Installation
      - 31.1.2. Running the Tests Against an Existing Installation
      - 31.1.3. Additional Test Suites
      - 31.1.4. Locale and Encoding
      - 31.1.5. Custom Server Settings
      - 31.1.6. Extra Tests
- [31.2. Test Evaluation](full-docs/html/regress-evaluation.html)
      - 31.2.1. Error Message Differences
      - 31.2.2. Locale Differences
      - 31.2.3. Date and Time Differences
      - 31.2.4. Floating-Point Differences
      - 31.2.5. Row Ordering Differences
      - 31.2.6. Insufficient Stack Depth
      - 31.2.7. The “random” Test
      - 31.2.8. Configuration Parameters
- [31.3. Variant Comparison Files](full-docs/html/regress-variant.html)
- [31.4. TAP Tests](full-docs/html/regress-tap.html)
      - 31.4.1. Environment Variables
- [31.5. Test Coverage Examination](full-docs/html/regress-coverage.html)
      - 31.5.1. Coverage with Autoconf and Make
      - 31.5.2. Coverage with Meson
- [32.1. Database Connection Control Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-connect.html)
      - 32.1.1. Connection Strings
      - 32.1.2. Parameter Key Words
- [32.2. Connection Status Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-status.html)
- [32.3. Command Execution Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-exec.html)
      - 32.3.1. Main Functions
      - 32.3.2. Retrieving Query Result Information
      - 32.3.3. Retrieving Other Result Information
      - 32.3.4. Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
- [32.4. Asynchronous Command Processing](full-docs/html/libpq-async.html)
- [32.5. Pipeline Mode](full-docs/html/libpq-pipeline-mode.html)
      - 32.5.1. Using Pipeline Mode
      - 32.5.2. Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode
      - 32.5.3. When to Use Pipeline Mode
- [32.6. Retrieving Query Results in Chunks](full-docs/html/libpq-single-row-mode.html)
- [32.7. Canceling Queries in Progress](full-docs/html/libpq-cancel.html)
      - 32.7.1. Functions for Sending Cancel Requests
      - 32.7.2. Obsolete Functions for Sending Cancel Requests
- [32.8. The Fast-Path Interface](full-docs/html/libpq-fastpath.html)
- [32.9. Asynchronous Notification](full-docs/html/libpq-notify.html)
- [32.10. Functions Associated with the COPY Command](full-docs/html/libpq-copy.html)
      - 32.10.1. Functions for Sending COPY Data
      - 32.10.2. Functions for Receiving COPY Data
      - 32.10.3. Obsolete Functions for COPY
- [32.11. Control Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-control.html)
- [32.12. Miscellaneous Functions](full-docs/html/libpq-misc.html)
- [32.13. Notice Processing](full-docs/html/libpq-notice-processing.html)
- [32.14. Event System](full-docs/html/libpq-events.html)
      - 32.14.1. Event Types
      - 32.14.2. Event Callback Procedure
      - 32.14.3. Event Support Functions
      - 32.14.4. Event Example
- [32.15. Environment Variables](full-docs/html/libpq-envars.html)
- [32.16. The Password File](full-docs/html/libpq-pgpass.html)
- [32.17. The Connection Service File](full-docs/html/libpq-pgservice.html)
- [32.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters](full-docs/html/libpq-ldap.html)
- [32.19. SSL Support](full-docs/html/libpq-ssl.html)
      - 32.19.1. Client Verification of Server Certificates
      - 32.19.2. Client Certificates
      - 32.19.3. Protection Provided in Different Modes
      - 32.19.4. SSL Client File Usage
      - 32.19.5. SSL Library Initialization
- [32.20. OAuth Support](full-docs/html/libpq-oauth.html)
      - 32.20.1. Authdata Hooks
      - 32.20.2. Debugging and Developer Settings
- [32.21. Behavior in Threaded Programs](full-docs/html/libpq-threading.html)
- [32.22. Building libpq Programs](full-docs/html/libpq-build.html)
- [32.23. Example Programs](full-docs/html/libpq-example.html)
- [33.1. Introduction](full-docs/html/lo-intro.html)
- [33.2. Implementation Features](full-docs/html/lo-implementation.html)
- [33.3. Client Interfaces](full-docs/html/lo-interfaces.html)
      - 33.3.1. Creating a Large Object
      - 33.3.2. Importing a Large Object
      - 33.3.3. Exporting a Large Object
      - 33.3.4. Opening an Existing Large Object
      - 33.3.5. Writing Data to a Large Object
      - 33.3.6. Reading Data from a Large Object
      - 33.3.7. Seeking in a Large Object
      - 33.3.8. Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object
      - 33.3.9. Truncating a Large Object
      - 33.3.10. Closing a Large Object Descriptor
      - 33.3.11. Removing a Large Object
- [33.4. Server-Side Functions](full-docs/html/lo-funcs.html)
- [33.5. Example Program](full-docs/html/lo-examplesect.html)
- [34.1. The Concept](full-docs/html/ecpg-concept.html)
- [34.2. Managing Database Connections](full-docs/html/ecpg-connect.html)
      - 34.2.1. Connecting to the Database Server
      - 34.2.2. Choosing a Connection
      - 34.2.3. Closing a Connection
- [34.3. Running SQL Commands](full-docs/html/ecpg-commands.html)
      - 34.3.1. Executing SQL Statements
      - 34.3.2. Using Cursors
      - 34.3.3. Managing Transactions
      - 34.3.4. Prepared Statements
- [34.4. Using Host Variables](full-docs/html/ecpg-variables.html)
      - 34.4.1. Overview
      - 34.4.2. Declare Sections
      - 34.4.3. Retrieving Query Results
      - 34.4.4. Type Mapping
      - 34.4.5. Handling Nonprimitive SQL Data Types
      - 34.4.6. Indicators
- [34.5. Dynamic SQL](full-docs/html/ecpg-dynamic.html)
      - 34.5.1. Executing Statements without a Result Set
      - 34.5.2. Executing a Statement with Input Parameters
      - 34.5.3. Executing a Statement with a Result Set
- [34.6. pgtypes Library](full-docs/html/ecpg-pgtypes.html)
      - 34.6.1. Character Strings
      - 34.6.2. The numeric Type
      - 34.6.3. The date Type
      - 34.6.4. The timestamp Type
      - 34.6.5. The interval Type
      - 34.6.6. The decimal Type
      - 34.6.7. errno Values of pgtypeslib
      - 34.6.8. Special Constants of pgtypeslib
- [34.7. Using Descriptor Areas](full-docs/html/ecpg-descriptors.html)
      - 34.7.1. Named SQL Descriptor Areas
      - 34.7.2. SQLDA Descriptor Areas
- [34.8. Error Handling](full-docs/html/ecpg-errors.html)
      - 34.8.1. Setting Callbacks
      - 34.8.2. sqlca
      - 34.8.3. SQLSTATE vs. SQLCODE
- [34.9. Preprocessor Directives](full-docs/html/ecpg-preproc.html)
      - 34.9.1. Including Files
      - 34.9.2. The define and undef Directives
      - 34.9.3. ifdef, ifndef, elif, else, and endif Directives
- [34.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs](full-docs/html/ecpg-process.html)
- [34.11. Library Functions](full-docs/html/ecpg-library.html)
- [34.12. Large Objects](full-docs/html/ecpg-lo.html)
- [34.13. C++ Applications](full-docs/html/ecpg-cpp.html)
      - 34.13.1. Scope for Host Variables
      - 34.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module
- [34.14. Embedded SQL Commands](full-docs/html/ecpg-sql-commands.html)
- [34.15. Informix Compatibility Mode](full-docs/html/ecpg-informix-compat.html)
      - 34.15.1. Additional Types
      - 34.15.2. Additional/Missing Embedded SQL Statements
      - 34.15.3. Informix-compatible SQLDA Descriptor Areas
      - 34.15.4. Additional Functions
      - 34.15.5. Additional Constants
- [34.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode](full-docs/html/ecpg-oracle-compat.html)
- [34.17. Internals](full-docs/html/ecpg-develop.html)
- [35.1. The Schema](full-docs/html/infoschema-schema.html)
- [35.2. Data Types](full-docs/html/infoschema-datatypes.html)
- [35.3. information_schema_catalog_name](full-docs/html/infoschema-information-schema-catalog-name.html)
- [35.4. administrable_role_​authorizations](full-docs/html/infoschema-administrable-role-authorizations.html)
- [35.5. applicable_roles](full-docs/html/infoschema-applicable-roles.html)
- [35.6. attributes](full-docs/html/infoschema-attributes.html)
- [35.7. character_sets](full-docs/html/infoschema-character-sets.html)
- [35.8. check_constraint_routine_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-check-constraint-routine-usage.html)
- [35.9. check_constraints](full-docs/html/infoschema-check-constraints.html)
- [35.10. collations](full-docs/html/infoschema-collations.html)
- [35.11. collation_character_set_​applicability](full-docs/html/infoschema-collation-character-set-applicab.html)
- [35.12. column_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-column-usage.html)
- [35.13. column_domain_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-domain-usage.html)
- [35.14. column_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-options.html)
- [35.15. column_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-privileges.html)
- [35.16. column_udt_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-column-udt-usage.html)
- [35.17. columns](full-docs/html/infoschema-columns.html)
- [35.18. constraint_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-constraint-column-usage.html)
- [35.19. constraint_table_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-constraint-table-usage.html)
- [35.20. data_type_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-data-type-privileges.html)
- [35.21. domain_constraints](full-docs/html/infoschema-domain-constraints.html)
- [35.22. domain_udt_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-domain-udt-usage.html)
- [35.23. domains](full-docs/html/infoschema-domains.html)
- [35.24. element_types](full-docs/html/infoschema-element-types.html)
- [35.25. enabled_roles](full-docs/html/infoschema-enabled-roles.html)
- [35.26. foreign_data_wrapper_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrapper-options.html)
- [35.27. foreign_data_wrappers](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-data-wrappers.html)
- [35.28. foreign_server_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-server-options.html)
- [35.29. foreign_servers](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-servers.html)
- [35.30. foreign_table_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-table-options.html)
- [35.31. foreign_tables](full-docs/html/infoschema-foreign-tables.html)
- [35.32. key_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-key-column-usage.html)
- [35.33. parameters](full-docs/html/infoschema-parameters.html)
- [35.34. referential_constraints](full-docs/html/infoschema-referential-constraints.html)
- [35.35. role_column_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-column-grants.html)
- [35.36. role_routine_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-routine-grants.html)
- [35.37. role_table_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-table-grants.html)
- [35.38. role_udt_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-udt-grants.html)
- [35.39. role_usage_grants](full-docs/html/infoschema-role-usage-grants.html)
- [35.40. routine_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-column-usage.html)
- [35.41. routine_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-privileges.html)
- [35.42. routine_routine_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-routine-usage.html)
- [35.43. routine_sequence_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-sequence-usage.html)
- [35.44. routine_table_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-routine-table-usage.html)
- [35.45. routines](full-docs/html/infoschema-routines.html)
- [35.46. schemata](full-docs/html/infoschema-schemata.html)
- [35.47. sequences](full-docs/html/infoschema-sequences.html)
- [35.48. sql_features](full-docs/html/infoschema-sql-features.html)
- [35.49. sql_implementation_info](full-docs/html/infoschema-sql-implementation-info.html)
- [35.50. sql_parts](full-docs/html/infoschema-sql-parts.html)
- [35.51. sql_sizing](full-docs/html/infoschema-sql-sizing.html)
- [35.52. table_constraints](full-docs/html/infoschema-table-constraints.html)
- [35.53. table_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-table-privileges.html)
- [35.54. tables](full-docs/html/infoschema-tables.html)
- [35.55. transforms](full-docs/html/infoschema-transforms.html)
- [35.56. triggered_update_columns](full-docs/html/infoschema-triggered-update-columns.html)
- [35.57. triggers](full-docs/html/infoschema-triggers.html)
- [35.58. udt_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-udt-privileges.html)
- [35.59. usage_privileges](full-docs/html/infoschema-usage-privileges.html)
- [35.60. user_defined_types](full-docs/html/infoschema-user-defined-types.html)
- [35.61. user_mapping_options](full-docs/html/infoschema-user-mapping-options.html)
- [35.62. user_mappings](full-docs/html/infoschema-user-mappings.html)
- [35.63. view_column_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-view-column-usage.html)
- [35.64. view_routine_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-view-routine-usage.html)
- [35.65. view_table_usage](full-docs/html/infoschema-view-table-usage.html)
- [35.66. views](full-docs/html/infoschema-views.html)
- [36.1. How Extensibility Works](full-docs/html/extend-how.html)
- [36.2. The PostgreSQL Type System](full-docs/html/extend-type-system.html)
      - 36.2.1. Base Types
      - 36.2.2. Container Types
      - 36.2.3. Domains
      - 36.2.4. Pseudo-Types
      - 36.2.5. Polymorphic Types
- [36.3. User-Defined Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc.html)
- [36.4. User-Defined Procedures](full-docs/html/xproc.html)
- [36.5. Query Language (SQL) Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-sql.html)
      - 36.5.1. Arguments for SQL Functions
      - 36.5.2. SQL Functions on Base Types
      - 36.5.3. SQL Functions on Composite Types
      - 36.5.4. SQL Functions with Output Parameters
      - 36.5.5. SQL Procedures with Output Parameters
      - 36.5.6. SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments
      - 36.5.7. SQL Functions with Default Values for Arguments
      - 36.5.8. SQL Functions as Table Sources
      - 36.5.9. SQL Functions Returning Sets
      - 36.5.10. SQL Functions Returning TABLE
      - 36.5.11. Polymorphic SQL Functions
      - 36.5.12. SQL Functions with Collations
- [36.6. Function Overloading](full-docs/html/xfunc-overload.html)
- [36.7. Function Volatility Categories](full-docs/html/xfunc-volatility.html)
- [36.8. Procedural Language Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-pl.html)
- [36.9. Internal Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-internal.html)
- [36.10. C-Language Functions](full-docs/html/xfunc-c.html)
      - 36.10.1. Dynamic Loading
      - 36.10.2. Base Types in C-Language Functions
      - 36.10.3. Version 1 Calling Conventions
      - 36.10.4. Writing Code
      - 36.10.5. Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
      - 36.10.6. Server API and ABI Stability Guidance
      - 36.10.7. Composite-Type Arguments
      - 36.10.8. Returning Rows (Composite Types)
      - 36.10.9. Returning Sets
      - 36.10.10. Polymorphic Arguments and Return Types
      - 36.10.11. Shared Memory
      - 36.10.12. LWLocks
      - 36.10.13. Custom Wait Events
      - 36.10.14. Injection Points
      - 36.10.15. Custom Cumulative Statistics
      - 36.10.16. Using C++ for Extensibility
- [36.11. Function Optimization Information](full-docs/html/xfunc-optimization.html)
- [36.12. User-Defined Aggregates](full-docs/html/xaggr.html)
      - 36.12.1. Moving-Aggregate Mode
      - 36.12.2. Polymorphic and Variadic Aggregates
      - 36.12.3. Ordered-Set Aggregates
      - 36.12.4. Partial Aggregation
      - 36.12.5. Support Functions for Aggregates
- [36.13. User-Defined Types](full-docs/html/xtypes.html)
      - 36.13.1. TOAST Considerations
- [36.14. User-Defined Operators](full-docs/html/xoper.html)
- [36.15. Operator Optimization Information](full-docs/html/xoper-optimization.html)
      - 36.15.1. COMMUTATOR
      - 36.15.2. NEGATOR
      - 36.15.3. RESTRICT
      - 36.15.4. JOIN
      - 36.15.5. HASHES
      - 36.15.6. MERGES
- [36.16. Interfacing Extensions to Indexes](full-docs/html/xindex.html)
      - 36.16.1. Index Methods and Operator Classes
      - 36.16.2. Index Method Strategies
      - 36.16.3. Index Method Support Routines
      - 36.16.4. An Example
      - 36.16.5. Operator Classes and Operator Families
      - 36.16.6. System Dependencies on Operator Classes
      - 36.16.7. Ordering Operators
      - 36.16.8. Special Features of Operator Classes
- [36.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension](full-docs/html/extend-extensions.html)
      - 36.17.1. Extension Files
      - 36.17.2. Extension Relocatability
      - 36.17.3. Extension Configuration Tables
      - 36.17.4. Extension Updates
      - 36.17.5. Installing Extensions Using Update Scripts
      - 36.17.6. Security Considerations for Extensions
      - 36.17.7. Extension Example
- [36.18. Extension Building Infrastructure](full-docs/html/extend-pgxs.html)
- [37.1. Overview of Trigger Behavior](full-docs/html/trigger-definition.html)
- [37.2. Visibility of Data Changes](full-docs/html/trigger-datachanges.html)
- [37.3. Writing Trigger Functions in C](full-docs/html/trigger-interface.html)
- [37.4. A Complete Trigger Example](full-docs/html/trigger-example.html)
- [38.1. Overview of Event Trigger Behavior](full-docs/html/event-trigger-definition.html)
      - 38.1.1. login
      - 38.1.2. ddl_command_start
      - 38.1.3. ddl_command_end
      - 38.1.4. sql_drop
      - 38.1.5. table_rewrite
      - 38.1.6. Event Triggers in Aborted Transactions
      - 38.1.7. Creating Event Triggers
- [38.2. Writing Event Trigger Functions in C](full-docs/html/event-trigger-interface.html)
- [38.3. A Complete Event Trigger Example](full-docs/html/event-trigger-example.html)
- [38.4. A Table Rewrite Event Trigger Example](full-docs/html/event-trigger-table-rewrite-example.html)
- [38.5. A Database Login Event Trigger Example](full-docs/html/event-trigger-database-login-example.html)
- [39.1. The Query Tree](full-docs/html/querytree.html)
- [39.2. Views and the Rule System](full-docs/html/rules-views.html)
      - 39.2.1. How SELECT Rules Work
      - 39.2.2. View Rules in Non-SELECT Statements
      - 39.2.3. The Power of Views in PostgreSQL
      - 39.2.4. Updating a View
- [39.3. Materialized Views](full-docs/html/rules-materializedviews.html)
- [39.4. Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE](full-docs/html/rules-update.html)
      - 39.4.1. How Update Rules Work
      - 39.4.2. Cooperation with Views
- [39.5. Rules and Privileges](full-docs/html/rules-privileges.html)
- [39.6. Rules and Command Status](full-docs/html/rules-status.html)
- [39.7. Rules Versus Triggers](full-docs/html/rules-triggers.html)
- [40.1. Installing Procedural Languages](full-docs/html/xplang-install.html)
- [41.1. Overview](full-docs/html/plpgsql-overview.html)
      - 41.1.1. Advantages of Using PL/pgSQL
      - 41.1.2. Supported Argument and Result Data Types
- [41.2. Structure of PL/pgSQL](full-docs/html/plpgsql-structure.html)
- [41.3. Declarations](full-docs/html/plpgsql-declarations.html)
      - 41.3.1. Declaring Function Parameters
      - 41.3.2. ALIAS
      - 41.3.3. Copying Types
      - 41.3.4. Row Types
      - 41.3.5. Record Types
      - 41.3.6. Collation of PL/pgSQL Variables
- [41.4. Expressions](full-docs/html/plpgsql-expressions.html)
- [41.5. Basic Statements](full-docs/html/plpgsql-statements.html)
      - 41.5.1. Assignment
      - 41.5.2. Executing SQL Commands
      - 41.5.3. Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result
      - 41.5.4. Executing Dynamic Commands
      - 41.5.5. Obtaining the Result Status
      - 41.5.6. Doing Nothing At All
- [41.6. Control Structures](full-docs/html/plpgsql-control-structures.html)
      - 41.6.1. Returning from a Function
      - 41.6.2. Returning from a Procedure
      - 41.6.3. Calling a Procedure
      - 41.6.4. Conditionals
      - 41.6.5. Simple Loops
      - 41.6.6. Looping through Query Results
      - 41.6.7. Looping through Arrays
      - 41.6.8. Trapping Errors
      - 41.6.9. Obtaining Execution Location Information
- [41.7. Cursors](full-docs/html/plpgsql-cursors.html)
      - 41.7.1. Declaring Cursor Variables
      - 41.7.2. Opening Cursors
      - 41.7.3. Using Cursors
      - 41.7.4. Looping through a Cursor's Result
- [41.8. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/plpgsql-transactions.html)
- [41.9. Errors and Messages](full-docs/html/plpgsql-errors-and-messages.html)
      - 41.9.1. Reporting Errors and Messages
      - 41.9.2. Checking Assertions
- [41.10. Trigger Functions](full-docs/html/plpgsql-trigger.html)
      - 41.10.1. Triggers on Data Changes
      - 41.10.2. Triggers on Events
- [41.11. PL/pgSQL under the Hood](full-docs/html/plpgsql-implementation.html)
      - 41.11.1. Variable Substitution
      - 41.11.2. Plan Caching
- [41.12. Tips for Developing in PL/pgSQL](full-docs/html/plpgsql-development-tips.html)
      - 41.12.1. Handling of Quotation Marks
      - 41.12.2. Additional Compile-Time and Run-Time Checks
- [41.13. Porting from Oracle PL/SQL](full-docs/html/plpgsql-porting.html)
      - 41.13.1. Porting Examples
      - 41.13.2. Other Things to Watch For
      - 41.13.3. Appendix
- [42.1. Overview](full-docs/html/pltcl-overview.html)
- [42.2. PL/Tcl Functions and Arguments](full-docs/html/pltcl-functions.html)
- [42.3. Data Values in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-data.html)
- [42.4. Global Data in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-global.html)
- [42.5. Database Access from PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-dbaccess.html)
- [42.6. Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-trigger.html)
- [42.7. Event Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-event-trigger.html)
- [42.8. Error Handling in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-error-handling.html)
- [42.9. Explicit Subtransactions in PL/Tcl](full-docs/html/pltcl-subtransactions.html)
- [42.10. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/pltcl-transactions.html)
- [42.11. PL/Tcl Configuration](full-docs/html/pltcl-config.html)
- [42.12. Tcl Procedure Names](full-docs/html/pltcl-procnames.html)
- [43.1. PL/Perl Functions and Arguments](full-docs/html/plperl-funcs.html)
- [43.2. Data Values in PL/Perl](full-docs/html/plperl-data.html)
- [43.3. Built-in Functions](full-docs/html/plperl-builtins.html)
      - 43.3.1. Database Access from PL/Perl
      - 43.3.2. Utility Functions in PL/Perl
- [43.4. Global Values in PL/Perl](full-docs/html/plperl-global.html)
- [43.5. Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl](full-docs/html/plperl-trusted.html)
- [43.6. PL/Perl Triggers](full-docs/html/plperl-triggers.html)
- [43.7. PL/Perl Event Triggers](full-docs/html/plperl-event-triggers.html)
- [43.8. PL/Perl Under the Hood](full-docs/html/plperl-under-the-hood.html)
      - 43.8.1. Configuration
      - 43.8.2. Limitations and Missing Features
- [44.1. PL/Python Functions](full-docs/html/plpython-funcs.html)
- [44.2. Data Values](full-docs/html/plpython-data.html)
      - 44.2.1. Data Type Mapping
      - 44.2.2. Null, None
      - 44.2.3. Arrays, Lists
      - 44.2.4. Composite Types
      - 44.2.5. Set-Returning Functions
- [44.3. Sharing Data](full-docs/html/plpython-sharing.html)
- [44.4. Anonymous Code Blocks](full-docs/html/plpython-do.html)
- [44.5. Trigger Functions](full-docs/html/plpython-trigger.html)
- [44.6. Database Access](full-docs/html/plpython-database.html)
      - 44.6.1. Database Access Functions
      - 44.6.2. Trapping Errors
- [44.7. Explicit Subtransactions](full-docs/html/plpython-subtransaction.html)
      - 44.7.1. Subtransaction Context Managers
- [44.8. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/plpython-transactions.html)
- [44.9. Utility Functions](full-docs/html/plpython-util.html)
- [44.10. Python 2 vs. Python 3](full-docs/html/plpython-python23.html)
- [44.11. Environment Variables](full-docs/html/plpython-envar.html)
- [45.1. Interface Functions](full-docs/html/spi-interface.html)
- [45.2. Interface Support Functions](full-docs/html/spi-interface-support.html)
- [45.3. Memory Management](full-docs/html/spi-memory.html)
- [45.4. Transaction Management](full-docs/html/spi-transaction.html)
- [45.5. Visibility of Data Changes](full-docs/html/spi-visibility.html)
- [45.6. Examples](full-docs/html/spi-examples.html)
- [47.1. Logical Decoding Examples](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-example.html)
- [47.2. Logical Decoding Concepts](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-explanation.html)
      - 47.2.1. Logical Decoding
      - 47.2.2. Replication Slots
      - 47.2.3. Replication Slot Synchronization
      - 47.2.4. Output Plugins
      - 47.2.5. Exported Snapshots
- [47.3. Streaming Replication Protocol Interface](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-walsender.html)
- [47.4. Logical Decoding SQL Interface](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-sql.html)
- [47.5. System Catalogs Related to Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-catalogs.html)
- [47.6. Logical Decoding Output Plugins](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-output-plugin.html)
      - 47.6.1. Initialization Function
      - 47.6.2. Capabilities
      - 47.6.3. Output Modes
      - 47.6.4. Output Plugin Callbacks
      - 47.6.5. Functions for Producing Output
- [47.7. Logical Decoding Output Writers](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-writer.html)
- [47.8. Synchronous Replication Support for Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-synchronous.html)
      - 47.8.1. Overview
      - 47.8.2. Caveats
- [47.9. Streaming of Large Transactions for Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-streaming.html)
- [47.10. Two-phase Commit Support for Logical Decoding](full-docs/html/logicaldecoding-two-phase-commits.html)
- [49.1. Initialization Functions](full-docs/html/archive-module-init.html)
- [49.2. Archive Module Callbacks](full-docs/html/archive-module-callbacks.html)
      - 49.2.1. Startup Callback
      - 49.2.2. Check Callback
      - 49.2.3. Archive Callback
      - 49.2.4. Shutdown Callback
- [50.1. Safely Designing a Validator Module](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-design.html)
      - 50.1.1. Validator Responsibilities
      - 50.1.2. General Coding Guidelines
      - 50.1.3. Authorizing Users (Usermap Delegation)
- [50.2. Initialization Functions](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-init.html)
- [50.3. OAuth Validator Callbacks](full-docs/html/oauth-validator-callbacks.html)
      - 50.3.1. Startup Callback
      - 50.3.2. Validate Callback
      - 50.3.3. Shutdown Callback
- [51.1. The Path of a Query](full-docs/html/query-path.html)
- [51.2. How Connections Are Established](full-docs/html/connect-estab.html)
- [51.3. The Parser Stage](full-docs/html/parser-stage.html)
      - 51.3.1. Parser
      - 51.3.2. Transformation Process
- [51.4. The PostgreSQL Rule System](full-docs/html/rule-system.html)
- [51.5. Planner/Optimizer](full-docs/html/planner-optimizer.html)
      - 51.5.1. Generating Possible Plans
- [51.6. Executor](full-docs/html/executor.html)
- [52.1. Overview](full-docs/html/catalogs-overview.html)
- [52.2. pg_aggregate](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-aggregate.html)
- [52.3. pg_am](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-am.html)
- [52.4. pg_amop](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-amop.html)
- [52.5. pg_amproc](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-amproc.html)
- [52.6. pg_attrdef](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-attrdef.html)
- [52.7. pg_attribute](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-attribute.html)
- [52.8. pg_authid](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-authid.html)
- [52.9. pg_auth_members](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-auth-members.html)
- [52.10. pg_cast](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-cast.html)
- [52.11. pg_class](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-class.html)
- [52.12. pg_collation](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-collation.html)
- [52.13. pg_constraint](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-constraint.html)
- [52.14. pg_conversion](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-conversion.html)
- [52.15. pg_database](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-database.html)
- [52.16. pg_db_role_setting](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-db-role-setting.html)
- [52.17. pg_default_acl](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-default-acl.html)
- [52.18. pg_depend](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-depend.html)
- [52.19. pg_description](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-description.html)
- [52.20. pg_enum](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-enum.html)
- [52.21. pg_event_trigger](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-event-trigger.html)
- [52.22. pg_extension](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-extension.html)
- [52.23. pg_foreign_data_wrapper](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-foreign-data-wrapper.html)
- [52.24. pg_foreign_server](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-foreign-server.html)
- [52.25. pg_foreign_table](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-foreign-table.html)
- [52.26. pg_index](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-index.html)
- [52.27. pg_inherits](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-inherits.html)
- [52.28. pg_init_privs](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-init-privs.html)
- [52.29. pg_language](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-language.html)
- [52.30. pg_largeobject](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-largeobject.html)
- [52.31. pg_largeobject_metadata](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-largeobject-metadata.html)
- [52.32. pg_namespace](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-namespace.html)
- [52.33. pg_opclass](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-opclass.html)
- [52.34. pg_operator](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-operator.html)
- [52.35. pg_opfamily](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-opfamily.html)
- [52.36. pg_parameter_acl](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-parameter-acl.html)
- [52.37. pg_partitioned_table](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-partitioned-table.html)
- [52.38. pg_policy](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-policy.html)
- [52.39. pg_proc](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-proc.html)
- [52.40. pg_publication](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-publication.html)
- [52.41. pg_publication_namespace](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-publication-namespace.html)
- [52.42. pg_publication_rel](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-publication-rel.html)
- [52.43. pg_range](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-range.html)
- [52.44. pg_replication_origin](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-replication-origin.html)
- [52.45. pg_rewrite](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-rewrite.html)
- [52.46. pg_seclabel](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-seclabel.html)
- [52.47. pg_sequence](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-sequence.html)
- [52.48. pg_shdepend](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-shdepend.html)
- [52.49. pg_shdescription](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-shdescription.html)
- [52.50. pg_shseclabel](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-shseclabel.html)
- [52.51. pg_statistic](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-statistic.html)
- [52.52. pg_statistic_ext](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-statistic-ext.html)
- [52.53. pg_statistic_ext_data](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-statistic-ext-data.html)
- [52.54. pg_subscription](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-subscription.html)
- [52.55. pg_subscription_rel](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-subscription-rel.html)
- [52.56. pg_tablespace](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-tablespace.html)
- [52.57. pg_transform](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-transform.html)
- [52.58. pg_trigger](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-trigger.html)
- [52.59. pg_ts_config](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-config.html)
- [52.60. pg_ts_config_map](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-config-map.html)
- [52.61. pg_ts_dict](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-dict.html)
- [52.62. pg_ts_parser](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-parser.html)
- [52.63. pg_ts_template](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-ts-template.html)
- [52.64. pg_type](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-type.html)
- [52.65. pg_user_mapping](full-docs/html/catalog-pg-user-mapping.html)
- [53.1. Overview](full-docs/html/views-overview.html)
- [53.2. pg_aios](full-docs/html/view-pg-aios.html)
- [53.3. pg_available_extensions](full-docs/html/view-pg-available-extensions.html)
- [53.4. pg_available_extension_versions](full-docs/html/view-pg-available-extension-versions.html)
- [53.5. pg_backend_memory_contexts](full-docs/html/view-pg-backend-memory-contexts.html)
- [53.6. pg_config](full-docs/html/view-pg-config.html)
- [53.7. pg_cursors](full-docs/html/view-pg-cursors.html)
- [53.8. pg_file_settings](full-docs/html/view-pg-file-settings.html)
- [53.9. pg_group](full-docs/html/view-pg-group.html)
- [53.10. pg_hba_file_rules](full-docs/html/view-pg-hba-file-rules.html)
- [53.11. pg_ident_file_mappings](full-docs/html/view-pg-ident-file-mappings.html)
- [53.12. pg_indexes](full-docs/html/view-pg-indexes.html)
- [53.13. pg_locks](full-docs/html/view-pg-locks.html)
- [53.14. pg_matviews](full-docs/html/view-pg-matviews.html)
- [53.15. pg_policies](full-docs/html/view-pg-policies.html)
- [53.16. pg_prepared_statements](full-docs/html/view-pg-prepared-statements.html)
- [53.17. pg_prepared_xacts](full-docs/html/view-pg-prepared-xacts.html)
- [53.18. pg_publication_tables](full-docs/html/view-pg-publication-tables.html)
- [53.19. pg_replication_origin_status](full-docs/html/view-pg-replication-origin-status.html)
- [53.20. pg_replication_slots](full-docs/html/view-pg-replication-slots.html)
- [53.21. pg_roles](full-docs/html/view-pg-roles.html)
- [53.22. pg_rules](full-docs/html/view-pg-rules.html)
- [53.23. pg_seclabels](full-docs/html/view-pg-seclabels.html)
- [53.24. pg_sequences](full-docs/html/view-pg-sequences.html)
- [53.25. pg_settings](full-docs/html/view-pg-settings.html)
- [53.26. pg_shadow](full-docs/html/view-pg-shadow.html)
- [53.27. pg_shmem_allocations](full-docs/html/view-pg-shmem-allocations.html)
- [53.28. pg_shmem_allocations_numa](full-docs/html/view-pg-shmem-allocations-numa.html)
- [53.29. pg_stats](full-docs/html/view-pg-stats.html)
- [53.30. pg_stats_ext](full-docs/html/view-pg-stats-ext.html)
- [53.31. pg_stats_ext_exprs](full-docs/html/view-pg-stats-ext-exprs.html)
- [53.32. pg_tables](full-docs/html/view-pg-tables.html)
- [53.33. pg_timezone_abbrevs](full-docs/html/view-pg-timezone-abbrevs.html)
- [53.34. pg_timezone_names](full-docs/html/view-pg-timezone-names.html)
- [53.35. pg_user](full-docs/html/view-pg-user.html)
- [53.36. pg_user_mappings](full-docs/html/view-pg-user-mappings.html)
- [53.37. pg_views](full-docs/html/view-pg-views.html)
- [53.38. pg_wait_events](full-docs/html/view-pg-wait-events.html)
- [54.1. Overview](full-docs/html/protocol-overview.html)
      - 54.1.1. Messaging Overview
      - 54.1.2. Extended Query Overview
      - 54.1.3. Formats and Format Codes
      - 54.1.4. Protocol Versions
- [54.2. Message Flow](full-docs/html/protocol-flow.html)
      - 54.2.1. Start-up
      - 54.2.2. Simple Query
      - 54.2.3. Extended Query
      - 54.2.4. Pipelining
      - 54.2.5. Function Call
      - 54.2.6. COPY Operations
      - 54.2.7. Asynchronous Operations
      - 54.2.8. Canceling Requests in Progress
      - 54.2.9. Termination
      - 54.2.10. SSL Session Encryption
      - 54.2.11. GSSAPI Session Encryption
- [54.3. SASL Authentication](full-docs/html/sasl-authentication.html)
      - 54.3.1. SCRAM-SHA-256 Authentication
      - 54.3.2. OAUTHBEARER Authentication
- [54.4. Streaming Replication Protocol](full-docs/html/protocol-replication.html)
- [54.5. Logical Streaming Replication Protocol](full-docs/html/protocol-logical-replication.html)
      - 54.5.1. Logical Streaming Replication Parameters
      - 54.5.2. Logical Replication Protocol Messages
      - 54.5.3. Logical Replication Protocol Message Flow
- [54.6. Message Data Types](full-docs/html/protocol-message-types.html)
- [54.7. Message Formats](full-docs/html/protocol-message-formats.html)
- [54.8. Error and Notice Message Fields](full-docs/html/protocol-error-fields.html)
- [54.9. Logical Replication Message Formats](full-docs/html/protocol-logicalrep-message-formats.html)
- [54.10. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0](full-docs/html/protocol-changes.html)
- [55.1. Formatting](full-docs/html/source-format.html)
- [55.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server](full-docs/html/error-message-reporting.html)
- [55.3. Error Message Style Guide](full-docs/html/error-style-guide.html)
- [55.4. Miscellaneous Coding Conventions](full-docs/html/source-conventions.html)
- [56.1. For the Translator](full-docs/html/nls-translator.html)
      - 56.1.1. Requirements
      - 56.1.2. Concepts
      - 56.1.3. Creating and Maintaining Message Catalogs
      - 56.1.4. Editing the PO Files
- [56.2. For the Programmer](full-docs/html/nls-programmer.html)
      - 56.2.1. Mechanics
      - 56.2.2. Message-Writing Guidelines
- [58.1. Foreign Data Wrapper Functions](full-docs/html/fdw-functions.html)
- [58.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines](full-docs/html/fdw-callbacks.html)
      - 58.2.1. FDW Routines for Scanning Foreign Tables
      - 58.2.2. FDW Routines for Scanning Foreign Joins
      - 58.2.3. FDW Routines for Planning Post-Scan/Join Processing
      - 58.2.4. FDW Routines for Updating Foreign Tables
      - 58.2.5. FDW Routines for TRUNCATE
      - 58.2.6. FDW Routines for Row Locking
      - 58.2.7. FDW Routines for EXPLAIN
      - 58.2.8. FDW Routines for ANALYZE
      - 58.2.9. FDW Routines for IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
      - 58.2.10. FDW Routines for Parallel Execution
      - 58.2.11. FDW Routines for Asynchronous Execution
      - 58.2.12. FDW Routines for Reparameterization of Paths
- [58.3. Foreign Data Wrapper Helper Functions](full-docs/html/fdw-helpers.html)
- [58.4. Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning](full-docs/html/fdw-planning.html)
- [58.5. Row Locking in Foreign Data Wrappers](full-docs/html/fdw-row-locking.html)
- [59.1. Sampling Method Support Functions](full-docs/html/tablesample-support-functions.html)
- [60.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths](full-docs/html/custom-scan-path.html)
      - 60.1.1. Custom Scan Path Callbacks
- [60.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans](full-docs/html/custom-scan-plan.html)
      - 60.2.1. Custom Scan Plan Callbacks
- [60.3. Executing Custom Scans](full-docs/html/custom-scan-execution.html)
      - 60.3.1. Custom Scan Execution Callbacks
- [61.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem](full-docs/html/geqo-intro.html)
- [61.2. Genetic Algorithms](full-docs/html/geqo-intro2.html)
- [61.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL](full-docs/html/geqo-pg-intro.html)
      - 61.3.1. Generating Possible Plans with GEQO
      - 61.3.2. Future Implementation Tasks for
    PostgreSQL GEQO
- [61.4. Further Reading](full-docs/html/geqo-biblio.html)
- [63.1. Basic API Structure for Indexes](full-docs/html/index-api.html)
- [63.2. Index Access Method Functions](full-docs/html/index-functions.html)
- [63.3. Index Scanning](full-docs/html/index-scanning.html)
- [63.4. Index Locking Considerations](full-docs/html/index-locking.html)
- [63.5. Index Uniqueness Checks](full-docs/html/index-unique-checks.html)
- [63.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions](full-docs/html/index-cost-estimation.html)
- [64.1. Generic WAL Records](full-docs/html/generic-wal.html)
- [64.2. Custom WAL Resource Managers](full-docs/html/custom-rmgr.html)
- [65.1. B-Tree Indexes](full-docs/html/btree.html)
      - 65.1.1. Introduction
      - 65.1.2. Behavior of B-Tree Operator Classes
      - 65.1.3. B-Tree Support Functions
      - 65.1.4. Implementation
- [65.2. GiST Indexes](full-docs/html/gist.html)
      - 65.2.1. Introduction
      - 65.2.2. Built-in Operator Classes
      - 65.2.3. Extensibility
      - 65.2.4. Implementation
      - 65.2.5. Examples
- [65.3. SP-GiST Indexes](full-docs/html/spgist.html)
      - 65.3.1. Introduction
      - 65.3.2. Built-in Operator Classes
      - 65.3.3. Extensibility
      - 65.3.4. Implementation
      - 65.3.5. Examples
- [65.4. GIN Indexes](full-docs/html/gin.html)
      - 65.4.1. Introduction
      - 65.4.2. Built-in Operator Classes
      - 65.4.3. Extensibility
      - 65.4.4. Implementation
      - 65.4.5. GIN Tips and Tricks
      - 65.4.6. Limitations
      - 65.4.7. Examples
- [65.5. BRIN Indexes](full-docs/html/brin.html)
      - 65.5.1. Introduction
      - 65.5.2. Built-in Operator Classes
      - 65.5.3. Extensibility
- [65.6. Hash Indexes](full-docs/html/hash-index.html)
      - 65.6.1. Overview
      - 65.6.2. Implementation
- [66.1. Database File Layout](full-docs/html/storage-file-layout.html)
- [66.2. TOAST](full-docs/html/storage-toast.html)
      - 66.2.1. Out-of-Line, On-Disk TOAST Storage
      - 66.2.2. Out-of-Line, In-Memory TOAST Storage
- [66.3. Free Space Map](full-docs/html/storage-fsm.html)
- [66.4. Visibility Map](full-docs/html/storage-vm.html)
- [66.5. The Initialization Fork](full-docs/html/storage-init.html)
- [66.6. Database Page Layout](full-docs/html/storage-page-layout.html)
      - 66.6.1. Table Row Layout
- [66.7. Heap-Only Tuples (HOT)](full-docs/html/storage-hot.html)
- [67.1. Transactions and Identifiers](full-docs/html/transaction-id.html)
- [67.2. Transactions and Locking](full-docs/html/xact-locking.html)
- [67.3. Subtransactions](full-docs/html/subxacts.html)
- [67.4. Two-Phase Transactions](full-docs/html/two-phase.html)
- [68.1. System Catalog Declaration Rules](full-docs/html/system-catalog-declarations.html)
- [68.2. System Catalog Initial Data](full-docs/html/system-catalog-initial-data.html)
      - 68.2.1. Data File Format
      - 68.2.2. OID Assignment
      - 68.2.3. OID Reference Lookup
      - 68.2.4. Automatic Creation of Array Types
      - 68.2.5. Recipes for Editing Data Files
- [68.3. BKI File Format](full-docs/html/bki-format.html)
- [68.4. BKI Commands](full-docs/html/bki-commands.html)
- [68.5. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File](full-docs/html/bki-structure.html)
- [68.6. BKI Example](full-docs/html/bki-example.html)
- [69.1. Row Estimation Examples](full-docs/html/row-estimation-examples.html)
- [69.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples](full-docs/html/multivariate-statistics-examples.html)
      - 69.2.1. Functional Dependencies
      - 69.2.2. Multivariate N-Distinct Counts
      - 69.2.3. MCV Lists
- [69.3. Planner Statistics and Security](full-docs/html/planner-stats-security.html)
- [70.1. Backup Manifest Top-level Object](full-docs/html/backup-manifest-toplevel.html)
- [70.2. Backup Manifest File Object](full-docs/html/backup-manifest-files.html)
- [70.3. Backup Manifest WAL Range Object](full-docs/html/backup-manifest-wal-ranges.html)
- [B.1. Date/Time Input Interpretation](full-docs/html/datetime-input-rules.html)
- [B.2. Handling of Invalid or Ambiguous Timestamps](full-docs/html/datetime-invalid-input.html)
- [B.3. Date/Time Key Words](full-docs/html/datetime-keywords.html)
- [B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files](full-docs/html/datetime-config-files.html)
- [B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications](full-docs/html/datetime-posix-timezone-specs.html)
- [B.6. History of Units](full-docs/html/datetime-units-history.html)
- [B.7. Julian Dates](full-docs/html/datetime-julian-dates.html)
- [D.1. Supported Features](full-docs/html/features-sql-standard.html)
- [D.2. Unsupported Features](full-docs/html/unsupported-features-sql-standard.html)
- [D.3. XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML](full-docs/html/xml-limits-conformance.html)
      - D.3.1. Queries Are Restricted to XPath 1.0
      - D.3.2. Incidental Limits of the Implementation
- [E.1. Release 18](full-docs/html/release-18.html)
      - E.1.1. Overview
      - E.1.2. Migration to Version 18
      - E.1.3. Changes
      - E.1.4. Acknowledgments
- [E.2. Prior Releases](full-docs/html/release-prior.html)
- [F.1. amcheck — tools to verify table and index consistency](full-docs/html/amcheck.html)
      - F.1.1. Functions
      - F.1.2. Optional heapallindexed Verification
      - F.1.3. Using amcheck Effectively
      - F.1.4. Repairing Corruption
- [F.2. auth_delay — pause on authentication failure](full-docs/html/auth-delay.html)
      - F.2.1. Configuration Parameters
      - F.2.2. Author
- [F.3. auto_explain — log execution plans of slow queries](full-docs/html/auto-explain.html)
      - F.3.1. Configuration Parameters
      - F.3.2. Example
      - F.3.3. Author
- [F.4. basebackup_to_shell — example "shell" pg_basebackup module](full-docs/html/basebackup-to-shell.html)
      - F.4.1. Configuration Parameters
      - F.4.2. Author
- [F.5. basic_archive — an example WAL archive module](full-docs/html/basic-archive.html)
      - F.5.1. Configuration Parameters
      - F.5.2. Notes
      - F.5.3. Author
- [F.6. bloom — bloom filter index access method](full-docs/html/bloom.html)
      - F.6.1. Parameters
      - F.6.2. Examples
      - F.6.3. Operator Class Interface
      - F.6.4. Limitations
      - F.6.5. Authors
- [F.7. btree_gin — GIN operator classes with B-tree behavior](full-docs/html/btree-gin.html)
      - F.7.1. Example Usage
      - F.7.2. Authors
- [F.8. btree_gist — GiST operator classes with B-tree behavior](full-docs/html/btree-gist.html)
      - F.8.1. Example Usage
      - F.8.2. Authors
- [F.9. citext — a case-insensitive character string type](full-docs/html/citext.html)
      - F.9.1. Rationale
      - F.9.2. How to Use It
      - F.9.3. String Comparison Behavior
      - F.9.4. Limitations
      - F.9.5. Author
- [F.10. cube — a multi-dimensional cube data type](full-docs/html/cube.html)
      - F.10.1. Syntax
      - F.10.2. Precision
      - F.10.3. Usage
      - F.10.4. Defaults
      - F.10.5. Notes
      - F.10.6. Credits
- [F.11. dblink — connect to other PostgreSQL databases](full-docs/html/dblink.html)
- [F.12. dict_int —
   example full-text search dictionary for integers](full-docs/html/dict-int.html)
      - F.12.1. Configuration
      - F.12.2. Usage
- [F.13. dict_xsyn — example synonym full-text search dictionary](full-docs/html/dict-xsyn.html)
      - F.13.1. Configuration
      - F.13.2. Usage
- [F.14. earthdistance — calculate great-circle distances](full-docs/html/earthdistance.html)
      - F.14.1. Cube-Based Earth Distances
      - F.14.2. Point-Based Earth Distances
- [F.15. file_fdw — access data files in the server's file system](full-docs/html/file-fdw.html)
- [F.16. fuzzystrmatch — determine string similarities and distance](full-docs/html/fuzzystrmatch.html)
      - F.16.1. Soundex
      - F.16.2. Daitch-Mokotoff Soundex
      - F.16.3. Levenshtein
      - F.16.4. Metaphone
      - F.16.5. Double Metaphone
- [F.17. hstore — hstore key/value datatype](full-docs/html/hstore.html)
      - F.17.1. hstore External Representation
      - F.17.2. hstore Operators and Functions
      - F.17.3. Indexes
      - F.17.4. Examples
      - F.17.5. Statistics
      - F.17.6. Compatibility
      - F.17.7. Transforms
      - F.17.8. Authors
- [F.18. intagg — integer aggregator and enumerator](full-docs/html/intagg.html)
      - F.18.1. Functions
      - F.18.2. Sample Uses
- [F.19. intarray — manipulate arrays of integers](full-docs/html/intarray.html)
      - F.19.1. intarray Functions and Operators
      - F.19.2. Index Support
      - F.19.3. Example
      - F.19.4. Benchmark
      - F.19.5. Authors
- [F.20. isn — data types for international standard numbers (ISBN, EAN, UPC, etc.)](full-docs/html/isn.html)
      - F.20.1. Data Types
      - F.20.2. Casts
      - F.20.3. Functions and Operators
      - F.20.4. Configuration Parameters
      - F.20.5. Examples
      - F.20.6. Bibliography
      - F.20.7. Author
- [F.21. lo — manage large objects](full-docs/html/lo.html)
      - F.21.1. Rationale
      - F.21.2. How to Use It
      - F.21.3. Limitations
      - F.21.4. Author
- [F.22. ltree — hierarchical tree-like data type](full-docs/html/ltree.html)
      - F.22.1. Definitions
      - F.22.2. Operators and Functions
      - F.22.3. Indexes
      - F.22.4. Example
      - F.22.5. Transforms
      - F.22.6. Authors
- [F.23. pageinspect — low-level inspection of database pages](full-docs/html/pageinspect.html)
      - F.23.1. General Functions
      - F.23.2. Heap Functions
      - F.23.3. B-Tree Functions
      - F.23.4. BRIN Functions
      - F.23.5. GIN Functions
      - F.23.6. GiST Functions
      - F.23.7. Hash Functions
- [F.24. passwordcheck — verify password strength](full-docs/html/passwordcheck.html)
      - F.24.1. Configuration Parameters
- [F.25. pg_buffercache — inspect PostgreSQL
    buffer cache state](full-docs/html/pgbuffercache.html)
      - F.25.1. The pg_buffercache View
      - F.25.2. The pg_buffercache_numa View
      - F.25.3. The pg_buffercache_summary() Function
      - F.25.4. The pg_buffercache_usage_counts() Function
      - F.25.5. The pg_buffercache_evict() Function
      - F.25.6. The pg_buffercache_evict_relation() Function
      - F.25.7. The pg_buffercache_evict_all() Function
      - F.25.8. Sample Output
      - F.25.9. Authors
- [F.26. pgcrypto — cryptographic functions](full-docs/html/pgcrypto.html)
      - F.26.1. General Hashing Functions
      - F.26.2. Password Hashing Functions
      - F.26.3. PGP Encryption Functions
      - F.26.4. Raw Encryption Functions
      - F.26.5. Random-Data Functions
      - F.26.6. OpenSSL Support Functions
      - F.26.7. Configuration Parameters
      - F.26.8. Notes
      - F.26.9. Author
- [F.27. pg_freespacemap — examine the free space map](full-docs/html/pgfreespacemap.html)
      - F.27.1. Functions
      - F.27.2. Sample Output
      - F.27.3. Author
- [F.28. pg_logicalinspect — logical decoding components inspection](full-docs/html/pglogicalinspect.html)
      - F.28.1. Functions
      - F.28.2. Author
- [F.29. pg_overexplain — allow EXPLAIN to dump even more details](full-docs/html/pgoverexplain.html)
      - F.29.1. EXPLAIN (DEBUG)
      - F.29.2. EXPLAIN (RANGE_TABLE)
      - F.29.3. Author
- [F.30. pg_prewarm — preload relation data into buffer caches](full-docs/html/pgprewarm.html)
      - F.30.1. Functions
      - F.30.2. Configuration Parameters
      - F.30.3. Author
- [F.31. pgrowlocks — show a table's row locking information](full-docs/html/pgrowlocks.html)
      - F.31.1. Overview
      - F.31.2. Sample Output
      - F.31.3. Author
- [F.32. pg_stat_statements — track statistics of SQL planning and execution](full-docs/html/pgstatstatements.html)
      - F.32.1. The pg_stat_statements View
      - F.32.2. The pg_stat_statements_info View
      - F.32.3. Functions
      - F.32.4. Configuration Parameters
      - F.32.5. Sample Output
      - F.32.6. Authors
- [F.33. pgstattuple — obtain tuple-level statistics](full-docs/html/pgstattuple.html)
      - F.33.1. Functions
      - F.33.2. Authors
- [F.34. pg_surgery — perform low-level surgery on relation data](full-docs/html/pgsurgery.html)
      - F.34.1. Functions
      - F.34.2. Authors
- [F.35. pg_trgm —
   support for similarity of text using trigram matching](full-docs/html/pgtrgm.html)
      - F.35.1. Trigram (or Trigraph) Concepts
      - F.35.2. Functions and Operators
      - F.35.3. GUC Parameters
      - F.35.4. Index Support
      - F.35.5. Text Search Integration
      - F.35.6. References
      - F.35.7. Authors
- [F.36. pg_visibility — visibility map information and utilities](full-docs/html/pgvisibility.html)
      - F.36.1. Functions
      - F.36.2. Author
- [F.37. pg_walinspect — low-level WAL inspection](full-docs/html/pgwalinspect.html)
      - F.37.1. General Functions
      - F.37.2. Author
- [F.38. postgres_fdw —
   access data stored in external PostgreSQL
   servers](full-docs/html/postgres-fdw.html)
      - F.38.1. FDW Options of postgres_fdw
      - F.38.2. Functions
      - F.38.3. Connection Management
      - F.38.4. Transaction Management
      - F.38.5. Remote Query Optimization
      - F.38.6. Remote Query Execution Environment
      - F.38.7. Cross-Version Compatibility
      - F.38.8. Wait Events
      - F.38.9. Configuration Parameters
      - F.38.10. Examples
      - F.38.11. Author
- [F.39. seg — a datatype for line segments or floating point intervals](full-docs/html/seg.html)
      - F.39.1. Rationale
      - F.39.2. Syntax
      - F.39.3. Precision
      - F.39.4. Usage
      - F.39.5. Notes
      - F.39.6. Credits
- [F.40. sepgsql —
   SELinux-, label-based mandatory access control (MAC) security module](full-docs/html/sepgsql.html)
      - F.40.1. Overview
      - F.40.2. Installation
      - F.40.3. Regression Tests
      - F.40.4. GUC Parameters
      - F.40.5. Features
      - F.40.6. Sepgsql Functions
      - F.40.7. Limitations
      - F.40.8. External Resources
      - F.40.9. Author
- [F.41. spi — Server Programming Interface features/examples](full-docs/html/contrib-spi.html)
      - F.41.1. refint — Functions for Implementing Referential Integrity
      - F.41.2. autoinc — Functions for Autoincrementing Fields
      - F.41.3. insert_username — Functions for Tracking Who Changed a Table
      - F.41.4. moddatetime — Functions for Tracking Last Modification Time
- [F.42. sslinfo — obtain client SSL information](full-docs/html/sslinfo.html)
      - F.42.1. Functions Provided
      - F.42.2. Author
- [F.43. tablefunc — functions that return tables (crosstab and others)](full-docs/html/tablefunc.html)
      - F.43.1. Functions Provided
      - F.43.2. Author
- [F.44. tcn — a trigger function to notify listeners of changes to table content](full-docs/html/tcn.html)
- [F.45. test_decoding — SQL-based test/example module for WAL logical decoding](full-docs/html/test-decoding.html)
- [F.46. tsm_system_rows —
   the SYSTEM_ROWS sampling method for TABLESAMPLE](full-docs/html/tsm-system-rows.html)
      - F.46.1. Examples
- [F.47. tsm_system_time —
   the SYSTEM_TIME sampling method for TABLESAMPLE](full-docs/html/tsm-system-time.html)
      - F.47.1. Examples
- [F.48. unaccent — a text search dictionary which removes diacritics](full-docs/html/unaccent.html)
      - F.48.1. Configuration
      - F.48.2. Usage
      - F.48.3. Functions
- [F.49. uuid-ossp — a UUID generator](full-docs/html/uuid-ossp.html)
      - F.49.1. uuid-ossp Functions
      - F.49.2. Building uuid-ossp
      - F.49.3. Author
- [F.50. xml2 — XPath querying and XSLT functionality](full-docs/html/xml2.html)
      - F.50.1. Deprecation Notice
      - F.50.2. Description of Functions
      - F.50.3. xpath_table
      - F.50.4. XSLT Functions
      - F.50.5. Author
- [G.1. Client Applications](full-docs/html/contrib-prog-client.html)
- [G.2. Server Applications](full-docs/html/contrib-prog-server.html)
- [H.1. Client Interfaces](full-docs/html/external-interfaces.html)
- [H.2. Administration Tools](full-docs/html/external-admin-tools.html)
- [H.3. Procedural Languages](full-docs/html/external-pl.html)
- [H.4. Extensions](full-docs/html/external-extensions.html)
- [I.1. Getting the Source via Git](full-docs/html/git.html)
- [J.1. DocBook](full-docs/html/docguide-docbook.html)
- [J.2. Tool Sets](full-docs/html/docguide-toolsets.html)
      - J.2.1. Installation on Fedora, RHEL, and Derivatives
      - J.2.2. Installation on FreeBSD
      - J.2.3. Debian Packages
      - J.2.4. macOS
      - J.2.5. Detection by configure
- [J.3. Building the Documentation with Make](full-docs/html/docguide-build.html)
      - J.3.1. HTML
      - J.3.2. Manpages
      - J.3.3. PDF
      - J.3.4. Syntax Check
- [J.4. Building the Documentation with Meson](full-docs/html/docguide-build-meson.html)
- [J.5. Documentation Authoring](full-docs/html/docguide-authoring.html)
      - J.5.1. Emacs
- [J.6. Style Guide](full-docs/html/docguide-style.html)
      - J.6.1. Reference Pages
- [N.1. When Color is Used](full-docs/html/color-when.html)
- [N.2. Configuring the Colors](full-docs/html/color-which.html)
- [O.1. recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf](full-docs/html/recovery-config.html)
- [O.2. Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles](full-docs/html/default-roles.html)
- [O.3. pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump](full-docs/html/pgxlogdump.html)
- [O.4. pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal](full-docs/html/app-pgresetxlog.html)
- [O.5. pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal](full-docs/html/app-pgreceivexlog.html)