Index Symbols | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z Symbols $, Positional Parameters $libdir, Dynamic Loading $libdir/plugins, Shared Library Preloading, Description *, Select-List Items .pgpass, The Password File .pg_service.conf, The Connection Service File ::, Type Casts _PG_archive_module_init, Initialization Functions _PG_init, Dynamic Loading _PG_oauth_validator_module_init, Initialization Functions _PG_output_plugin_init, Initialization Function A abbrev, Network Address Functions and Operators ABORT, ABORT abs, Mathematical Functions and Operators ACL, Privileges aclcontains, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions acldefault, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions aclexplode, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions aclitem, Privileges aclitemeq, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions acos, Mathematical Functions and Operators acosd, Mathematical Functions and Operators acosh, Mathematical Functions and Operators administration tools externally maintained, Administration Tools advisory lock, Advisory Locks age, Date/Time Functions and Operators, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions aggregate function, Aggregate Functions, Aggregate Expressions, Aggregate Functions, User-Defined Aggregates built-in, Aggregate Functions invocation, Aggregate Expressions moving aggregate, Moving-Aggregate Mode ordered set, Ordered-Set Aggregates partial aggregation, Partial Aggregation polymorphic, Polymorphic and Variadic Aggregates support functions for, Support Functions for Aggregates user-defined, User-Defined Aggregates variadic, Polymorphic and Variadic Aggregates akeys, hstore Operators and Functions alias, Table and Column Aliases, Column Labels for table name in query, Joins Between Tables in the FROM clause, Table and Column Aliases in the select list, Column Labels ALL, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP, DISTINCT, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons GROUP BY ALL, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP SELECT ALL, DISTINCT allow_alter_system configuration parameter, Platform and Client Compatibility allow_in_place_tablespaces configuration parameter, Developer Options allow_system_table_mods configuration parameter, Developer Options ALTER AGGREGATE, ALTER AGGREGATE ALTER COLLATION, ALTER COLLATION ALTER CONVERSION, ALTER CONVERSION ALTER DATABASE, ALTER DATABASE ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES, ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES ALTER DOMAIN, ALTER DOMAIN ALTER EVENT TRIGGER, ALTER EVENT TRIGGER ALTER EXTENSION, ALTER EXTENSION ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER, ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER ALTER FOREIGN TABLE, ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ALTER FUNCTION, ALTER FUNCTION ALTER GROUP, ALTER GROUP ALTER INDEX, ALTER INDEX ALTER LANGUAGE, ALTER LANGUAGE ALTER LARGE OBJECT, ALTER LARGE OBJECT ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW, ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW ALTER OPERATOR, ALTER OPERATOR ALTER OPERATOR CLASS, ALTER OPERATOR CLASS ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY, ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY ALTER POLICY, ALTER POLICY ALTER PROCEDURE, ALTER PROCEDURE ALTER PUBLICATION, ALTER PUBLICATION ALTER ROLE, Role Attributes, ALTER ROLE ALTER ROUTINE, ALTER ROUTINE ALTER RULE, ALTER RULE ALTER SCHEMA, ALTER SCHEMA ALTER SEQUENCE, ALTER SEQUENCE ALTER SERVER, ALTER SERVER ALTER STATISTICS, ALTER STATISTICS ALTER SUBSCRIPTION, ALTER SUBSCRIPTION ALTER SYSTEM, ALTER SYSTEM ALTER TABLE, ALTER TABLE ALTER TABLESPACE, ALTER TABLESPACE ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION, ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY, ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER, ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE, ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE ALTER TRIGGER, ALTER TRIGGER ALTER TYPE, ALTER TYPE ALTER USER, ALTER USER ALTER USER MAPPING, ALTER USER MAPPING ALTER VIEW, ALTER VIEW ALTER_REPLICATION_SLOT, Streaming Replication Protocol amcheck, amcheck — tools to verify table and index consistency ANALYZE, Updating Planner Statistics, ANALYZE AND (operator), Logical Operators anonymous code blocks, DO any, Pseudo-Types ANY, Aggregate Functions, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons anyarray, Pseudo-Types anycompatible, Pseudo-Types anycompatiblearray, Pseudo-Types anycompatiblemultirange, Pseudo-Types anycompatiblenonarray, Pseudo-Types anycompatiblerange, Pseudo-Types anyelement, Pseudo-Types anyenum, Pseudo-Types anymultirange, Pseudo-Types anynonarray, Pseudo-Types anyrange, Pseudo-Types any_value, Aggregate Functions applicable role, applicable_roles application_name configuration parameter, What to Log arbitrary precision numbers, Arbitrary Precision Numbers Archive Modules, Archive Modules archive_cleanup_command configuration parameter, Archive Recovery archive_command configuration parameter, Archiving archive_library configuration parameter, Archiving archive_mode configuration parameter, Archiving archive_timeout configuration parameter, Archiving area, Geometric Functions and Operators armor, armor(), dearmor() array, Arrays accessing, Accessing Arrays constant, Array Value Input constructor, Array Constructors declaration, Declaration of Array Types I/O, Array Input and Output Syntax modifying, Modifying Arrays of user-defined type, User-Defined Types searching, Searching in Arrays ARRAY, Array Constructors, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs array_agg, Aggregate Functions, Functions array_append, Array Functions and Operators array_cat, Array Functions and Operators array_dims, Array Functions and Operators array_fill, Array Functions and Operators array_length, Array Functions and Operators array_lower, Array Functions and Operators array_ndims, Array Functions and Operators array_nulls configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions array_position, Array Functions and Operators array_positions, Array Functions and Operators array_prepend, Array Functions and Operators array_remove, Array Functions and Operators array_replace, Array Functions and Operators array_reverse, Array Functions and Operators array_sample, Array Functions and Operators array_shuffle, Array Functions and Operators array_sort, Array Functions and Operators array_to_json, Processing and Creating JSON Data array_to_string, Array Functions and Operators array_to_tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators array_upper, Array Functions and Operators ascii, String Functions and Operators asin, Mathematical Functions and Operators asind, Mathematical Functions and Operators asinh, Mathematical Functions and Operators ASSERT in PL/pgSQL, Checking Assertions assertions in PL/pgSQL, Checking Assertions asynchronous commit, Asynchronous Commit Asynchronous I/O, Glossary AT LOCAL, AT TIME ZONE and AT LOCAL AT TIME ZONE, AT TIME ZONE and AT LOCAL atan, Mathematical Functions and Operators atan2, Mathematical Functions and Operators atan2d, Mathematical Functions and Operators atand, Mathematical Functions and Operators atanh, Mathematical Functions and Operators authentication_timeout configuration parameter, Authentication auth_delay, auth_delay — pause on authentication failure auth_delay.milliseconds configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto-increment (see serial) autocommit bulk-loading data, Disable Autocommit psql, Variables autosummarize storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters autovacuum general information, The Autovacuum Daemon autovacuum configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_analyze_threshold configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_enabled storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_freeze_max_age configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_freeze_min_age storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_freeze_table_age storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_max_workers configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_naptime configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_vacuum_max_threshold configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_vacuum_threshold configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming storage parameter, Storage Parameters autovacuum_worker_slots configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming autovacuum_work_mem configuration parameter, Memory auto_explain, auto_explain — log execution plans of slow queries auto_explain.log_analyze configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto_explain.log_buffers configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto_explain.log_format configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto_explain.log_level configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto_explain.log_min_duration configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto_explain.log_nested_statements configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto_explain.log_parameter_max_length configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto_explain.log_settings configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto_explain.log_timing configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto_explain.log_triggers configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto_explain.log_verbose configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto_explain.log_wal configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters auto_explain.sample_rate configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters avals, hstore Operators and Functions average, Aggregate Functions avg, Aggregate Functions B B-Tree (see index) backend_flush_after configuration parameter, I/O Background workers, Background Worker Processes backslash escapes, String Constants with C-Style Escapes backslash_quote configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions backtrace_functions configuration parameter, Developer Options backup, Backup Control Functions, Backup and Restore Backup Manifest, Backup Manifest Format base type, The PostgreSQL Type System base64 format, Binary String Functions and Operators basebackup_to_shell, basebackup_to_shell — example "shell" pg_basebackup module basebackup_to_shell.command configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters basebackup_to_shell.required_role configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters BASE_BACKUP, Streaming Replication Protocol basic_archive, basic_archive — an example WAL archive module basic_archive.archive_directory configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters batch mode, Pipeline Mode in libpq, Pipeline Mode BEGIN, BEGIN BETWEEN, Comparison Functions and Operators BETWEEN SYMMETRIC, Comparison Functions and Operators BGWORKER_BACKEND_​DATABASE_CONNECTION, Background Worker Processes BGWORKER_SHMEM_ACCESS, Background Worker Processes bgwriter_delay configuration parameter, Background Writer bgwriter_flush_after configuration parameter, Background Writer bgwriter_lru_maxpages configuration parameter, Background Writer bgwriter_lru_multiplier configuration parameter, Background Writer bigint, Numeric Constants, Integer Types bigserial, Serial Types binary data, Binary Data Types, Binary String Functions and Operators functions, Binary String Functions and Operators binary string concatenation, Binary String Functions and Operators converting to character string, Binary String Functions and Operators length, Binary String Functions and Operators bison, Requirements bit string, Bit-String Constants, Bit String Types constant, Bit-String Constants data type, Bit String Types length, Bit String Functions and Operators bit strings, Bit String Functions and Operators functions, Bit String Functions and Operators bitmap scan, Combining Multiple Indexes, Planner Method Configuration bit_and, Aggregate Functions bit_count, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators bit_length, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators bit_or, Aggregate Functions bit_xor, Aggregate Functions BLOB (see large object) block_size configuration parameter, Preset Options bloom, bloom — bloom filter index access method bonjour configuration parameter, Connection Settings bonjour_name configuration parameter, Connection Settings Boolean, Boolean Type data type, Boolean Type operators (see operators, logical) bool_and, Aggregate Functions bool_or, Aggregate Functions booting starting the server during, Starting the Database Server bound_box, Geometric Functions and Operators box, Geometric Functions and Operators box (data type), Boxes bpchar, Character Types BRIN (see index) brin_desummarize_range, Index Maintenance Functions brin_metapage_info, BRIN Functions brin_page_items, BRIN Functions brin_page_type, BRIN Functions brin_revmap_data, BRIN Functions brin_summarize_new_values, Index Maintenance Functions brin_summarize_range, Index Maintenance Functions broadcast, Network Address Functions and Operators BSD Authentication, BSD Authentication btree_gin, btree_gin — GIN operator classes with B-tree behavior btree_gist, btree_gist — GiST operator classes with B-tree behavior btrim, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators bt_index_check, Functions bt_index_parent_check, Functions bt_metap, B-Tree Functions bt_multi_page_stats, B-Tree Functions bt_page_items, B-Tree Functions bt_page_stats, B-Tree Functions buffering storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters bytea, Binary Data Types bytea_output configuration parameter, Statement Behavior C C, libpq — C Library, ECPG — Embedded SQL in C C++, Using C++ for Extensibility CALL, CALL canceling SQL queries, Canceling Queries in Progress cardinality, Array Functions and Operators CASCADE, Dependency Tracking with DROP, Dependency Tracking foreign key action, Foreign Keys Cascading Replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication CASE, Conditional Expressions, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs case sensitivity of SQL commands, Identifiers and Key Words casefold, String Functions and Operators cast, CREATE CAST I/O conversion, CREATE CAST cbrt, Mathematical Functions and Operators ceil, Mathematical Functions and Operators ceiling, Mathematical Functions and Operators center, Geometric Functions and Operators Certificate, Certificate Authentication chained transactions, Transaction Management, Parameters, Parameters in PL/pgSQL, Transaction Management char, Character Types character, Character Types character set, Locale and Formatting, Preset Options, Character Set Support character string, String Constants, Character Types concatenation, String Functions and Operators constant, String Constants converting to binary string, Binary String Functions and Operators data types, Character Types length, String Functions and Operators prefix test, String Functions and Operators character varying, Character Types character_length, String Functions and Operators char_length, String Functions and Operators check constraint, Check Constraints CHECK OPTION, CREATE VIEW checkpoint, WAL Configuration CHECKPOINT, CHECKPOINT checkpoint_completion_target configuration parameter, Checkpoints checkpoint_flush_after configuration parameter, Checkpoints checkpoint_timeout configuration parameter, Checkpoints checkpoint_warning configuration parameter, Checkpoints checksums, Data Checksums check_function_bodies configuration parameter, Statement Behavior chr, String Functions and Operators cid, Object Identifier Types cidr, cidr circle, Circles, Geometric Functions and Operators citext, citext — a case-insensitive character string type client authentication, Client Authentication timeout during, Authentication client_connection_check_interval configuration parameter, TCP Settings client_encoding configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting client_min_messages configuration parameter, Statement Behavior clock_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators CLOSE, CLOSE cluster of databases (see database cluster) CLUSTER, CLUSTER clusterdb, clusterdb clustering, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication cluster_name configuration parameter, Process Title cmax, System Columns cmin, System Columns COALESCE, COALESCE COLLATE, Collation Expressions collation, Collation Support in PL/pgSQL, Collation of PL/pgSQL Variables in SQL functions, SQL Functions with Collations COLLATION FOR, System Catalog Information Functions color, Color Support column, Concepts, Table Basics adding, Adding a Column removing, Removing a Column renaming, Renaming a Column system column, System Columns column data type changing, Changing a Column's Data Type column reference, Column References col_description, Comment Information Functions comment, Comments about database objects, Comment Information Functions in SQL, Comments COMMENT, COMMENT COMMIT, COMMIT COMMIT PREPARED, COMMIT PREPARED commit_delay configuration parameter, Settings commit_siblings configuration parameter, Settings commit_timestamp_buffers configuration parameter, Memory common table expression (see WITH) comparison, Comparison Functions and Operators, Subquery Expressions composite type, Row and Array Comparisons operators, Comparison Functions and Operators row constructor, Row and Array Comparisons subquery result row, Subquery Expressions compiling, Building libpq Programs libpq applications, Building libpq Programs composite type, Composite Types, The PostgreSQL Type System comparison, Row and Array Comparisons constant, Constructing Composite Values constructor, Row Constructors computed field, Using Composite Types in Queries compute_query_id configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring concat, String Functions and Operators concat_ws, String Functions and Operators concurrency, Concurrency Control conditional expression, Conditional Expressions configuration of recovery general settings, Recovery of a standby server, Archive Recovery of the server, Server Configuration of the server functions, Configuration Settings Functions configure, Installation Procedure configure environment variables, configure Environment Variables configure options, configure Options config_file configuration parameter, File Locations conjunction, Logical Operators connectby, Functions Provided, connectby connection service file, The Connection Service File conninfo, Connection Strings constant, Constants constraint, Constraints adding, Adding a Constraint check, Check Constraints exclusion, Exclusion Constraints foreign key, Foreign Keys name, Check Constraints NOT NULL, Not-Null Constraints primary key, Primary Keys removing, Removing a Constraint unique, Unique Constraints constraint exclusion, Partitioning and Constraint Exclusion, Other Planner Options constraint_exclusion configuration parameter, Other Planner Options container type, The PostgreSQL Type System CONTINUE in PL/pgSQL, CONTINUE continuous archiving, Backup and Restore in standby, Continuous Archiving in Standby control file, Extension Files convert, Binary String Functions and Operators convert_from, Binary String Functions and Operators convert_to, Binary String Functions and Operators COPY, Populating a Table With Rows, Functions Associated with the COPY Command, COPY with libpq, Functions Associated with the COPY Command corr, Aggregate Functions correlation, Aggregate Functions in the query planner, Extended Statistics cos, Mathematical Functions and Operators cosd, Mathematical Functions and Operators cosh, Mathematical Functions and Operators cot, Mathematical Functions and Operators cotd, Mathematical Functions and Operators count, Aggregate Functions covariance population, Aggregate Functions sample, Aggregate Functions covar_pop, Aggregate Functions covar_samp, Aggregate Functions covering index, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes cpu_index_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants cpu_operator_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants cpu_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants crc32, Binary String Functions and Operators crc32c, Binary String Functions and Operators CREATE ACCESS METHOD, CREATE ACCESS METHOD CREATE AGGREGATE, CREATE AGGREGATE CREATE CAST, CREATE CAST CREATE COLLATION, CREATE COLLATION CREATE CONVERSION, CREATE CONVERSION CREATE DATABASE, Creating a Database, CREATE DATABASE CREATE DOMAIN, CREATE DOMAIN CREATE EVENT TRIGGER, CREATE EVENT TRIGGER CREATE EXTENSION, CREATE EXTENSION CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER, CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER CREATE FOREIGN TABLE, CREATE FOREIGN TABLE CREATE FUNCTION, CREATE FUNCTION CREATE GROUP, CREATE GROUP CREATE INDEX, CREATE INDEX CREATE LANGUAGE, CREATE LANGUAGE CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW, CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW CREATE OPERATOR, CREATE OPERATOR CREATE OPERATOR CLASS, CREATE OPERATOR CLASS CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY, CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY CREATE POLICY, CREATE POLICY CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE PROCEDURE CREATE PUBLICATION, CREATE PUBLICATION CREATE ROLE, Database Roles, CREATE ROLE CREATE RULE, CREATE RULE CREATE SCHEMA, CREATE SCHEMA CREATE SEQUENCE, CREATE SEQUENCE CREATE SERVER, CREATE SERVER CREATE STATISTICS, CREATE STATISTICS CREATE SUBSCRIPTION, CREATE SUBSCRIPTION CREATE TABLE, Creating a New Table, CREATE TABLE CREATE TABLE AS, CREATE TABLE AS CREATE TABLESPACE, Tablespaces, CREATE TABLESPACE CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION, CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY, CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER, CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE, CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE CREATE TRANSFORM, CREATE TRANSFORM CREATE TRIGGER, CREATE TRIGGER CREATE TYPE, CREATE TYPE CREATE USER, CREATE USER CREATE USER MAPPING, CREATE USER MAPPING CREATE VIEW, CREATE VIEW createdb, Creating a Database, Creating a Database, createdb createrole_self_grant configuration parameter, Statement Behavior createrole_self_grant configuration parameter use in securing functions, Writing SECURITY DEFINER Functions Safely createuser, Database Roles, createuser CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT, Streaming Replication Protocol cross compilation, Build Process Details, Build Process Details cross join, Joined Tables crosstab, crosstab(text), crosstabN(text), crosstab(text, text) crypt, crypt() cstring, Pseudo-Types CSV (Comma-Separated Values) format in psql, Meta-Commands ctid, System Columns CTID, View Rules in Non-SELECT Statements CUBE, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP cube (extension), cube — a multi-dimensional cube data type cume_dist, Window Functions hypothetical, Aggregate Functions current_catalog, Session Information Functions current_database, Session Information Functions current_date, Date/Time Functions and Operators current_logfiles and the log_destination configuration parameter, Where to Log and the pg_current_logfile function, Session Information Functions current_query, Session Information Functions current_role, Session Information Functions current_schema, Session Information Functions current_schemas, Session Information Functions current_setting, Configuration Settings Functions current_time, Date/Time Functions and Operators current_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators current_user, Session Information Functions currval, Sequence Manipulation Functions cursor, Cursors, CLOSE, DECLARE, EXPLAIN, FETCH, MOVE CLOSE, CLOSE DECLARE, DECLARE FETCH, FETCH in PL/pgSQL, Cursors MOVE, MOVE showing the query plan, EXPLAIN cursor_tuple_fraction configuration parameter, Other Planner Options custom scan provider, Writing a Custom Scan Provider handler for, Writing a Custom Scan Provider Cygwin, Cygwin installation on, Cygwin D daitch_mokotoff, Daitch-Mokotoff Soundex data area (see database cluster) data partitioning, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication data type, Data Types, Numeric Types, Enumerated Types, Domain Types, Type Conversion, The PostgreSQL Type System, The PostgreSQL Type System, The PostgreSQL Type System, Polymorphic Types, Base Types in C-Language Functions, User-Defined Types base, The PostgreSQL Type System category, Overview composite, The PostgreSQL Type System constant, Constants of Other Types container, The PostgreSQL Type System conversion, Type Conversion domain, Domain Types enumerated (enum), Enumerated Types internal organization, Base Types in C-Language Functions numeric, Numeric Types polymorphic, Polymorphic Types type cast, Type Casts user-defined, User-Defined Types database, Creating a Database, Managing Databases creating, Creating a Database privilege to create, Role Attributes database activity, Monitoring Database Activity monitoring, Monitoring Database Activity database cluster, Concepts, Creating a Database Cluster data_checksums configuration parameter, Preset Options data_directory configuration parameter, File Locations data_directory_mode configuration parameter, Preset Options data_sync_retry configuration parameter, Error Handling date, Date/Time Types, Dates constants, Special Values current, Current Date/Time output format, Date/Time Output (see also formatting) DateStyle configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting date_add, Date/Time Functions and Operators date_bin, date_bin date_part, Date/Time Functions and Operators, EXTRACT, date_part date_subtract, Date/Time Functions and Operators date_trunc, Date/Time Functions and Operators, date_trunc dblink, dblink — connect to other PostgreSQL databases, dblink dblink_build_sql_delete, dblink_build_sql_delete dblink_build_sql_insert, dblink_build_sql_insert dblink_build_sql_update, dblink_build_sql_update dblink_cancel_query, dblink_cancel_query dblink_close, dblink_close dblink_connect, dblink_connect dblink_connect_u, dblink_connect_u dblink_disconnect, dblink_disconnect dblink_error_message, dblink_error_message dblink_exec, dblink_exec dblink_fetch, dblink_fetch dblink_get_connections, dblink_get_connections dblink_get_notify, dblink_get_notify dblink_get_pkey, dblink_get_pkey dblink_get_result, dblink_get_result dblink_is_busy, dblink_is_busy dblink_open, dblink_open dblink_send_query, dblink_send_query deadlock, Deadlocks timeout during, Lock Management deadlock_timeout configuration parameter, Lock Management DEALLOCATE, DEALLOCATE dearmor, armor(), dearmor() debug_assertions configuration parameter, Preset Options debug_copy_parse_plan_trees configuration parameter, Developer Options debug_deadlocks configuration parameter, Developer Options debug_discard_caches configuration parameter, Developer Options debug_io_direct configuration parameter, Developer Options debug_logical_replication_streaming configuration parameter, Developer Options debug_parallel_query configuration parameter, Developer Options debug_pretty_print configuration parameter, What to Log debug_print_parse configuration parameter, What to Log debug_print_plan configuration parameter, What to Log debug_print_rewritten configuration parameter, What to Log debug_raw_expression_coverage_test configuration parameter, Developer Options debug_write_read_parse_plan_trees configuration parameter, Developer Options decimal (see numeric) DECLARE, DECLARE decode, Binary String Functions and Operators decode_bytea in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl decrypt, Raw Encryption Functions decrypt_iv, Raw Encryption Functions deduplicate_items storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters default value, Default Values changing, Changing a Column's Default Value default-roles, Default Roles Renamed to Predefined Roles default_statistics_target configuration parameter, Other Planner Options default_tablespace configuration parameter, Statement Behavior default_table_access_method configuration parameter, Statement Behavior default_text_search_config configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting default_toast_compression configuration parameter, Statement Behavior default_transaction_deferrable configuration parameter, Statement Behavior default_transaction_isolation configuration parameter, Statement Behavior default_transaction_read_only configuration parameter, Statement Behavior deferrable transaction, Statement Behavior setting, SET TRANSACTION setting default, Statement Behavior defined, hstore Operators and Functions degrees, Mathematical Functions and Operators delay, Delaying Execution DELETE, Deletions, Deleting Data, Returning Data from Modified Rows, DELETE RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows delete, hstore Operators and Functions deleting, Deleting Data dense_rank, Window Functions hypothetical, Aggregate Functions diagonal, Geometric Functions and Operators diameter, Geometric Functions and Operators dict_int, dict_int — example full-text search dictionary for integers dict_xsyn, dict_xsyn — example synonym full-text search dictionary difference, Soundex digest, digest() dirty read, Transaction Isolation DISCARD, DISCARD disjunction, Logical Operators disk drive, WAL Internals disk space, Recovering Disk Space disk usage, Determining Disk Usage DISTINCT, Querying a Table, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP, DISTINCT GROUP BY DISTINCT, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP SELECT DISTINCT, DISTINCT div, Mathematical Functions and Operators dmetaphone, Double Metaphone dmetaphone_alt, Double Metaphone DO, DO document, What Is a Document? text search, What Is a Document? dollar quoting, Dollar-Quoted String Constants domain, Domain Types double precision, Floating-Point Types DROP ACCESS METHOD, DROP ACCESS METHOD DROP AGGREGATE, DROP AGGREGATE DROP CAST, DROP CAST DROP COLLATION, DROP COLLATION DROP CONVERSION, DROP CONVERSION DROP DATABASE, Destroying a Database, DROP DATABASE DROP DOMAIN, DROP DOMAIN DROP EVENT TRIGGER, DROP EVENT TRIGGER DROP EXTENSION, DROP EXTENSION DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER, DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER DROP FOREIGN TABLE, DROP FOREIGN TABLE DROP FUNCTION, DROP FUNCTION DROP GROUP, DROP GROUP DROP INDEX, DROP INDEX DROP LANGUAGE, DROP LANGUAGE DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW, DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW DROP OPERATOR, DROP OPERATOR DROP OPERATOR CLASS, DROP OPERATOR CLASS DROP OPERATOR FAMILY, DROP OPERATOR FAMILY DROP OWNED, DROP OWNED DROP POLICY, DROP POLICY DROP PROCEDURE, DROP PROCEDURE DROP PUBLICATION, DROP PUBLICATION DROP ROLE, Database Roles, DROP ROLE DROP ROUTINE, DROP ROUTINE DROP RULE, DROP RULE DROP SCHEMA, DROP SCHEMA DROP SEQUENCE, DROP SEQUENCE DROP SERVER, DROP SERVER DROP STATISTICS, DROP STATISTICS DROP SUBSCRIPTION, DROP SUBSCRIPTION DROP TABLE, Creating a New Table, DROP TABLE DROP TABLESPACE, DROP TABLESPACE DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION, DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY, DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER, DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE, DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE DROP TRANSFORM, DROP TRANSFORM DROP TRIGGER, DROP TRIGGER DROP TYPE, DROP TYPE DROP USER, DROP USER DROP USER MAPPING, DROP USER MAPPING DROP VIEW, DROP VIEW dropdb, Destroying a Database, dropdb dropuser, Database Roles, dropuser DROP_REPLICATION_SLOT, Streaming Replication Protocol DTD, Creating XML Values DTrace, Developer Options, Developer Options, Dynamic Tracing duplicate, Querying a Table duplicates, DISTINCT dynamic loading, Other Defaults, Dynamic Loading dynamic_library_path, Dynamic Loading dynamic_library_path configuration parameter, Other Defaults dynamic_shared_memory_type configuration parameter, Memory E each, hstore Operators and Functions earth, Cube-Based Earth Distances earthdistance, earthdistance — calculate great-circle distances earth_box, Cube-Based Earth Distances earth_distance, Cube-Based Earth Distances ECPG, ECPG — Embedded SQL in C ecpg, ecpg effective_cache_size configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants effective_io_concurrency configuration parameter, I/O elog, Reporting Errors Within the Server in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl in PL/Python, Utility Functions in PL/Tcl, Database Access from PL/Tcl embedded SQL, ECPG — Embedded SQL in C in C, ECPG — Embedded SQL in C enabled role, enabled_roles enable_async_append configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_bitmapscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_distinct_reordering configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_gathermerge configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_group_by_reordering configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_hashagg configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_hashjoin configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_incremental_sort configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_indexonlyscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_indexscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_material configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_memoize configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_mergejoin configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_nestloop configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_parallel_append configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_parallel_hash configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_partitionwise_aggregate configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_partitionwise_join configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_partition_pruning configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_presorted_aggregate configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_self_join_elimination configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_seqscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_sort configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration enable_tidscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration encode, Binary String Functions and Operators encode_array_constructor in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl encode_array_literal in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl encode_bytea in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl encode_typed_literal in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl encrypt, Raw Encryption Functions encryption, Encryption Options, pgcrypto — cryptographic functions for specific columns, pgcrypto — cryptographic functions encrypt_iv, Raw Encryption Functions END, END enumerated types, Enumerated Types enum_first, Enum Support Functions enum_last, Enum Support Functions enum_range, Enum Support Functions environment variable, Environment Variables ephemeral named relation registering with SPI, SPI_register_relation, SPI_register_trigger_data unregistering from SPI, SPI_unregister_relation ereport, Reporting Errors Within the Server erf, Mathematical Functions and Operators erfc, Mathematical Functions and Operators error codes, PostgreSQL Error Codes libpq, Main Functions list of, PostgreSQL Error Codes error message in PGcancelConn, Functions for Sending Cancel Requests in PGconn, Connection Status Functions escape format, Binary String Functions and Operators escape string syntax, String Constants with C-Style Escapes escape_string_warning configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions escaping strings, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands in libpq, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands event log, Registering Event Log on Windows event log, Registering Event Log on Windows event trigger, Event Triggers, Writing Event Trigger Functions in C in C, Writing Event Trigger Functions in C in PL/Tcl, Event Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl event_source configuration parameter, Where to Log event_trigger, Pseudo-Types event_triggers configuration parameter, Statement Behavior every, Aggregate Functions EXCEPT, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT) exceptions in PL/pgSQL, Trapping Errors in PL/Tcl, Error Handling in PL/Tcl exclusion constraint, Exclusion Constraints EXECUTE, EXECUTE exist, hstore Operators and Functions EXISTS, Subquery Expressions EXIT in PL/pgSQL, EXIT exit_on_error configuration parameter, Error Handling exp, Mathematical Functions and Operators EXPLAIN, Using EXPLAIN, EXPLAIN expression, Value Expressions order of evaluation, Expression Evaluation Rules syntax, Value Expressions extending SQL, Extending SQL extension, Packaging Related Objects into an Extension externally maintained, Extensions extension_control_path configuration parameter, Other Defaults external_pid_file configuration parameter, File Locations extract, Date/Time Functions and Operators, EXTRACT, date_part extra_float_digits configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting F factorial, Mathematical Functions and Operators failover, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication false, Boolean Type family, Network Address Functions and Operators fast path, The Fast-Path Interface fastupdate storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters fdw_handler, Pseudo-Types FETCH, FETCH field computed, Using Composite Types in Queries field selection, Field Selection file system mount points, Use of Secondary File Systems file_copy_method configuration parameter, Disk file_fdw, file_fdw — access data files in the server's file system fillfactor storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters, Storage Parameters FILTER, Aggregate Expressions fips_mode, OpenSSL Support Functions first_value, Window Functions flex, Requirements float4 (see real) float8 (see double precision) floating point, Floating-Point Types floating-point display, Locale and Formatting floor, Mathematical Functions and Operators foreign data, Foreign Data foreign data wrapper, Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper handler for, Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper foreign key, Foreign Keys, Foreign Keys self-referential, Foreign Keys foreign table, Foreign Data format, String Functions and Operators, format use in PL/pgSQL, Executing Dynamic Commands formatting, Data Type Formatting Functions format_type, System Catalog Information Functions Free Space Map, Free Space Map FreeBSD IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions start script, Starting the Database Server from_collapse_limit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options FSM (see Free Space Map) fsm_page_contents, General Functions fsync configuration parameter, Settings full text search, Text Search Types, Text Search Types, Full Text Search data types, Text Search Types functions and operators, Text Search Types full_page_writes configuration parameter, Settings function, Table Functions, Functions and Operators, Statistics Information Functions, Functions, Polymorphic Types, User-Defined Functions, Query Language (SQL) Functions, Internal Functions, C-Language Functions default values for arguments, SQL Functions with Default Values for Arguments in the FROM clause, Table Functions internal, Internal Functions invocation, Function Calls mixed notation, Using Mixed Notation named argument, Arguments for SQL Functions named notation, Using Named Notation output parameter, SQL Functions with Output Parameters polymorphic, Polymorphic Types positional notation, Using Positional Notation RETURNS TABLE, SQL Functions Returning TABLE statistics, Statistics Information Functions type resolution in an invocation, Functions user-defined, User-Defined Functions, Query Language (SQL) Functions, C-Language Functions in C, C-Language Functions in SQL, Query Language (SQL) Functions variadic, SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments with SETOF, SQL Functions Returning Sets functional dependency, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses fuzzystrmatch, fuzzystrmatch — determine string similarities and distance G gamma, Mathematical Functions and Operators gcd, Mathematical Functions and Operators gc_to_sec, Cube-Based Earth Distances generated column, Generated Columns, Parameters, Parameters in triggers, Overview of Trigger Behavior generate_series, Set Returning Functions generate_subscripts, Set Returning Functions genetic query optimization, Genetic Query Optimizer gen_random_bytes, Random-Data Functions gen_random_uuid, UUID Functions, Random-Data Functions gen_salt, gen_salt() GEQO (see genetic query optimization) geqo configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer geqo_effort configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer geqo_generations configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer geqo_pool_size configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer geqo_seed configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer geqo_selection_bias configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer geqo_threshold configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer get_bit, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators get_byte, Binary String Functions and Operators get_current_ts_config, Text Search Functions and Operators get_raw_page, General Functions GIN (see index) gin_clean_pending_list, Index Maintenance Functions gin_fuzzy_search_limit configuration parameter, Other Defaults gin_index_check, Functions gin_leafpage_items, GIN Functions gin_metapage_info, GIN Functions gin_page_opaque_info, GIN Functions gin_pending_list_limit configuration parameter, Statement Behavior storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters GiST (see index) gist_page_items, GiST Functions gist_page_items_bytea, GiST Functions gist_page_opaque_info, GiST Functions global data, Global Data in PL/Tcl in PL/Python, Sharing Data in PL/Tcl, Global Data in PL/Tcl GRANT, Privileges, GRANT GREATEST, GREATEST and LEAST, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs Gregorian calendar, History of Units GROUP BY, Aggregate Functions, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses grouping, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses GROUPING, Aggregate Functions GROUPING SETS, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP gssapi, Secure TCP/IP Connections with GSSAPI Encryption GSSAPI, GSSAPI Authentication with libpq, Parameter Key Words gss_accept_delegation configuration parameter, Authentication GUID, UUID Type H hash (see index) hash_bitmap_info, Hash Functions hash_mem_multiplier configuration parameter, Memory hash_metapage_info, Hash Functions hash_page_items, Hash Functions hash_page_stats, Hash Functions hash_page_type, Hash Functions has_any_column_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_column_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_database_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_foreign_data_wrapper_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_function_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_language_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_largeobject_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_parameter_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_schema_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_sequence_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_server_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_tablespace_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_table_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions has_type_privilege, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions HAVING, Aggregate Functions, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses hba_file configuration parameter, File Locations heap_page_items, Heap Functions heap_page_item_attrs, Heap Functions heap_tuple_infomask_flags, Heap Functions height, Geometric Functions and Operators hex format, Binary String Functions and Operators hierarchical database, Concepts high availability, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication history, A Brief History of PostgreSQL of PostgreSQL, A Brief History of PostgreSQL hmac, hmac() host, Network Address Functions and Operators host name, Parameter Key Words hostmask, Network Address Functions and Operators hot standby, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication hot_standby configuration parameter, Standby Servers hot_standby_feedback configuration parameter, Standby Servers hstore, hstore — hstore key/value datatype, hstore Operators and Functions hstore_to_array, hstore Operators and Functions hstore_to_json, hstore Operators and Functions hstore_to_jsonb, hstore Operators and Functions hstore_to_jsonb_loose, hstore Operators and Functions hstore_to_json_loose, hstore Operators and Functions hstore_to_matrix, hstore Operators and Functions huge_pages configuration parameter, Memory huge_pages_status configuration parameter, Preset Options huge_page_size configuration parameter, Memory hypothetical-set aggregate built-in, Aggregate Functions I icount, intarray Functions and Operators ICU, Anti-Features, PostgreSQL Features, Locale Providers, Managing Collations, Parameters, Parameters icu_unicode_version, Version Information Functions icu_validation_level configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting ident, Ident Authentication identifier, Identifiers and Key Words length, Identifiers and Key Words syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words IDENTIFY_SYSTEM, Streaming Replication Protocol identity column, Identity Columns ident_file configuration parameter, File Locations idle_in_transaction_session_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior idle_replication_slot_timeout configuration parameter, Sending Servers idle_session_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior idx, intarray Functions and Operators IFNULL, COALESCE ignore_checksum_failure configuration parameter, Developer Options ignore_invalid_pages configuration parameter, Developer Options ignore_system_indexes configuration parameter, Developer Options IMMUTABLE, Function Volatility Categories IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA, IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA IN, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons INCLUDE in index definitions, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes include in configuration file, Managing Configuration File Contents include_dir in configuration file, Managing Configuration File Contents include_if_exists in configuration file, Managing Configuration File Contents index, Indexes, Multicolumn Indexes, Indexes and ORDER BY, Combining Multiple Indexes, Unique Indexes, Indexes on Expressions, Partial Indexes, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes, Examining Index Usage, Preferred Index Types for Text Search, Preferred Index Types for Text Search, Locking and Indexes, Interfacing Extensions to Indexes, Building Indexes Concurrently, Rebuilding Indexes Concurrently, Operators and Functions and ORDER BY, Indexes and ORDER BY B-Tree, B-Tree, B-Tree Indexes BRIN, BRIN, BRIN Indexes building concurrently, Building Indexes Concurrently combining multiple indexes, Combining Multiple Indexes covering, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes examining usage, Examining Index Usage on expressions, Indexes on Expressions for user-defined data type, Interfacing Extensions to Indexes GIN, GIN, Preferred Index Types for Text Search, GIN Indexes text search, Preferred Index Types for Text Search GiST, GiST, Preferred Index Types for Text Search, GiST Indexes text search, Preferred Index Types for Text Search hash, Hash Hash, Hash Indexes index-only scans, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes locks, Locking and Indexes multicolumn, Multicolumn Indexes partial, Partial Indexes rebuilding concurrently, Rebuilding Indexes Concurrently SP-GiST, SP-GiST, SP-GiST Indexes unique, Unique Indexes Index Access Method, Index Access Method Interface Definition index scan, Planner Method Configuration index-only scan, Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes indexam Index Access Method, Index Access Method Interface Definition index_am_handler, Pseudo-Types inet (data type), inet inet_client_addr, Session Information Functions inet_client_port, Session Information Functions inet_merge, Network Address Functions and Operators inet_same_family, Network Address Functions and Operators inet_server_addr, Session Information Functions inet_server_port, Session Information Functions infinity floating point, Floating-Point Types numeric (data type), Arbitrary Precision Numbers information schema, The Information Schema inheritance, Inheritance, Inheritance initcap, String Functions and Operators initdb, Creating a Database Cluster, initdb Initialization Fork, The Initialization Fork initplan, EXPLAIN Basics input function, User-Defined Types INSERT, Populating a Table With Rows, Inserting Data, Returning Data from Modified Rows, INSERT RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows inserting, Inserting Data installation, Installation from Source Code binaries, Installation from Binaries instr function, Appendix int2 (see smallint) int4 (see integer) int8 (see bigint) intagg, intagg — integer aggregator and enumerator intarray, intarray — manipulate arrays of integers integer, Numeric Constants, Integer Types integer_datetimes configuration parameter, Preset Options interfaces externally maintained, Client Interfaces internal, Pseudo-Types INTERSECT, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT) interval, Date/Time Types, Interval Input output format, Interval Output (see also formatting) IntervalStyle configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting intset, intarray Functions and Operators int_array_aggregate, Functions int_array_enum, Functions inverse distribution, Aggregate Functions in_hot_standby configuration parameter, Preset Options in_range support functions, B-Tree Support Functions io_combine_limit configuration parameter, I/O io_max_combine_limit configuration parameter, I/O io_max_concurrency configuration parameter, I/O io_method configuration parameter, I/O io_workers configuration parameter, I/O IS DISTINCT FROM, Comparison Functions and Operators, Row and Array Comparisons IS DOCUMENT, IS DOCUMENT IS FALSE, Comparison Functions and Operators IS JSON, Processing and Creating JSON Data IS NOT DISTINCT FROM, Comparison Functions and Operators, Row and Array Comparisons IS NOT DOCUMENT, IS NOT DOCUMENT IS NOT FALSE, Comparison Functions and Operators IS NOT NULL, Comparison Functions and Operators IS NOT TRUE, Comparison Functions and Operators IS NOT UNKNOWN, Comparison Functions and Operators IS NULL, Comparison Functions and Operators, Platform and Client Compatibility IS TRUE, Comparison Functions and Operators IS UNKNOWN, Comparison Functions and Operators isclosed, Geometric Functions and Operators isempty, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators isfinite, Date/Time Functions and Operators isn, isn — data types for international standard numbers (ISBN, EAN, UPC, etc.) isn.weak configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters ISNULL, Comparison Functions and Operators isn_weak, Functions and Operators isopen, Geometric Functions and Operators is_array_ref in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl is_valid, Functions and Operators J JIT, Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT) jit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options jit_above_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants jit_debugging_support configuration parameter, Developer Options jit_dump_bitcode configuration parameter, Developer Options jit_expressions configuration parameter, Developer Options jit_inline_above_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants jit_optimize_above_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants jit_profiling_support configuration parameter, Developer Options jit_provider configuration parameter, Shared Library Preloading jit_tuple_deforming configuration parameter, Developer Options join, Joins Between Tables, Joined Tables, Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses controlling the order, Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses cross, Joined Tables left, Joined Tables natural, Joined Tables outer, Joins Between Tables, Joined Tables right, Joined Tables self, Joins Between Tables join_collapse_limit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options JSON, JSON Types, JSON Functions and Operators functions and operators, JSON Functions and Operators json constructor, Processing and Creating JSON Data JSONB, JSON Types jsonb containment, jsonb Containment and Existence existence, jsonb Containment and Existence indexes on, jsonb Indexing jsonb_agg, Aggregate Functions jsonb_agg_strict, Aggregate Functions jsonb_array_elements, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_array_elements_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_array_length, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_build_array, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_build_object, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_each, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_each_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_extract_path, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_extract_path_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_insert, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_object, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_object_agg, Aggregate Functions jsonb_object_agg_strict, Aggregate Functions jsonb_object_agg_unique, Aggregate Functions jsonb_object_agg_unique_strict, Aggregate Functions jsonb_object_keys, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_path_exists, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_path_exists_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_path_match, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_path_match_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_path_query, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_path_query_array, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_path_query_array_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_path_query_first, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_path_query_first_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_path_query_tz, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_populate_record, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_populate_recordset, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_populate_record_valid, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_pretty, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_set, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_set_lax, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_strip_nulls, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_to_record, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_to_recordset, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonb_to_tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators jsonb_typeof, Processing and Creating JSON Data jsonpath, jsonpath Type json_agg, Aggregate Functions json_agg_strict, Aggregate Functions json_array, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_arrayagg, Aggregate Functions json_array_elements, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_array_elements_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_array_length, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_build_array, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_build_object, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_each, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_each_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_exists, SQL/JSON Query Functions json_extract_path, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_extract_path_text, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_object, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_objectagg, Aggregate Functions json_object_agg, Aggregate Functions json_object_agg_strict, Aggregate Functions json_object_agg_unique, Aggregate Functions json_object_agg_unique_strict, Aggregate Functions json_object_keys, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_populate_record, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_populate_recordset, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_query, SQL/JSON Query Functions json_scalar, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_strip_nulls, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_table, JSON_TABLE json_to_record, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_to_recordset, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_to_tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators json_typeof, Processing and Creating JSON Data json_value, SQL/JSON Query Functions Julian date, Julian Dates Just-In-Time compilation (see JIT) justify_days, Date/Time Functions and Operators justify_hours, Date/Time Functions and Operators justify_interval, Date/Time Functions and Operators K key word, Identifiers and Key Words, SQL Key Words list of, SQL Key Words syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words krb_caseins_users configuration parameter, Authentication krb_server_keyfile configuration parameter, Authentication L label (see alias) lag, Window Functions language_handler, Pseudo-Types large object, Large Objects lastval, Sequence Manipulation Functions last_value, Window Functions LATERAL, LATERAL Subqueries in the FROM clause, LATERAL Subqueries latitude, Cube-Based Earth Distances lca, Operators and Functions lcm, Mathematical Functions and Operators lc_messages configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting lc_monetary configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting lc_numeric configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting lc_time configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting LDAP, PostgreSQL Features, PostgreSQL Features, LDAP Authentication LDAP connection parameter lookup, LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters ldconfig, Shared Libraries lead, Window Functions LEAST, GREATEST and LEAST, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs left, String Functions and Operators left join, Joined Tables length, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators, Geometric Functions and Operators, Text Search Functions and Operators of a binary string (see binary strings, length) of a character string (see character string, length) length(tsvector), Manipulating Documents levenshtein, Levenshtein levenshtein_less_equal, Levenshtein lex, Requirements lgamma, Mathematical Functions and Operators libedit, Requirements in psql, Command-Line Editing libperl, Requirements libpq, libpq — C Library, Pipeline Mode, Retrieving Query Results in Chunks, Retrieving Query Results in Chunks chunked mode, Retrieving Query Results in Chunks pipeline mode, Pipeline Mode single-row mode, Retrieving Query Results in Chunks libpq-fe.h, libpq — C Library, Connection Status Functions libpq-int.h, Connection Status Functions libpython, Requirements library initialization function, Dynamic Loading LIKE, LIKE and locales, Behavior LIKE_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery, SQL/JSON Regular Expressions in SQL/JSON, SQL/JSON Regular Expressions LIMIT, LIMIT and OFFSET line, Lines, Geometric Functions and Operators line segment, Line Segments linear regression, Aggregate Functions Linux IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions start script, Starting the Database Server LISTEN, LISTEN listen_addresses configuration parameter, Connection Settings llvm-config, PostgreSQL Features, PostgreSQL Features ll_to_earth, Cube-Based Earth Distances ln, Mathematical Functions and Operators lo, lo — manage large objects LOAD, LOAD load balancing, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication locale, Creating a Database Cluster, Locale Support localtime, Date/Time Functions and Operators localtimestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators local_preload_libraries configuration parameter, Shared Library Preloading lock, Explicit Locking, Advisory Locks, Viewing Locks advisory, Advisory Locks monitoring, Viewing Locks LOCK, Table-Level Locks, LOCK lock_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior log, Mathematical Functions and Operators log shipping, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication log10, Mathematical Functions and Operators Logging current_logfiles file and the pg_current_logfile function, Session Information Functions pg_current_logfile function, Session Information Functions logging_collector configuration parameter, Where to Log Logical Decoding, Logical Decoding, Logical Decoding logical_decoding_work_mem configuration parameter, Memory login privilege, Role Attributes log_autovacuum_min_duration configuration parameter, What to Log storage parameter, Storage Parameters log_btree_build_stats configuration parameter, Developer Options log_checkpoints configuration parameter, What to Log log_connections configuration parameter, What to Log log_destination configuration parameter, Where to Log log_directory configuration parameter, Where to Log log_disconnections configuration parameter, What to Log log_duration configuration parameter, What to Log log_error_verbosity configuration parameter, What to Log log_executor_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring log_filename configuration parameter, Where to Log log_file_mode configuration parameter, Where to Log log_hostname configuration parameter, What to Log log_line_prefix configuration parameter, What to Log log_lock_failures configuration parameter, What to Log log_lock_waits configuration parameter, What to Log log_min_duration_sample configuration parameter, When to Log log_min_duration_statement configuration parameter, When to Log log_min_error_statement configuration parameter, When to Log log_min_messages configuration parameter, When to Log log_parameter_max_length configuration parameter, What to Log log_parameter_max_length_on_error configuration parameter, What to Log log_parser_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring log_planner_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring log_recovery_conflict_waits configuration parameter, What to Log log_replication_commands configuration parameter, What to Log log_rotation_age configuration parameter, Where to Log log_rotation_size configuration parameter, Where to Log log_startup_progress_interval configuration parameter, When to Log log_statement configuration parameter, What to Log log_statement_sample_rate configuration parameter, When to Log log_statement_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring log_temp_files configuration parameter, What to Log log_timezone configuration parameter, What to Log log_transaction_sample_rate configuration parameter, When to Log log_truncate_on_rotation configuration parameter, Where to Log longitude, Cube-Based Earth Distances looks_like_number in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl loop, Simple Loops in PL/pgSQL, Simple Loops lower, String Functions and Operators, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators and locales, Behavior lower_inc, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators lower_inf, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators lo_close, Closing a Large Object Descriptor lo_compat_privileges configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions lo_creat, Creating a Large Object, Server-Side Functions lo_create, Creating a Large Object lo_export, Exporting a Large Object, Server-Side Functions lo_from_bytea, Server-Side Functions lo_get, Server-Side Functions lo_import, Importing a Large Object, Server-Side Functions lo_import_with_oid, Importing a Large Object lo_lseek, Seeking in a Large Object lo_lseek64, Seeking in a Large Object lo_open, Opening an Existing Large Object lo_put, Server-Side Functions lo_read, Reading Data from a Large Object lo_tell, Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object lo_tell64, Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object lo_truncate, Truncating a Large Object lo_truncate64, Truncating a Large Object lo_unlink, Removing a Large Object, Server-Side Functions lo_write, Writing Data to a Large Object lpad, String Functions and Operators lseg, Line Segments, Geometric Functions and Operators LSN, WAL Internals ltree, ltree — hierarchical tree-like data type ltree2text, Operators and Functions ltrim, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators M MAC address (see macaddr) MAC address (EUI-64 format) (see macaddr) macaddr (data type), macaddr macaddr8 (data type), macaddr8 macaddr8_set7bit, Network Address Functions and Operators macOS, macOS installation on, macOS IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions magic block, Dynamic Loading maintenance, Routine Database Maintenance Tasks maintenance_io_concurrency configuration parameter, I/O maintenance_work_mem configuration parameter, Memory make, Requirements makeaclitem, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions make_date, Date/Time Functions and Operators make_interval, Date/Time Functions and Operators make_time, Date/Time Functions and Operators make_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators make_timestamptz, Date/Time Functions and Operators make_valid, Functions and Operators MANPATH, Environment Variables masklen, Network Address Functions and Operators materialized view, Materialized Views implementation through rules, Materialized Views materialized views, pg_matviews max, Aggregate Functions max_active_replication_origins configuration parameter, Subscribers max_connections configuration parameter, Connection Settings max_files_per_process configuration parameter, Kernel Resource Usage max_function_args configuration parameter, Preset Options max_identifier_length configuration parameter, Preset Options max_index_keys configuration parameter, Preset Options max_locks_per_transaction configuration parameter, Lock Management max_logical_replication_workers configuration parameter, Subscribers max_notify_queue_pages configuration parameter, Disk max_parallel_apply_workers_per_subscription configuration parameter, Subscribers max_parallel_maintenance_workers configuration parameter, Worker Processes max_parallel_workers configuration parameter, Worker Processes max_parallel_workers_per_gather configuration parameter, Worker Processes max_pred_locks_per_page configuration parameter, Lock Management max_pred_locks_per_relation configuration parameter, Lock Management max_pred_locks_per_transaction configuration parameter, Lock Management max_prepared_transactions configuration parameter, Memory max_replication_slots configuration parameter, Sending Servers max_slot_wal_keep_size configuration parameter, Sending Servers max_stack_depth configuration parameter, Memory max_standby_archive_delay configuration parameter, Standby Servers max_standby_streaming_delay configuration parameter, Standby Servers max_sync_workers_per_subscription configuration parameter, Subscribers max_wal_senders configuration parameter, Sending Servers max_wal_size configuration parameter, Checkpoints max_worker_processes configuration parameter, Worker Processes md5, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators MD5, Password Authentication md5_password_warnings configuration parameter, Authentication median, Aggregate Expressions (see also percentile) memory context in SPI, Memory Management memory overcommit, Linux Memory Overcommit MERGE, Returning Data from Modified Rows, MERGE RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows, Merge Support Functions merge_action, Merge Support Functions Meson, Requirements metaphone, Metaphone min, Aggregate Functions MinGW, MinGW installation on, MinGW min_dynamic_shared_memory configuration parameter, Memory min_parallel_index_scan_size configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants min_parallel_table_scan_size configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants min_scale, Mathematical Functions and Operators min_wal_size configuration parameter, Checkpoints mod, Mathematical Functions and Operators mode statistical, Aggregate Functions monitoring, Monitoring Database Activity database activity, Monitoring Database Activity MOVE, MOVE moving-aggregate mode, Moving-Aggregate Mode multirange (function), Range/Multirange Functions and Operators multirange type, Range Types Multiversion Concurrency Control, Introduction MultiXactId, Multixacts and Wraparound multixact_member_buffers configuration parameter, Memory multixact_offset_buffers configuration parameter, Memory MVCC, Introduction mxid_age, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions N name, Identifiers and Key Words qualified, Creating a Schema syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words unqualified, The Schema Search Path NaN (see not a number) natural join, Joined Tables negation, Logical Operators NetBSD IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions start script, Starting the Database Server netmask, Network Address Functions and Operators network, Network Address Types, Network Address Functions and Operators data types, Network Address Types nextval, Sequence Manipulation Functions NFS, NFS nlevel, Operators and Functions non-durable, Non-Durable Settings nonblocking connection, Database Connection Control Functions, Asynchronous Command Processing nonrepeatable read, Transaction Isolation normalize, String Functions and Operators normalized, String Functions and Operators normal_rand, normal_rand NOT (operator), Logical Operators not a number floating point, Floating-Point Types numeric (data type), Arbitrary Precision Numbers NOT IN, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons not-null constraint, Not-Null Constraints notation, Calling Functions functions, Calling Functions notice processing, Notice Processing in libpq, Notice Processing notice processor, Notice Processing notice receiver, Notice Processing NOTIFY, Asynchronous Notification, NOTIFY in libpq, Asynchronous Notification notify_buffers configuration parameter, Memory NOTNULL, Comparison Functions and Operators now, Date/Time Functions and Operators npoints, Geometric Functions and Operators nth_value, Window Functions ntile, Window Functions null value with check constraints, Check Constraints comparing, Comparison Functions and Operators default value, Default Values in DISTINCT, DISTINCT in libpq, Retrieving Query Result Information in PL/Perl, PL/Perl Functions and Arguments in PL/Python, Null, None with unique constraints, Unique Constraints NULLIF, NULLIF number constant, Numeric Constants numeric, Numeric Constants numeric (data type), Arbitrary Precision Numbers numnode, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Queries num_nonnulls, Comparison Functions and Operators num_nulls, Comparison Functions and Operators num_os_semaphores configuration parameter, Preset Options NVL, COALESCE O OAuth Authorization/Authentication, OAuth Authorization/Authentication OAuth Validators, OAuth Validator Modules oauth_validator_libraries configuration parameter, Authentication object identifier, Object Identifier Types data type, Object Identifier Types object-oriented database, Concepts obj_description, Comment Information Functions OCCURRENCES_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery octet_length, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators OFFSET, LIMIT and OFFSET oid, Object Identifier Types OID in libpq, Retrieving Other Result Information oid2name, oid2name ON CONFLICT, INSERT ONLY, The FROM Clause OOM, Linux Memory Overcommit OpenBSD IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions start script, Starting the Database Server OpenSSL, PostgreSQL Features, PostgreSQL Features (see also SSL) operator, Operators, Operator Precedence, Functions and Operators, Logical Operators, Operators, User-Defined Operators invocation, Operator Invocations logical, Logical Operators precedence, Operator Precedence syntax, Operators type resolution in an invocation, Operators user-defined, User-Defined Operators operator class, Operator Classes and Operator Families, Index Methods and Operator Classes operator family, Operator Classes and Operator Families, Operator Classes and Operator Families optimization information, Function Optimization Information, Operator Optimization Information for functions, Function Optimization Information for operators, Operator Optimization Information OR (operator), Logical Operators Oracle, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL porting from PL/SQL to PL/pgSQL, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL ORDER BY, Querying a Table, Sorting Rows (ORDER BY) and locales, Behavior ordered-set aggregate, Aggregate Expressions built-in, Aggregate Functions ordering operator, System Dependencies on Operator Classes ordinality, Set Returning Functions outer join, Joined Tables output function, User-Defined Types OVER clause, Window Function Calls overcommit, Linux Memory Overcommit OVERLAPS, Date/Time Functions and Operators overlay, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators overloading, Function Overloading functions, Function Overloading operators, User-Defined Operators owner, Privileges P pageinspect, pageinspect — low-level inspection of database pages pages_per_range storage parameter, Index Storage Parameters page_checksum, General Functions page_header, General Functions palloc, Writing Code PAM, PostgreSQL Features, PostgreSQL Features, PAM Authentication parallel query, Parallel Query parallel_leader_participation configuration parameter, Worker Processes parallel_setup_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants parallel_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants parallel_workers storage parameter, Storage Parameters parameter syntax, Positional Parameters parenthesis, Value Expressions parse_ident, String Functions and Operators partition pruning, Partition Pruning partitioned table, Table Partitioning partitioning, Table Partitioning password, Role Attributes authentication, Password Authentication of the superuser, Creating a Database Cluster password file, The Password File passwordcheck, passwordcheck — verify password strength passwordcheck.min_password_length configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters password_encryption configuration parameter, Authentication path, Geometric Functions and Operators for schemas, Statement Behavior PATH, Environment Variables path (data type), Paths pattern matching, Pattern Matching patterns in psql and pg_dump, Patterns pclose, Geometric Functions and Operators peer, Peer Authentication percentile continuous, Aggregate Functions discrete, Aggregate Functions percent_rank, Window Functions hypothetical, Aggregate Functions performance, Performance Tips perl, Requirements Perl, PL/Perl — Perl Procedural Language permission (see privilege) pfree, Writing Code PGAPPNAME, Environment Variables pgbench, pgbench PGcancel, Obsolete Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PGcancelConn, Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PGCHANNELBINDING, Environment Variables PGCLIENTENCODING, Environment Variables PGconn, Database Connection Control Functions PGCONNECT_TIMEOUT, Environment Variables pgcrypto, pgcrypto — cryptographic functions pgcrypto.builtin_crypto_enabled configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters PGDATA, Creating a Database Cluster PGDATABASE, Environment Variables PGDATESTYLE, Environment Variables PGEventProc, Event Callback Procedure PGGEQO, Environment Variables PGGSSDELEGATION, Environment Variables PGGSSENCMODE, Environment Variables PGGSSLIB, Environment Variables PGHOST, Environment Variables PGHOSTADDR, Environment Variables PGKRBSRVNAME, Environment Variables PGLOADBALANCEHOSTS, Environment Variables PGLOCALEDIR, Environment Variables PGMAXPROTOCOLVERSION, Environment Variables PGMINPROTOCOLVERSION, Environment Variables PGOPTIONS, Environment Variables PGPASSFILE, Environment Variables PGPASSWORD, Environment Variables PGPORT, Environment Variables pgp_armor_headers, pgp_armor_headers pgp_key_id, pgp_key_id() pgp_pub_decrypt, pgp_pub_decrypt() pgp_pub_decrypt_bytea, pgp_pub_decrypt() pgp_pub_encrypt, pgp_pub_encrypt() pgp_pub_encrypt_bytea, pgp_pub_encrypt() pgp_sym_decrypt, pgp_sym_decrypt() pgp_sym_decrypt_bytea, pgp_sym_decrypt() pgp_sym_encrypt, pgp_sym_encrypt() pgp_sym_encrypt_bytea, pgp_sym_encrypt() PGREQUIREAUTH, Environment Variables PGREQUIREPEER, Environment Variables PGREQUIRESSL, Environment Variables PGresult, Main Functions pgrowlocks, pgrowlocks — show a table's row locking information, Overview PGSERVICE, Environment Variables PGSERVICEFILE, Environment Variables PGSSLCERT, Environment Variables PGSSLCERTMODE, Environment Variables PGSSLCOMPRESSION, Environment Variables PGSSLCRL, Environment Variables PGSSLCRLDIR, Environment Variables PGSSLKEY, Environment Variables PGSSLMAXPROTOCOLVERSION, Environment Variables PGSSLMINPROTOCOLVERSION, Environment Variables PGSSLMODE, Environment Variables PGSSLNEGOTIATION, Environment Variables PGSSLROOTCERT, Environment Variables PGSSLSNI, Environment Variables pgstatginindex, Functions pgstathashindex, Functions pgstatindex, Functions pgstattuple, pgstattuple — obtain tuple-level statistics, Functions pgstattuple_approx, Functions PGSYSCONFDIR, Environment Variables PGTARGETSESSIONATTRS, Environment Variables PGTZ, Environment Variables PGUSER, Environment Variables pgxs, Extension Building Infrastructure pg_advisory_lock, Advisory Lock Functions pg_advisory_lock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions pg_advisory_unlock, Advisory Lock Functions pg_advisory_unlock_all, Advisory Lock Functions pg_advisory_unlock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions pg_advisory_xact_lock, Advisory Lock Functions pg_advisory_xact_lock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions pg_aggregate, pg_aggregate pg_aios, pg_aios pg_am, pg_am pg_amcheck, pg_amcheck pg_amop, pg_amop pg_amproc, pg_amproc pg_archivecleanup, pg_archivecleanup pg_attrdef, pg_attrdef pg_attribute, pg_attribute pg_authid, pg_authid pg_auth_members, pg_auth_members pg_available_extensions, pg_available_extensions pg_available_extension_versions, pg_available_extension_versions pg_available_wal_summaries, WAL Summarization Information Functions pg_backend_memory_contexts, pg_backend_memory_contexts pg_backend_pid, Session Information Functions pg_backup_start, Backup Control Functions pg_backup_stop, Backup Control Functions pg_basebackup, pg_basebackup pg_basetype, System Catalog Information Functions pg_blocking_pids, Session Information Functions pg_buffercache, pg_buffercache — inspect PostgreSQL buffer cache state pg_buffercache_evict, pg_buffercache — inspect PostgreSQL buffer cache state pg_buffercache_evict_all, pg_buffercache — inspect PostgreSQL buffer cache state pg_buffercache_evict_relation, pg_buffercache — inspect PostgreSQL buffer cache state pg_buffercache_numa, pg_buffercache — inspect PostgreSQL buffer cache state pg_buffercache_pages, pg_buffercache — inspect PostgreSQL buffer cache state pg_buffercache_summary, pg_buffercache — inspect PostgreSQL buffer cache state pg_buffercache_usage_counts, pg_buffercache — inspect PostgreSQL buffer cache state pg_cancel_backend, Server Signaling Functions pg_cast, pg_cast pg_char_to_encoding, System Catalog Information Functions pg_checksums, pg_checksums pg_class, pg_class pg_clear_attribute_stats, Database Object Management Functions pg_clear_relation_stats, Database Object Management Functions pg_client_encoding, String Functions and Operators pg_collation, pg_collation pg_collation_actual_version, Database Object Management Functions pg_collation_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions PG_COLOR, When Color is Used PG_COLORS, Configuring the Colors pg_column_compression, Database Object Management Functions pg_column_size, Database Object Management Functions pg_column_toast_chunk_id, Database Object Management Functions pg_combinebackup, pg_combinebackup pg_config, pg_config, pg_config with ecpg, Processing Embedded SQL Programs with libpq, Building libpq Programs with user-defined C functions, Writing Code pg_conf_load_time, Session Information Functions pg_constraint, pg_constraint pg_controldata, pg_controldata pg_control_checkpoint, Control Data Functions pg_control_init, Control Data Functions pg_control_recovery, Control Data Functions pg_control_system, Control Data Functions pg_conversion, pg_conversion pg_conversion_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions pg_copy_logical_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions pg_copy_physical_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions pg_createsubscriber, pg_createsubscriber pg_create_logical_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions pg_create_physical_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions pg_create_restore_point, Backup Control Functions pg_ctl, Creating a Database Cluster, Starting the Database Server, pg_ctl pg_current_logfile, Session Information Functions pg_current_snapshot, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions pg_current_wal_flush_lsn, Backup Control Functions pg_current_wal_insert_lsn, Backup Control Functions pg_current_wal_lsn, Backup Control Functions pg_current_xact_id, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions pg_current_xact_id_if_assigned, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions pg_cursors, pg_cursors pg_database, Template Databases, pg_database pg_database_collation_actual_version, Database Object Management Functions pg_database_size, Database Object Management Functions pg_db_role_setting, pg_db_role_setting pg_ddl_command, Pseudo-Types pg_default_acl, pg_default_acl pg_depend, pg_depend pg_describe_object, Object Information and Addressing Functions pg_description, pg_description pg_drop_replication_slot, Replication Management Functions pg_dump, pg_dump pg_dumpall, pg_dumpall use during upgrade, Upgrading Data via pg_dumpall pg_encoding_to_char, System Catalog Information Functions pg_enum, pg_enum pg_event_trigger, pg_event_trigger pg_event_trigger_ddl_commands, Capturing Changes at Command End pg_event_trigger_dropped_objects, Processing Objects Dropped by a DDL Command pg_event_trigger_table_rewrite_oid, Handling a Table Rewrite Event pg_event_trigger_table_rewrite_reason, Handling a Table Rewrite Event pg_export_snapshot, Snapshot Synchronization Functions pg_extension, pg_extension pg_extension_config_dump, Extension Configuration Tables pg_filenode_relation, Database Object Management Functions pg_file_settings, pg_file_settings pg_foreign_data_wrapper, pg_foreign_data_wrapper pg_foreign_server, pg_foreign_server pg_foreign_table, pg_foreign_table pg_freespace, Functions pg_freespacemap, pg_freespacemap — examine the free space map pg_function_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions pg_get_acl, Object Information and Addressing Functions pg_get_catalog_foreign_keys, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_constraintdef, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_expr, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_functiondef, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_function_arguments, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_function_identity_arguments, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_function_result, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_indexdef, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_keywords, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_loaded_modules, Session Information Functions pg_get_multixact_members, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions pg_get_object_address, Object Information and Addressing Functions pg_get_partkeydef, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_ruledef, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_serial_sequence, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_statisticsobjdef, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_triggerdef, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_userbyid, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_viewdef, System Catalog Information Functions pg_get_wal_replay_pause_state, Recovery Control Functions pg_get_wal_resource_managers, Recovery Control Functions pg_get_wal_summarizer_state, WAL Summarization Information Functions pg_group, pg_group pg_has_role, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions pg_hba.conf, The pg_hba.conf File pg_hba_file_rules, pg_hba_file_rules pg_ident.conf, User Name Maps pg_identify_object, Object Information and Addressing Functions pg_identify_object_as_address, Object Information and Addressing Functions pg_ident_file_mappings, pg_ident_file_mappings pg_import_system_collations, Database Object Management Functions pg_index, pg_index pg_indexam_has_property, System Catalog Information Functions pg_indexes, pg_indexes pg_indexes_size, Database Object Management Functions pg_index_column_has_property, System Catalog Information Functions pg_index_has_property, System Catalog Information Functions pg_inherits, pg_inherits pg_init_privs, pg_init_privs pg_input_error_info, Data Validity Checking Functions pg_input_is_valid, Data Validity Checking Functions pg_isready, pg_isready pg_is_in_recovery, Recovery Control Functions pg_is_other_temp_schema, Session Information Functions pg_is_wal_replay_paused, Recovery Control Functions pg_jit_available, Session Information Functions pg_language, pg_language pg_largeobject, pg_largeobject pg_largeobject_metadata, pg_largeobject_metadata pg_last_committed_xact, Committed Transaction Information Functions pg_last_wal_receive_lsn, Recovery Control Functions pg_last_wal_replay_lsn, Recovery Control Functions pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp, Recovery Control Functions pg_listening_channels, Session Information Functions pg_locks, pg_locks pg_logicalinspect, pg_logicalinspect — logical decoding components inspection pg_logical_emit_message, Replication Management Functions pg_logical_slot_get_binary_changes, Replication Management Functions pg_logical_slot_get_changes, Replication Management Functions pg_logical_slot_peek_binary_changes, Replication Management Functions pg_logical_slot_peek_changes, Replication Management Functions pg_log_backend_memory_contexts, Server Signaling Functions pg_log_standby_snapshot, Snapshot Synchronization Functions pg_lsn, pg_lsn Type pg_ls_archive_statusdir, Generic File Access Functions pg_ls_dir, Generic File Access Functions pg_ls_logdir, Generic File Access Functions pg_ls_logicalmapdir, Generic File Access Functions pg_ls_logicalsnapdir, Generic File Access Functions pg_ls_replslotdir, Generic File Access Functions pg_ls_summariesdir, Generic File Access Functions pg_ls_tmpdir, Generic File Access Functions pg_ls_waldir, Generic File Access Functions pg_matviews, pg_matviews pg_mcv_list_items, Inspecting MCV Lists PG_MODULE_MAGIC, Dynamic Loading pg_my_temp_schema, Session Information Functions pg_namespace, pg_namespace pg_notification_queue_usage, Session Information Functions pg_notify, pg_notify pg_numa_available, Session Information Functions pg_opclass, pg_opclass pg_opclass_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions pg_operator, pg_operator pg_operator_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions pg_opfamily, pg_opfamily pg_opfamily_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions pg_options_to_table, System Catalog Information Functions pg_overexplain, pg_overexplain — allow EXPLAIN to dump even more details pg_parameter_acl, pg_parameter_acl pg_partitioned_table, pg_partitioned_table pg_partition_ancestors, Database Object Management Functions pg_partition_root, Database Object Management Functions pg_partition_tree, Database Object Management Functions pg_policies, pg_policies pg_policy, pg_policy pg_postmaster_start_time, Session Information Functions pg_prepared_statements, pg_prepared_statements pg_prepared_xacts, pg_prepared_xacts pg_prewarm, pg_prewarm — preload relation data into buffer caches pg_prewarm.autoprewarm configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters pg_prewarm.autoprewarm_interval configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters pg_proc, pg_proc pg_promote, Recovery Control Functions pg_publication, pg_publication pg_publication_namespace, pg_publication_namespace pg_publication_rel, pg_publication_rel pg_publication_tables, pg_publication_tables pg_range, pg_range pg_read_binary_file, Generic File Access Functions pg_read_file, Generic File Access Functions pg_receivewal, pg_receivewal pg_receivexlog, pg_receivexlog renamed to pg_receivewal (see pg_receivewal) pg_recvlogical, pg_recvlogical pg_relation_filenode, Database Object Management Functions pg_relation_filepath, Database Object Management Functions pg_relation_size, Database Object Management Functions pg_reload_conf, Server Signaling Functions pg_relpages, Functions pg_replication_origin, pg_replication_origin pg_replication_origin_advance, Replication Management Functions pg_replication_origin_create, Replication Management Functions pg_replication_origin_drop, Replication Management Functions pg_replication_origin_oid, Replication Management Functions pg_replication_origin_progress, Replication Management Functions pg_replication_origin_session_is_setup, Replication Management Functions pg_replication_origin_session_progress, Replication Management Functions pg_replication_origin_session_reset, Replication Management Functions pg_replication_origin_session_setup, Replication Management Functions pg_replication_origin_status, pg_replication_origin_status pg_replication_origin_xact_reset, Replication Management Functions pg_replication_origin_xact_setup, Replication Management Functions pg_replication_slots, pg_replication_slots pg_replication_slot_advance, Replication Management Functions pg_resetwal, pg_resetwal pg_resetxlog, pg_resetxlog renamed to pg_resetwal (see pg_resetwal) pg_restore, pg_restore pg_restore_attribute_stats, Database Object Management Functions pg_restore_relation_stats, Database Object Management Functions pg_rewind, pg_rewind pg_rewrite, pg_rewrite pg_roles, pg_roles pg_rotate_logfile, Server Signaling Functions pg_rules, pg_rules pg_safe_snapshot_blocking_pids, Session Information Functions pg_seclabel, pg_seclabel pg_seclabels, pg_seclabels pg_sequence, pg_sequence pg_sequences, pg_sequences pg_service.conf, The Connection Service File pg_settings, pg_settings pg_settings_get_flags, System Catalog Information Functions pg_shadow, pg_shadow pg_shdepend, pg_shdepend pg_shdescription, pg_shdescription pg_shmem_allocations, pg_shmem_allocations pg_shmem_allocations_numa, pg_shmem_allocations_numa pg_shseclabel, pg_shseclabel pg_size_bytes, Database Object Management Functions pg_size_pretty, Database Object Management Functions pg_sleep, Delaying Execution pg_sleep_for, Delaying Execution pg_sleep_until, Delaying Execution pg_snapshot_xip, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions pg_snapshot_xmax, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions pg_snapshot_xmin, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions pg_split_walfile_name, Backup Control Functions pg_statio_all_indexes, Viewing Statistics, pg_statio_all_indexes pg_statio_all_sequences, Viewing Statistics, pg_statio_all_sequences pg_statio_all_tables, Viewing Statistics, pg_statio_all_tables pg_statio_sys_indexes, Viewing Statistics pg_statio_sys_sequences, Viewing Statistics pg_statio_sys_tables, Viewing Statistics pg_statio_user_indexes, Viewing Statistics pg_statio_user_sequences, Viewing Statistics pg_statio_user_tables, Viewing Statistics pg_statistic, Single-Column Statistics, pg_statistic pg_statistics_obj_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions pg_statistic_ext, Extended Statistics, pg_statistic_ext pg_statistic_ext_data, Extended Statistics, pg_statistic_ext pg_stats, Single-Column Statistics, pg_stats pg_stats_ext, pg_stats_ext pg_stats_ext_exprs, pg_stats_ext_exprs pg_stat_activity, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_activity pg_stat_all_indexes, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_all_indexes pg_stat_all_tables, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_all_tables pg_stat_archiver, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_archiver pg_stat_bgwriter, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_bgwriter pg_stat_checkpointer, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_checkpointer pg_stat_clear_snapshot, Statistics Functions pg_stat_database, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_database pg_stat_database_conflicts, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_database_conflicts pg_stat_file, Generic File Access Functions pg_stat_get_activity, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_activity, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_activity_start, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_client_addr, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_client_port, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_dbid, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_idset, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_io, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_pid, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_start, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_subxact, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_userid, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_wait_event, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_wait_event_type, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_wal, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_backend_xact_start, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_snapshot_timestamp, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_xact_blocks_fetched, Statistics Functions pg_stat_get_xact_blocks_hit, Statistics Functions pg_stat_gssapi, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_gssapi pg_stat_io, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_io pg_stat_progress_analyze, Viewing Statistics, ANALYZE Progress Reporting pg_stat_progress_basebackup, Viewing Statistics, Base Backup Progress Reporting pg_stat_progress_cluster, Viewing Statistics, CLUSTER Progress Reporting pg_stat_progress_copy, Viewing Statistics, COPY Progress Reporting pg_stat_progress_create_index, Viewing Statistics, CREATE INDEX Progress Reporting pg_stat_progress_vacuum, Viewing Statistics, VACUUM Progress Reporting pg_stat_recovery_prefetch, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_recovery_prefetch pg_stat_replication, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_replication pg_stat_replication_slots, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_replication_slots pg_stat_reset, Statistics Functions pg_stat_reset_backend_stats, Statistics Functions pg_stat_reset_replication_slot, Statistics Functions pg_stat_reset_shared, Statistics Functions pg_stat_reset_single_function_counters, Statistics Functions pg_stat_reset_single_table_counters, Statistics Functions pg_stat_reset_slru, Statistics Functions pg_stat_reset_subscription_stats, Statistics Functions pg_stat_slru, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_slru pg_stat_ssl, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_ssl pg_stat_statements, pg_stat_statements — track statistics of SQL planning and execution function, Functions pg_stat_statements.max configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters pg_stat_statements.save configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters pg_stat_statements.track configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters pg_stat_statements.track_planning configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters pg_stat_statements.track_utility configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters pg_stat_statements_info, The pg_stat_statements_info View pg_stat_statements_reset, Functions pg_stat_subscription, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_subscription pg_stat_subscription_stats, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_subscription_stats pg_stat_sys_indexes, Viewing Statistics pg_stat_sys_tables, Viewing Statistics pg_stat_user_functions, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_user_functions pg_stat_user_indexes, Viewing Statistics pg_stat_user_tables, Viewing Statistics pg_stat_wal, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_wal pg_stat_wal_receiver, Viewing Statistics, pg_stat_wal_receiver pg_stat_xact_all_tables, Viewing Statistics pg_stat_xact_sys_tables, Viewing Statistics pg_stat_xact_user_functions, Viewing Statistics pg_stat_xact_user_tables, Viewing Statistics pg_subscription, pg_subscription pg_subscription_rel, pg_subscription_rel pg_surgery, pg_surgery — perform low-level surgery on relation data pg_switch_wal, Backup Control Functions pg_sync_replication_slots, Replication Management Functions pg_tables, pg_tables pg_tablespace, pg_tablespace pg_tablespace_databases, System Catalog Information Functions pg_tablespace_location, System Catalog Information Functions pg_tablespace_size, Database Object Management Functions pg_table_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions pg_table_size, Database Object Management Functions pg_temp, Statement Behavior securing functions, Writing SECURITY DEFINER Functions Safely pg_terminate_backend, Server Signaling Functions pg_test_fsync, pg_test_fsync pg_test_timing, pg_test_timing pg_timezone_abbrevs, pg_timezone_abbrevs pg_timezone_names, pg_timezone_names pg_total_relation_size, Database Object Management Functions pg_transform, pg_transform pg_trgm, pg_trgm — support for similarity of text using trigram matching pg_trgm.similarity_threshold configuration parameter, GUC Parameters pg_trgm.strict_word_similarity_threshold configuration parameter, GUC Parameters pg_trgm.word_similarity_threshold configuration parameter, GUC Parameters pg_trigger, pg_trigger pg_trigger_depth, Session Information Functions pg_try_advisory_lock, Advisory Lock Functions pg_try_advisory_lock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions pg_try_advisory_xact_lock, Advisory Lock Functions pg_try_advisory_xact_lock_shared, Advisory Lock Functions pg_ts_config, pg_ts_config pg_ts_config_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions pg_ts_config_map, pg_ts_config_map pg_ts_dict, pg_ts_dict pg_ts_dict_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions pg_ts_parser, pg_ts_parser pg_ts_parser_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions pg_ts_template, pg_ts_template pg_ts_template_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions pg_type, pg_type pg_typeof, System Catalog Information Functions pg_type_is_visible, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions pg_upgrade, pg_upgrade pg_user, pg_user pg_user_mapping, pg_user_mapping pg_user_mappings, pg_user_mappings pg_verifybackup, pg_verifybackup pg_views, pg_views pg_visibility, pg_visibility — visibility map information and utilities pg_visible_in_snapshot, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions pg_wait_events, pg_wait_events pg_waldump, pg_waldump pg_walfile_name, Backup Control Functions pg_walfile_name_offset, Backup Control Functions pg_walinspect, pg_walinspect — low-level WAL inspection pg_walsummary, pg_walsummary pg_wal_lsn_diff, Backup Control Functions pg_wal_replay_pause, Recovery Control Functions pg_wal_replay_resume, Recovery Control Functions pg_wal_summary_contents, WAL Summarization Information Functions pg_xact_commit_timestamp, Committed Transaction Information Functions pg_xact_commit_timestamp_origin, Committed Transaction Information Functions pg_xact_status, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions pg_xlogdump, pg_xlogdump renamed to pg_waldump (see pg_waldump) phantom read, Transaction Isolation phraseto_tsquery, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parsing Queries pi, Mathematical Functions and Operators PIC, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions PID determining PID of server process in libpq, Connection Status Functions pipelining, Pipeline Mode, Pipelining in libpq, Pipeline Mode protocol specification, Pipelining PITR, Backup and Restore PITR standby, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication pkg-config, Requirements with ecpg, Processing Embedded SQL Programs with libpq, Building libpq Programs PL/Perl, PL/Perl — Perl Procedural Language PL/PerlU, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl PL/pgSQL, PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language PL/Python, PL/Python — Python Procedural Language PL/SQL (Oracle), Porting from Oracle PL/SQL porting to PL/pgSQL, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL PL/Tcl, PL/Tcl — Tcl Procedural Language plainto_tsquery, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parsing Queries plan_cache_mode configuration parameter, Other Planner Options plperl.on_init configuration parameter, Configuration plperl.on_plperlu_init configuration parameter, Configuration plperl.on_plperl_init configuration parameter, Configuration plperl.use_strict configuration parameter, Configuration plpgsql.check_asserts configuration parameter, Checking Assertions plpgsql.variable_conflict configuration parameter, Variable Substitution pltcl.start_proc configuration parameter, PL/Tcl Configuration pltclu.start_proc configuration parameter, PL/Tcl Configuration point, Points, Geometric Functions and Operators point-in-time recovery, Backup and Restore policy, Row Security Policies polygon, Polygons, Geometric Functions and Operators polymorphic function, Polymorphic Types polymorphic type, Polymorphic Types popcount (see bit_count) popen, Geometric Functions and Operators populate_record, hstore Operators and Functions port, Parameter Key Words port configuration parameter, Connection Settings portal DECLARE, DECLARE in PL/pgSQL, Opening Cursors position, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators POSITION_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery POSTGRES, The Berkeley POSTGRES Project postgres, Architectural Fundamentals, Starting the Database Server, Creating a Database, postgres postgres user, The PostgreSQL User Account Postgres95, Postgres95 postgresql.auto.conf, Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File postgresql.conf, Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File postgres_fdw, postgres_fdw — access data stored in external PostgreSQL servers postgres_fdw.application_name configuration parameter, Configuration Parameters post_auth_delay configuration parameter, Developer Options power, Mathematical Functions and Operators PQAUTHDATA_OAUTH_BEARER_TOKEN, Hook Types PQAUTHDATA_PROMPT_OAUTH_DEVICE, Hook Types PQbackendPID, Connection Status Functions PQbinaryTuples, Retrieving Query Result Information with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command PQcancel, Obsolete Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQcancelBlocking, Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQcancelCreate, Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQcancelErrorMessage, Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQcancelFinish, Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQcancelPoll, Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQcancelReset, Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQcancelSocket, Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQcancelStart, Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQcancelStatus, Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQchangePassword, Miscellaneous Functions PQclear, Main Functions PQclientEncoding, Control Functions PQclosePortal, Main Functions PQclosePrepared, Main Functions PQcmdStatus, Retrieving Other Result Information PQcmdTuples, Retrieving Other Result Information PQconndefaults, Database Connection Control Functions PQconnectdb, Database Connection Control Functions PQconnectdbParams, Database Connection Control Functions PQconnectionNeedsPassword, Connection Status Functions PQconnectionUsedGSSAPI, Connection Status Functions PQconnectionUsedPassword, Connection Status Functions PQconnectPoll, Database Connection Control Functions PQconnectStart, Database Connection Control Functions PQconnectStartParams, Database Connection Control Functions PQconninfo, Database Connection Control Functions PQconninfoFree, Miscellaneous Functions PQconninfoParse, Database Connection Control Functions PQconsumeInput, Asynchronous Command Processing PQcopyResult, Miscellaneous Functions PQdb, Connection Status Functions PQdescribePortal, Main Functions PQdescribePrepared, Main Functions PQencryptPassword, Miscellaneous Functions PQencryptPasswordConn, Miscellaneous Functions PQendcopy, Obsolete Functions for COPY PQenterPipelineMode, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode PQerrorMessage, Connection Status Functions PQescapeBytea, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands PQescapeByteaConn, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands PQescapeIdentifier, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands PQescapeLiteral, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands PQescapeString, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands PQescapeStringConn, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands PQexec, Main Functions PQexecParams, Main Functions PQexecPrepared, Main Functions PQexitPipelineMode, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode PQfformat, Retrieving Query Result Information with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command PQfinish, Database Connection Control Functions PQfireResultCreateEvents, Miscellaneous Functions PQflush, Asynchronous Command Processing PQfmod, Retrieving Query Result Information PQfn, The Fast-Path Interface PQfname, Retrieving Query Result Information PQfnumber, Retrieving Query Result Information PQfreeCancel, Obsolete Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQfreemem, Miscellaneous Functions PQfsize, Retrieving Query Result Information PQftable, Retrieving Query Result Information PQftablecol, Retrieving Query Result Information PQftype, Retrieving Query Result Information PQfullProtocolVersion, Connection Status Functions PQgetAuthDataHook, Authdata Hooks PQgetCancel, Obsolete Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQgetCopyData, Functions for Receiving COPY Data PQgetCurrentTimeUSec, Miscellaneous Functions PQgetisnull, Retrieving Query Result Information PQgetlength, Retrieving Query Result Information PQgetline, Obsolete Functions for COPY PQgetlineAsync, Obsolete Functions for COPY PQgetResult, Asynchronous Command Processing PQgetssl, Connection Status Functions PQgetSSLKeyPassHook_OpenSSL, Database Connection Control Functions PQgetvalue, Retrieving Query Result Information PQhost, Connection Status Functions PQhostaddr, Connection Status Functions PQinitOpenSSL, SSL Library Initialization PQinitSSL, SSL Library Initialization PQinstanceData, Event Support Functions PQisBusy, Asynchronous Command Processing PQisnonblocking, Asynchronous Command Processing PQisthreadsafe, Behavior in Threaded Programs PQlibVersion, Miscellaneous Functions (see also PQserverVersion) PQmakeEmptyPGresult, Miscellaneous Functions PQnfields, Retrieving Query Result Information with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command PQnotifies, Asynchronous Notification PQnparams, Retrieving Query Result Information PQntuples, Retrieving Query Result Information PQoidStatus, Retrieving Other Result Information PQoidValue, Retrieving Other Result Information PQoptions, Connection Status Functions PQparameterStatus, Connection Status Functions PQparamtype, Retrieving Query Result Information PQpass, Connection Status Functions PQping, Database Connection Control Functions PQpingParams, Database Connection Control Functions PQpipelineStatus, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode PQpipelineSync, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode PQport, Connection Status Functions PQprepare, Main Functions PQprint, Retrieving Query Result Information PQprotocolVersion, Connection Status Functions PQputCopyData, Functions for Sending COPY Data PQputCopyEnd, Functions for Sending COPY Data PQputline, Obsolete Functions for COPY PQputnbytes, Obsolete Functions for COPY PQregisterEventProc, Event Support Functions PQrequestCancel, Obsolete Functions for Sending Cancel Requests PQreset, Database Connection Control Functions PQresetPoll, Database Connection Control Functions PQresetStart, Database Connection Control Functions PQresStatus, Main Functions PQresultAlloc, Miscellaneous Functions PQresultErrorField, Main Functions PQresultErrorMessage, Main Functions PQresultInstanceData, Event Support Functions PQresultMemorySize, Miscellaneous Functions PQresultSetInstanceData, Event Support Functions PQresultStatus, Main Functions PQresultVerboseErrorMessage, Main Functions PQsendClosePortal, Asynchronous Command Processing PQsendClosePrepared, Asynchronous Command Processing PQsendDescribePortal, Asynchronous Command Processing PQsendDescribePrepared, Asynchronous Command Processing PQsendFlushRequest, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode PQsendPipelineSync, Functions Associated with Pipeline Mode PQsendPrepare, Asynchronous Command Processing PQsendQuery, Asynchronous Command Processing PQsendQueryParams, Asynchronous Command Processing PQsendQueryPrepared, Asynchronous Command Processing PQserverVersion, Connection Status Functions PQsetAuthDataHook, Authdata Hooks PQsetChunkedRowsMode, Retrieving Query Results in Chunks PQsetClientEncoding, Control Functions PQsetdb, Database Connection Control Functions PQsetdbLogin, Database Connection Control Functions PQsetErrorContextVisibility, Control Functions PQsetErrorVerbosity, Control Functions PQsetInstanceData, Event Support Functions PQsetnonblocking, Asynchronous Command Processing PQsetNoticeProcessor, Notice Processing PQsetNoticeReceiver, Notice Processing PQsetResultAttrs, Miscellaneous Functions PQsetSingleRowMode, Retrieving Query Results in Chunks PQsetSSLKeyPassHook_OpenSSL, Database Connection Control Functions PQsetTraceFlags, Control Functions PQsetvalue, Miscellaneous Functions PQsocket, Connection Status Functions PQsocketPoll, Database Connection Control Functions PQsslAttribute, Connection Status Functions PQsslAttributeNames, Connection Status Functions PQsslInUse, Connection Status Functions PQsslStruct, Connection Status Functions PQstatus, Connection Status Functions PQtrace, Control Functions PQtransactionStatus, Connection Status Functions PQtty, Connection Status Functions PQunescapeBytea, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands PQuntrace, Control Functions PQuser, Connection Status Functions predicate locking, Serializable Isolation Level PREPARE, PREPARE PREPARE TRANSACTION, PREPARE TRANSACTION prepared statements, DEALLOCATE, EXECUTE, EXPLAIN, PREPARE creating, PREPARE executing, EXECUTE removing, DEALLOCATE showing the query plan, EXPLAIN preparing a query in PL/pgSQL, Plan Caching in PL/Python, Database Access Functions in PL/Tcl, Database Access from PL/Tcl pre_auth_delay configuration parameter, Developer Options primary key, Primary Keys primary_conninfo configuration parameter, Standby Servers primary_slot_name configuration parameter, Standby Servers privilege, Privileges, Privileges, Schemas and Privileges, Rules and Privileges, Rules and Privileges default, Privileges querying, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions with rules, Rules and Privileges for schemas, Schemas and Privileges with views, Rules and Privileges procedural language, Procedural Languages, Writing a Procedural Language Handler externally maintained, Procedural Languages handler for, Writing a Procedural Language Handler procedure, User-Defined Procedures user-defined, User-Defined Procedures procedures output parameter, SQL Procedures with Output Parameters protocol, Frontend/Backend Protocol frontend-backend, Frontend/Backend Protocol ps, Standard Unix Tools to monitor activity, Standard Unix Tools psql, Accessing a Database, psql Python, PL/Python — Python Procedural Language Q qualified name, Creating a Schema query, Querying a Table, Queries query cancellation, Canceling Queries in Progress query plan, Using EXPLAIN query tree, The Query Tree querytree, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Queries quotation marks and identifiers, Identifiers and Key Words escaping, String Constants quote_all_identifiers configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions quote_ident, String Functions and Operators in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl use in PL/pgSQL, Executing Dynamic Commands quote_literal, String Functions and Operators in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl use in PL/pgSQL, Executing Dynamic Commands quote_nullable, String Functions and Operators in PL/Perl, Utility Functions in PL/Perl use in PL/pgSQL, Executing Dynamic Commands R radians, Mathematical Functions and Operators radius, Geometric Functions and Operators RADIUS, RADIUS Authentication RAISE in PL/pgSQL, Reporting Errors and Messages random, Mathematical Functions and Operators random_normal, Mathematical Functions and Operators random_page_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants range table, The Query Tree range type, Range Types exclude, Constraints on Ranges indexes on, Indexing range_agg, Aggregate Functions range_intersect_agg, Aggregate Functions range_merge, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators rank, Window Functions hypothetical, Aggregate Functions read committed, Read Committed Isolation Level read-only transaction, Statement Behavior setting, SET TRANSACTION setting default, Statement Behavior readline, Requirements Readline in psql, Command-Line Editing READ_REPLICATION_SLOT, Streaming Replication Protocol real, Floating-Point Types REASSIGN OWNED, REASSIGN OWNED record, Pseudo-Types recovery.conf, recovery.conf file merged into postgresql.conf recovery.signal, Archive Recovery recovery_end_command configuration parameter, Archive Recovery recovery_init_sync_method configuration parameter, Error Handling recovery_min_apply_delay configuration parameter, Standby Servers recovery_prefetch configuration parameter, Recovery recovery_target configuration parameter, Recovery Target recovery_target_action configuration parameter, Recovery Target recovery_target_inclusive configuration parameter, Recovery Target recovery_target_lsn configuration parameter, Recovery Target recovery_target_name configuration parameter, Recovery Target recovery_target_time configuration parameter, Recovery Target recovery_target_timeline configuration parameter, Recovery Target recovery_target_xid configuration parameter, Recovery Target rectangle, Boxes RECURSIVE, CREATE VIEW in common table expressions, Recursive Queries in views, CREATE VIEW recursive_worktable_factor configuration parameter, Other Planner Options referential integrity, Foreign Keys, Foreign Keys REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW, REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW regclass, Object Identifier Types regcollation, Object Identifier Types regconfig, Object Identifier Types regdictionary, Object Identifier Types regexp_count, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions regexp_instr, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions regexp_like, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions regexp_match, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions regexp_matches, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions regexp_replace, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions regexp_split_to_array, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions regexp_split_to_table, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions regexp_substr, String Functions and Operators, POSIX Regular Expressions regnamespace, Object Identifier Types regoper, Object Identifier Types regoperator, Object Identifier Types regproc, Object Identifier Types regprocedure, Object Identifier Types regression intercept, Aggregate Functions regression slope, Aggregate Functions regression test, Installation Procedure, Installation Procedure regression tests, Regression Tests regrole, Object Identifier Types regr_avgx, Aggregate Functions regr_avgy, Aggregate Functions regr_count, Aggregate Functions regr_intercept, Aggregate Functions regr_r2, Aggregate Functions regr_slope, Aggregate Functions regr_sxx, Aggregate Functions regr_sxy, Aggregate Functions regr_syy, Aggregate Functions regtype, Object Identifier Types regular expression, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions, POSIX Regular Expressions (see also pattern matching) regular expressions and locales, Behavior reindex, Routine Reindexing REINDEX, REINDEX reindexdb, reindexdb relation, Concepts relational database, Concepts RELEASE SAVEPOINT, RELEASE SAVEPOINT remove_temp_files_after_crash configuration parameter, Developer Options repeat, String Functions and Operators repeatable read, Repeatable Read Isolation Level replace, String Functions and Operators replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication Replication Origins, Replication Progress Tracking Replication Progress Tracking, Replication Progress Tracking replication slot logical replication, Replication Slots streaming replication, Replication Slots reporting errors in PL/pgSQL, Reporting Errors and Messages reserved_connections configuration parameter, Connection Settings RESET, RESET restartpoint, WAL Configuration restart_after_crash configuration parameter, Error Handling restore_command configuration parameter, Archive Recovery RESTRICT, Dependency Tracking with DROP, Dependency Tracking foreign key action, Foreign Keys restrict_nonsystem_relation_kind configuration parameter, Statement Behavior retryable error, Serialization Failure Handling RETURN NEXT in PL/pgSQL, RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY RETURN QUERY in PL/pgSQL, RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows RETURNING INTO, Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result in PL/pgSQL, Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result reverse, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators REVOKE, Privileges, REVOKE right, String Functions and Operators right join, Joined Tables role, Database Roles, Role Membership, Predefined Roles applicable, applicable_roles enabled, enabled_roles membership in, Role Membership privilege to bypass, Role Attributes privilege to create, Role Attributes privilege to inherit, Role Attributes privilege to initiate replication, Role Attributes privilege to limit connection, Role Attributes ROLLBACK, ROLLBACK rollback psql, Variables ROLLBACK PREPARED, ROLLBACK PREPARED ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT ROLLUP, GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP round, Mathematical Functions and Operators routine, User-Defined Procedures routine maintenance, Routine Database Maintenance Tasks row, Concepts, Table Basics ROW, Row Constructors row estimation, Row Estimation Examples multivariate, Multivariate Statistics Examples planner, Row Estimation Examples row type, Composite Types constructor, Row Constructors row-level security, Row Security Policies row-wise comparison, Row and Array Comparisons row_number, Window Functions row_security configuration parameter, Statement Behavior row_security_active, Access Privilege Inquiry Functions row_to_json, Processing and Creating JSON Data rpad, String Functions and Operators rtrim, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators rule, The Rule System, Views and the Rule System, How SELECT Rules Work, Materialized Views, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, Rules Versus Triggers and materialized views, Materialized Views and views, Views and the Rule System for DELETE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE for INSERT, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE for SELECT, How SELECT Rules Work compared with triggers, Rules Versus Triggers for UPDATE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE S SAVEPOINT, SAVEPOINT savepoints, RELEASE SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, SAVEPOINT defining, SAVEPOINT releasing, RELEASE SAVEPOINT rolling back, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT scalar (see expression) scale, Mathematical Functions and Operators schema, Schemas, Creating a Schema, The Public Schema, Overview creating, Creating a Schema current, The Schema Search Path, Session Information Functions public, The Public Schema removing, Creating a Schema SCRAM, Password Authentication scram_iterations configuration parameter, Authentication search path, The Schema Search Path current, Session Information Functions object visibility, Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions search_path configuration parameter, The Schema Search Path, Statement Behavior use in securing functions, Writing SECURITY DEFINER Functions Safely SECURITY LABEL, SECURITY LABEL sec_to_gc, Cube-Based Earth Distances seg, seg — a datatype for line segments or floating point intervals segment_size configuration parameter, Preset Options SELECT, Querying a Table, Queries, SELECT Output Columns, SELECT determination of result type, SELECT Output Columns select list, Select Lists SELECT INTO, Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result, SELECT INTO in PL/pgSQL, Executing a Command with a Single-Row Result semaphores, Shared Memory and Semaphores send_abort_for_crash configuration parameter, Developer Options send_abort_for_kill configuration parameter, Developer Options sepgsql, sepgsql — SELinux-, label-based mandatory access control (MAC) security module sepgsql.debug_audit configuration parameter, GUC Parameters sepgsql.permissive configuration parameter, GUC Parameters sequence, Sequence Manipulation Functions and serial type, Serial Types sequential scan, Planner Method Configuration seq_page_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants serial, Serial Types serial2, Serial Types serial4, Serial Types serial8, Serial Types serializable, Serializable Isolation Level Serializable Snapshot Isolation, Introduction serializable_buffers configuration parameter, Memory serialization anomaly, Transaction Isolation, Serializable Isolation Level serialization failure, Serialization Failure Handling server log, Error Reporting and Logging, Log File Maintenance log file maintenance, Log File Maintenance Server Name Indication, Parameter Key Words server spoofing, Preventing Server Spoofing server_encoding configuration parameter, Preset Options server_version configuration parameter, Preset Options server_version_num configuration parameter, Preset Options session_preload_libraries configuration parameter, Shared Library Preloading session_replication_role configuration parameter, Statement Behavior session_user, Session Information Functions SET, Configuration Settings Functions, SET SET CONSTRAINTS, SET CONSTRAINTS set difference, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT) set intersection, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT) set operation, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT) set returning functions, Set Returning Functions functions, Set Returning Functions SET ROLE, SET ROLE SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION, SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION SET TRANSACTION, SET TRANSACTION set union, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT) SET XML OPTION, Statement Behavior setseed, Mathematical Functions and Operators setval, Sequence Manipulation Functions setweight, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Documents setweight for specific lexeme(s), Text Search Functions and Operators set_bit, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators set_byte, Binary String Functions and Operators set_config, Configuration Settings Functions set_limit, Functions and Operators set_masklen, Network Address Functions and Operators sha224, Binary String Functions and Operators sha256, Binary String Functions and Operators sha384, Binary String Functions and Operators sha512, Binary String Functions and Operators shared library, Shared Libraries, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions shared memory, Shared Memory and Semaphores shared_buffers configuration parameter, Memory shared_memory_size configuration parameter, Preset Options shared_memory_size_in_huge_pages configuration parameter, Preset Options shared_memory_type configuration parameter, Memory shared_preload_libraries, Requesting Shared Memory at Startup, Requesting LWLocks at Startup shared_preload_libraries configuration parameter, Shared Library Preloading shobj_description, Comment Information Functions SHOW, Configuration Settings Functions, SHOW, Streaming Replication Protocol show_limit, Functions and Operators show_trgm, Functions and Operators shutdown, Shutting Down the Server SIGHUP, Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File, The pg_hba.conf File, User Name Maps SIGINT, Shutting Down the Server sign, Mathematical Functions and Operators signal backend processes, Server Signaling Functions significant digits, Locale and Formatting SIGQUIT, Shutting Down the Server SIGTERM, Shutting Down the Server SIMILAR TO, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions similarity, Functions and Operators sin, Mathematical Functions and Operators sind, Mathematical Functions and Operators single-user mode, Options for Single-User Mode sinh, Mathematical Functions and Operators skeys, hstore Operators and Functions sleep, Delaying Execution slice, hstore Operators and Functions sliced bread (see TOAST) slope, Geometric Functions and Operators SLRU, pg_stat_slru smallint, Integer Types smallserial, Serial Types Solaris, Solaris installation on, Solaris shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions start script, Starting the Database Server SOME, Aggregate Functions, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons sort, intarray Functions and Operators sorting, Sorting Rows (ORDER BY) sort_asc, intarray Functions and Operators sort_desc, intarray Functions and Operators soundex, Soundex SP-GiST (see index) SPI, Server Programming Interface, spi — Server Programming Interface features/examples examples, spi — Server Programming Interface features/examples spi_commit in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl SPI_commit, SPI_commit SPI_commit_and_chain, SPI_commit SPI_connect, SPI_connect SPI_connect_ext, SPI_connect SPI_copytuple, SPI_copytuple spi_cursor_close in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl SPI_cursor_close, SPI_cursor_close SPI_cursor_fetch, SPI_cursor_fetch SPI_cursor_find, SPI_cursor_find SPI_cursor_move, SPI_cursor_move SPI_cursor_open, SPI_cursor_open SPI_cursor_open_with_args, SPI_cursor_open_with_args SPI_cursor_open_with_paramlist, SPI_cursor_open_with_paramlist SPI_cursor_parse_open, SPI_cursor_parse_open SPI_exec, SPI_exec SPI_execp, SPI_execp SPI_execute, SPI_execute SPI_execute_extended, SPI_execute_extended SPI_execute_plan, SPI_execute_plan SPI_execute_plan_extended, SPI_execute_plan_extended SPI_execute_plan_with_paramlist, SPI_execute_plan_with_paramlist SPI_execute_with_args, SPI_execute_with_args spi_exec_prepared in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl spi_exec_query in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl spi_fetchrow in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl SPI_finish, SPI_finish SPI_fname, SPI_fname SPI_fnumber, SPI_fnumber spi_freeplan in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl SPI_freeplan, SPI_freeplan SPI_freetuple, SPI_freetuple SPI_freetuptable, SPI_freetuptable SPI_getargcount, SPI_getargcount SPI_getargtypeid, SPI_getargtypeid SPI_getbinval, SPI_getbinval SPI_getnspname, SPI_getnspname SPI_getrelname, SPI_getrelname SPI_gettype, SPI_gettype SPI_gettypeid, SPI_gettypeid SPI_getvalue, SPI_getvalue SPI_is_cursor_plan, SPI_is_cursor_plan SPI_keepplan, SPI_keepplan SPI_modifytuple, SPI_modifytuple SPI_palloc, SPI_palloc SPI_pfree, SPI_pfree spi_prepare in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl SPI_prepare, SPI_prepare SPI_prepare_cursor, SPI_prepare_cursor SPI_prepare_extended, SPI_prepare_extended SPI_prepare_params, SPI_prepare_params spi_query in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl spi_query_prepared in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl SPI_register_relation, SPI_register_relation SPI_register_trigger_data, SPI_register_trigger_data SPI_repalloc, SPI_repalloc SPI_result_code_string, SPI_result_code_string SPI_returntuple, SPI_returntuple spi_rollback in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl SPI_rollback, SPI_rollback SPI_rollback_and_chain, SPI_rollback SPI_saveplan, SPI_saveplan SPI_scroll_cursor_fetch, SPI_scroll_cursor_fetch SPI_scroll_cursor_move, SPI_scroll_cursor_move SPI_start_transaction, SPI_start_transaction SPI_unregister_relation, SPI_unregister_relation split_part, String Functions and Operators SQL/CLI, SQL Conformance SQL/Foundation, SQL Conformance SQL/Framework, SQL Conformance SQL/JRT, SQL Conformance SQL/JSON, JSON Functions and Operators functions and expressions, JSON Functions and Operators SQL/JSON path language, The SQL/JSON Path Language SQL/MDA, SQL Conformance SQL/MED, SQL Conformance SQL/OLB, SQL Conformance SQL/PGQ, SQL Conformance SQL/PSM, SQL Conformance SQL/Schemata, SQL Conformance SQL/XML, SQL Conformance limits and conformance, XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML sqrt, Mathematical Functions and Operators ssh, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels SSI, Introduction SSL, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL, SSL Support in libpq, Connection Status Functions with libpq, Parameter Key Words TLS, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL, SSL Support ssl configuration parameter, SSL sslinfo, sslinfo — obtain client SSL information ssl_ca_file configuration parameter, SSL ssl_cert_file configuration parameter, SSL ssl_cipher, Functions Provided ssl_ciphers configuration parameter, SSL ssl_client_cert_present, Functions Provided ssl_client_dn, Functions Provided ssl_client_dn_field, Functions Provided ssl_client_serial, Functions Provided ssl_crl_dir configuration parameter, SSL ssl_crl_file configuration parameter, SSL ssl_dh_params_file configuration parameter, SSL ssl_extension_info, Functions Provided ssl_groups configuration parameter, SSL ssl_issuer_dn, Functions Provided ssl_issuer_field, Functions Provided ssl_is_used, Functions Provided ssl_key_file configuration parameter, SSL ssl_library configuration parameter, Preset Options ssl_max_protocol_version configuration parameter, SSL ssl_min_protocol_version configuration parameter, SSL ssl_passphrase_command configuration parameter, SSL ssl_passphrase_command_supports_reload configuration parameter, SSL ssl_prefer_server_ciphers configuration parameter, SSL ssl_tls13_ciphers configuration parameter, SSL ssl_version, Functions Provided SSPI, SSPI Authentication STABLE, Function Volatility Categories standard deviation, Aggregate Functions population, Aggregate Functions sample, Aggregate Functions standard_conforming_strings configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions standby server, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication standby.signal, Archive Recovery, Standby Server Operation, Setting Up a Standby Server for hot standby, Administrator's Overview pg_basebackup --write-recovery-conf, Options standby_mode (see standby.signal) START TRANSACTION, START TRANSACTION starts_with, String Functions and Operators START_REPLICATION, Streaming Replication Protocol statement_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior statement_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators statistics, Aggregate Functions, Statistics Used by the Planner, Extended Statistics, Updating Planner Statistics, The Cumulative Statistics System of the planner, Statistics Used by the Planner, Extended Statistics, Updating Planner Statistics stats_fetch_consistency configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics stddev, Aggregate Functions stddev_pop, Aggregate Functions stddev_samp, Aggregate Functions STONITH, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication storage parameters, Storage Parameters Streaming Replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication strict_word_similarity, Functions and Operators string (see character string) strings backslash quotes, Previous PostgreSQL Versions escape warning, Previous PostgreSQL Versions standard conforming, Previous PostgreSQL Versions string_agg, Aggregate Functions string_to_array, String Functions and Operators string_to_table, String Functions and Operators strip, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Documents strpos, String Functions and Operators subarray, intarray Functions and Operators subltree, Operators and Functions subpath, Operators and Functions subplan, EXPLAIN Basics hashed, EXPLAIN Basics subquery, Aggregate Functions, Scalar Subqueries, Subqueries, Subquery Expressions subscript, Subscripts substr, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators substring, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, Bit String Functions and Operators, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions, POSIX Regular Expressions SUBSTRING_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery subtransactions in PL/Tcl, Explicit Subtransactions in PL/Tcl subtransaction_buffers configuration parameter, Memory sum, Aggregate Functions summarize_wal configuration parameter, WAL Summarization superuser, Accessing a Database, Role Attributes superuser_reserved_connections configuration parameter, Connection Settings support functions in_range, B-Tree Support Functions suppress_redundant_updates_trigger, Trigger Functions svals, hstore Operators and Functions synchronized_standby_slots configuration parameter, Sending Servers synchronize_seqscans configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions synchronous commit, Asynchronous Commit Synchronous Replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication synchronous_commit configuration parameter, Settings synchronous_standby_names configuration parameter, Primary Server sync_replication_slots configuration parameter, Standby Servers syntax, SQL Syntax SQL, SQL Syntax syslog_facility configuration parameter, Where to Log syslog_ident configuration parameter, Where to Log syslog_sequence_numbers configuration parameter, Where to Log syslog_split_messages configuration parameter, Where to Log system catalog, The System Catalog Schema schema, The System Catalog Schema systemd, PostgreSQL Features, PostgreSQL Features, Starting the Database Server RemoveIPC, systemd RemoveIPC system_user, Session Information Functions T table, Concepts, Table Basics, Modifying Tables creating, Table Basics inheritance, Inheritance modifying, Modifying Tables partitioning, Table Partitioning removing, Table Basics renaming, Renaming a Table Table Access Method, Table Access Method Interface Definition TABLE command, SELECT table expression, Table Expressions table function, Table Functions, xmltable XMLTABLE, xmltable table sampling method, Writing a Table Sampling Method tableam Table Access Method, Table Access Method Interface Definition tablefunc, tablefunc — functions that return tables (crosstab and others) tableoid, System Columns TABLESAMPLE method, Writing a Table Sampling Method tablespace, Tablespaces default, Statement Behavior temporary, Statement Behavior table_am_handler, Pseudo-Types tan, Mathematical Functions and Operators tand, Mathematical Functions and Operators tanh, Mathematical Functions and Operators target list, The Query Tree Tcl, PL/Tcl — Tcl Procedural Language tcn, tcn — a trigger function to notify listeners of changes to table content tcp_keepalives_count configuration parameter, TCP Settings tcp_keepalives_idle configuration parameter, TCP Settings tcp_keepalives_interval configuration parameter, TCP Settings tcp_user_timeout configuration parameter, TCP Settings template0, Creating a Database, Template Databases template1, Creating a Database, Template Databases temp_buffers configuration parameter, Memory temp_file_limit configuration parameter, Disk temp_tablespaces configuration parameter, Statement Behavior test, Regression Tests test_decoding, test_decoding — SQL-based test/example module for WAL logical decoding text, Character Types, Network Address Functions and Operators text search, Text Search Types, Text Search Types, Full Text Search, Preferred Index Types for Text Search data types, Text Search Types functions and operators, Text Search Types indexes, Preferred Index Types for Text Search text2ltree, Operators and Functions threads, Behavior in Threaded Programs with libpq, Behavior in Threaded Programs tid, Object Identifier Types time, Date/Time Types, Times constants, Special Values current, Current Date/Time output format, Date/Time Output (see also formatting) time span, Date/Time Types time with time zone, Date/Time Types, Times time without time zone, Date/Time Types, Times time zone, Time Zones, Locale and Formatting, POSIX Time Zone Specifications conversion, AT TIME ZONE and AT LOCAL input abbreviations, Date/Time Configuration Files POSIX-style specification, POSIX Time Zone Specifications time zone data, Build Process Details, Build Process Details time zone names, Locale and Formatting timelines, Backup and Restore TIMELINE_HISTORY, Streaming Replication Protocol timeofday, Date/Time Functions and Operators timeout client authentication, Authentication deadlock, Lock Management timestamp, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps timestamp with time zone, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps timestamp without time zone, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps timestamptz, Date/Time Types TimeZone configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting timezone_abbreviations configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting TOAST, TOAST and user-defined types, TOAST Considerations per-column storage settings, Description, Parameters per-type storage settings, Description versus large objects, Introduction toast_tuple_target storage parameter, Storage Parameters token, Lexical Structure to_ascii, String Functions and Operators to_bin, String Functions and Operators to_char, Data Type Formatting Functions and locales, Behavior to_date, Data Type Formatting Functions to_hex, String Functions and Operators to_json, Processing and Creating JSON Data to_jsonb, Processing and Creating JSON Data to_number, Data Type Formatting Functions to_oct, String Functions and Operators to_regclass, System Catalog Information Functions to_regcollation, System Catalog Information Functions to_regnamespace, System Catalog Information Functions to_regoper, System Catalog Information Functions to_regoperator, System Catalog Information Functions to_regproc, System Catalog Information Functions to_regprocedure, System Catalog Information Functions to_regrole, System Catalog Information Functions to_regtype, System Catalog Information Functions to_regtypemod, System Catalog Information Functions to_timestamp, Data Type Formatting Functions, Date/Time Functions and Operators to_tsquery, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parsing Queries to_tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parsing Documents trace_locks configuration parameter, Developer Options trace_lock_oidmin configuration parameter, Developer Options trace_lock_table configuration parameter, Developer Options trace_lwlocks configuration parameter, Developer Options trace_notify configuration parameter, Developer Options trace_sort configuration parameter, Developer Options trace_userlocks configuration parameter, Developer Options track_activities configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics track_activity_query_size configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics track_commit_timestamp configuration parameter, Sending Servers track_cost_delay_timing configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics track_counts configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics track_functions configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics track_io_timing configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics track_wal_io_timing configuration parameter, Cumulative Query and Index Statistics transaction, Transactions transaction ID, Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures wraparound, Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures transaction isolation, Transaction Isolation transaction isolation level, Transaction Isolation, Statement Behavior read committed, Read Committed Isolation Level repeatable read, Repeatable Read Isolation Level serializable, Serializable Isolation Level setting, SET TRANSACTION setting default, Statement Behavior transaction log (see WAL) transaction_buffers configuration parameter, Memory transaction_deferrable configuration parameter, Statement Behavior transaction_isolation configuration parameter, Statement Behavior transaction_read_only configuration parameter, Statement Behavior transaction_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior transaction_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators transform_null_equals configuration parameter, Platform and Client Compatibility transition tables, CREATE TRIGGER (see also ephemeral named relation) implementation in PLs, SPI_register_trigger_data referencing from C trigger, Writing Trigger Functions in C translate, String Functions and Operators TRANSLATE_REGEX, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery transparent huge pages, Memory trigger, Pseudo-Types, Triggers, Writing Trigger Functions in C, Rules Versus Triggers, Trigger Functions, Trigger Functions arguments for trigger functions, Overview of Trigger Behavior constraint trigger, Description for updating a derived tsvector column, Triggers for Automatic Updates in C, Writing Trigger Functions in C in PL/pgSQL, Trigger Functions in PL/Python, Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl, Trigger Functions in PL/Tcl compared with rules, Rules Versus Triggers triggered_change_notification, tcn — a trigger function to notify listeners of changes to table content trim, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators trim_array, Array Functions and Operators trim_scale, Mathematical Functions and Operators true, Boolean Type trunc, Mathematical Functions and Operators, Network Address Functions and Operators TRUNCATE, TRUNCATE trusted, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl PL/Perl, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl tsm_handler, Pseudo-Types tsm_system_rows, tsm_system_rows — the SYSTEM_ROWS sampling method for TABLESAMPLE tsm_system_time, tsm_system_time — the SYSTEM_TIME sampling method for TABLESAMPLE tsquery (data type), tsquery tsquery_phrase, Text Search Functions and Operators, Manipulating Queries tsvector (data type), tsvector tsvector concatenation, Manipulating Documents tsvector_to_array, Text Search Functions and Operators tsvector_update_trigger, Trigger Functions tsvector_update_trigger_column, Trigger Functions ts_debug, Text Search Functions and Operators, Configuration Testing ts_delete, Text Search Functions and Operators ts_filter, Text Search Functions and Operators ts_headline, Text Search Functions and Operators, Highlighting Results ts_lexize, Text Search Functions and Operators, Dictionary Testing ts_parse, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parser Testing ts_rank, Text Search Functions and Operators, Ranking Search Results ts_rank_cd, Text Search Functions and Operators, Ranking Search Results ts_rewrite, Text Search Functions and Operators, Query Rewriting ts_stat, Text Search Functions and Operators, Gathering Document Statistics ts_token_type, Text Search Functions and Operators, Parser Testing tuple_data_split, Heap Functions txid_current, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions txid_current_if_assigned, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions txid_current_snapshot, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions txid_snapshot_xip, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions txid_snapshot_xmax, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions txid_snapshot_xmin, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions txid_status, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions txid_visible_in_snapshot, Transaction ID and Snapshot Information Functions type (see data type) type cast, Numeric Constants, Type Casts typedef in ECPG, Typedefs U UESCAPE, Identifiers and Key Words, String Constants with Unicode Escapes unaccent, unaccent — a text search dictionary which removes diacritics, Functions Unicode escape, String Constants with Unicode Escapes in identifiers, Identifiers and Key Words in string constants, String Constants with Unicode Escapes Unicode normalization, String Functions and Operators unicode_assigned, String Functions and Operators unicode_version, Version Information Functions UNION, Combining Queries (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT), UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs uniq, intarray Functions and Operators unique constraint, Unique Constraints unistr, String Functions and Operators Unix domain socket, Parameter Key Words unix_socket_directories configuration parameter, Connection Settings unix_socket_group configuration parameter, Connection Settings unix_socket_permissions configuration parameter, Connection Settings unknown, Pseudo-Types UNLISTEN, UNLISTEN unnest, Array Functions and Operators for multirange, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators for tsvector, Text Search Functions and Operators unqualified name, The Schema Search Path updatable views, Updatable Views UPDATE, Updates, Updating Data, Returning Data from Modified Rows, UPDATE RETURNING, Returning Data from Modified Rows update_process_title configuration parameter, Process Title updating, Updating Data upgrading, Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster UPLOAD_MANIFEST, Streaming Replication Protocol upper, String Functions and Operators, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators and locales, Behavior upper_inc, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators upper_inf, Range/Multirange Functions and Operators UPSERT, INSERT URI, Connection Strings user, Session Information Functions, Database Roles current, Session Information Functions user mapping, Foreign Data User name maps, User Name Maps user_catalog_table storage parameter, Storage Parameters UUID, UUID Type, UUID Functions, PostgreSQL Features, PostgreSQL Features generating, UUID Functions uuid-ossp, uuid-ossp — a UUID generator uuidv4, UUID Functions uuidv7, UUID Functions uuid_extract_timestamp, UUID Functions uuid_extract_version, UUID Functions uuid_generate_v1, uuid-ossp Functions uuid_generate_v1mc, uuid-ossp Functions uuid_generate_v3, uuid-ossp Functions V vacuum, Routine Vacuuming configuration parameters, Vacuuming VACUUM, VACUUM vacuumdb, vacuumdb vacuumlo, vacuumlo vacuum_buffer_usage_limit configuration parameter, Memory vacuum_cost_delay configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay vacuum_cost_limit configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay vacuum_cost_page_dirty configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay vacuum_cost_page_hit configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay vacuum_cost_page_miss configuration parameter, Cost-based Vacuum Delay vacuum_failsafe_age configuration parameter, Freezing vacuum_freeze_min_age configuration parameter, Freezing vacuum_freeze_table_age configuration parameter, Freezing vacuum_index_cleanup storage parameter, Storage Parameters vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate configuration parameter, Freezing storage parameter, Storage Parameters vacuum_multixact_failsafe_age configuration parameter, Freezing vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age configuration parameter, Freezing vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age configuration parameter, Freezing vacuum_truncate configuration parameter, Default Behavior storage parameter, Storage Parameters value expression, Value Expressions VALUES, VALUES Lists, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs, VALUES determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs varchar, Character Types variadic function, SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments variance, Aggregate Functions population, Aggregate Functions sample, Aggregate Functions var_pop, Aggregate Functions var_samp, Aggregate Functions version, Accessing a Database, Version Information Functions, Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster compatibility, Upgrading a PostgreSQL Cluster view, Views, Views and the Rule System, Materialized Views, Cooperation with Views implementation through rules, Views and the Rule System materialized, Materialized Views updating, Cooperation with Views Visibility Map, Visibility Map Visual Studio, Visual Studio installation on, Visual Studio VM (see Visibility Map) void, Pseudo-Types VOLATILE, Function Volatility Categories volatility, Function Volatility Categories functions, Function Volatility Categories VPATH, Installation Procedure, Extension Building Infrastructure W WAL, Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log wal_block_size configuration parameter, Preset Options wal_buffers configuration parameter, Settings wal_compression configuration parameter, Settings wal_consistency_checking configuration parameter, Developer Options wal_debug configuration parameter, Developer Options wal_decode_buffer_size configuration parameter, Recovery wal_init_zero configuration parameter, Settings wal_keep_size configuration parameter, Sending Servers wal_level configuration parameter, Settings wal_log_hints configuration parameter, Settings wal_receiver_create_temp_slot configuration parameter, Standby Servers wal_receiver_status_interval configuration parameter, Standby Servers wal_receiver_timeout configuration parameter, Standby Servers wal_recycle configuration parameter, Settings wal_retrieve_retry_interval configuration parameter, Standby Servers wal_segment_size configuration parameter, Preset Options wal_sender_timeout configuration parameter, Sending Servers wal_skip_threshold configuration parameter, Settings wal_summary_keep_time configuration parameter, WAL Summarization wal_sync_method configuration parameter, Settings wal_writer_delay configuration parameter, Settings wal_writer_flush_after configuration parameter, Settings warm standby, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication websearch_to_tsquery, Text Search Functions and Operators WHERE, The WHERE Clause where to log, Where to Log WHILE in PL/pgSQL, WHILE width, Geometric Functions and Operators width_bucket, Mathematical Functions and Operators window function, Window Functions, Window Function Calls, Window Function Processing, Window Functions built-in, Window Functions invocation, Window Function Calls order of execution, Window Function Processing WITH, WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions), SELECT in SELECT, WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions), SELECT WITH CHECK OPTION, CREATE VIEW WITHIN GROUP, Aggregate Expressions witness server, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication word_similarity, Functions and Operators work_mem configuration parameter, Memory wraparound of multixact IDs, Multixacts and Wraparound of transaction IDs, Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures X xid, Object Identifier Types xid8, Object Identifier Types xmax, System Columns xmin, System Columns XML, XML Type XML export, Mapping Tables to XML XML Functions, XML Functions XML option, Creating XML Values, Statement Behavior xml2, xml2 — XPath querying and XSLT functionality xmlagg, xmlagg, Aggregate Functions xmlbinary configuration parameter, Statement Behavior xmlcomment, xmlcomment xmlconcat, xmlconcat xmlelement, xmlelement XMLEXISTS, XMLEXISTS xmlforest, xmlforest xmloption configuration parameter, Statement Behavior xmlparse, Creating XML Values xmlpi, xmlpi xmlroot, xmlroot xmlserialize, Creating XML Values xmltable, xmltable xmltext, xmltext xml_is_well_formed, xml_is_well_formed xml_is_well_formed_content, xml_is_well_formed xml_is_well_formed_document, xml_is_well_formed XPath, xpath xpath_exists, xpath_exists xpath_table, xpath_table XQuery regular expressions, Differences from SQL Standard and XQuery xslt_process, xslt_process Y yacc, Requirements Z zero_damaged_pages configuration parameter, Developer Options zlib, Requirements, Anti-Features, Anti-Features