/** 
\page using_pg  Using CMSIS in Embedded Applications

\details

To use the CMSIS-Core (Cortex-M) the following files are added to the embedded application:
 - \ref startup_c_pg (formerly \ref startup_s_pg) with reset handler and exception vectors.
 - \ref system_c_pg with general device configuration (i.e. for clock and BUS setup).
 - \ref device_h_pg gives access to processor core and all peripherals.

\note The files \ref startup_c_pg (or \ref startup_s_pg) and \ref system_c_pg may require application specific adaptations and therefore should be copied 
  into the application project folder prior configuration. The \ref device_h_pg is included in all source files that need device access 
  and can be stored on a central include folder that is generic for all projects.

The \ref startup_c_pg (or \ref startup_s_pg) is executed after reset and calls \ref SystemInit. After the system initialization control is transferred to the C/C++ run-time
library which performs initialization and calls the \b main function in the user code. In addition the \ref startup_c_pg (or \ref startup_s_pg) contains all exception and
interrupt vectors and implements a default function for every interrupt. It may also contain stack and heap configurations for the user application.

The \ref system_c_pg performs the setup for the processor clock. The variable \ref SystemCoreClock indicates the CPU clock speed.
\ref system_init_gr describes the minimum feature set. In addition the file may contain functions for the memory BUS setup and clock re-configuration. 

The \ref device_h_pg is the central include file that the application programmer is using in the C source code.  It provides the following features:
 - \ref peripheral_gr provides a standardized register layout for all peripherals. Optionally functions for device-specific peripherals may be available.
 - \ref NVIC_gr can be accessed with standardized symbols and functions for the Nested Interrupt Vector Controller (NVIC) are provided.
 - \ref intrinsic_CPU_gr allow to access special instructions, for example for activating sleep mode or the NOP instruction.
 - \ref intrinsic_SIMD_gr provide access to the DSP-oriented instructions.
 - \ref SysTick_gr function to configure and start a periodic timer interrupt.
 - \ref ITM_Debug_gr are functions that allow printf-style I/O via the CoreSight Debug Unit and ITM communication.

CMSIS-Pack provides the <b>\#define CMSIS_header_file</b> in <a href="../../Pack/html/pdsc_components_pg.html#RTE_Components_h"><b>RTE_Components.h</b></a> which gives you access to this <b><i>device</i>.h</b> file.

\image html "CMSIS_CORE_Files_user.png" "CMSIS-Core (Cortex-M) User Files"

The CMSIS-Core (Cortex-M) system files are device specific. In addition, the deprecated \ref startup_s_pg is also compiler vendor specific.
The versions provided by CMSIS are only generic templates. The adopted versions for a concrete device are typically provided by the device
vendor through the according device family pack (DFP).

For example, the following files are provided by the STM32F10x device family pack:

<table class="cmtable">
    <tr>
      <th>File</th>
      <th>Description</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>".\Device\Source\ARM\startup_stm32f10x_cl.s"</td>
      <td>\ref startup_s_pg for the STM32F10x Connectivity Line device variants.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>".\Device\Source\system_stmf10x.c"</td>
      <td>\ref system_c_pg for the STM32F10x device families.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>".\Device\Include\stm32f10x.h"</td>
      <td>\ref device_h_pg for the STM32F10x device families.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>".\Device\Include\system_stm32f10x.h"</td>
      <td>\ref system_Device_h_sec for the STM32F10x device families.</td>
    </tr>
</table>


\note The silicon vendors create these device-specific CMSIS-Core (Cortex-M) files based on \ref templates_pg provide by Arm.

Thereafter, the functions described under <a href="Modules.html">\b Reference </a> can be used in the application.

\b Examples
 - \subpage using_CMSIS is a simple example that shows the usage of the CMSIS layer.
 - \subpage using_VTOR_pg shows how to remap the interrupt vector table.
 - \subpage using_ARM_pg explains how to use CMSIS-Core (Cortex-M) for Arm processors.


\page using_CMSIS Basic CMSIS Example

A typical example for using the CMSIS layer is provided below. The example is based on a STM32F10x Device. 
    
\code
#include <stm32f10x.h>                           // File name depends on device used
 
uint32_t volatile msTicks;                       // Counter for millisecond Interval
 
void SysTick_Handler (void) {                    // SysTick Interrupt Handler
  msTicks++;                                     // Increment Counter
}
 
void WaitForTick (void)  {
  uint32_t curTicks;
 
  curTicks = msTicks;                            // Save Current SysTick Value
  while (msTicks == curTicks)  {                 // Wait for next SysTick Interrupt
    __WFE ();                                    // Power-Down until next Event/Interrupt
  }
}
 
void TIM1_UP_IRQHandler (void) {                 // Timer Interrupt Handler
  ;                                              // Add user code here
}
 
void timer1_init(int frequency) {                // Set up Timer (device specific)
  NVIC_SetPriority (TIM1_UP_IRQn, 1);            // Set Timer priority
  NVIC_EnableIRQ (TIM1_UP_IRQn);                 // Enable Timer Interrupt
}
 
 
void Device_Initialization (void)  {             // Configure & Initialize MCU
  if (SysTick_Config (SystemCoreClock / 1000)) { // SysTick 1mSec
       : // Handle Error 
  }
  timer1_init ();                                // setup device-specific timer
}
 
 
// The processor clock is initialized by CMSIS startup + system file
void main (void) {                               // user application starts here
  Device_Initialization ();                      // Configure & Initialize MCU
  while (1)  {                                   // Endless Loop (the Super-Loop)
    __disable_irq ();                            // Disable all interrupts
    Get_InputValues ();                          // Read Values
    __enable_irq ();                             // Enable all interrupts 
    Calculation_Response ();                     // Calculate Results
    Output_Response ();                          // Output Results
    WaitForTick ();                              // Synchronize to SysTick Timer
  }
}
\endcode

CMSIS-Pack provides the <b>\#define CMSIS_header_file</b> in <a href="../../Pack/html/pdsc_components_pg.html#RTE_Components_h"><b>RTE_Components.h</b></a> which gives you access to the <b><i>device</i>.h</b> file 
of a project. This allows you to generate generic software components that use the device selected in a project.

\code
#include "RTE_Components.h"                      // include information about project configuration
#include CMSIS_device_header                     // include <device>.h file
\endcode

\page using_VTOR_pg Using Interrupt Vector Remap

Most Cortex-M processors provide VTOR register for remapping interrupt vectors. The following example shows
a typical use case where the interrupt vectors are copied to RAM and the SysTick_Handler is replaced.

\code
#include "ARMCM3.h"                     // Device header
 
#define VECTORTABLE_SIZE        (240)    /* size of the used vector tables    */
                                         /* see startup file startup_ARMCM3.c */
#define VECTORTABLE_ALIGNMENT   (0x100U) /* 16 Cortex + 32 ARMCM3 = 48 words  */
                                         /* next power of 2 = 256             */

/* externals from startup_ARMCM3.c */
extern uint32_t __VECTOR_TABLE[VECTORTABLE_SIZE];        /* vector table ROM  */

/* new vector table in RAM, same size as vector table in ROM */
uint32_t vectorTable_RAM[VECTORTABLE_SIZE] __attribute__(( aligned (VECTORTABLE_ALIGNMENT) ));

 
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  SysTick_Handler
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
volatile uint32_t msTicks = 0;                        /* counts 1ms timeTicks */
void SysTick_Handler(void) {
  msTicks++;                                             /* increment counter */
}
 
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  SysTick_Handler (RAM)
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
volatile uint32_t msTicks_RAM = 0;                    /* counts 1ms timeTicks */
void SysTick_Handler_RAM(void) {
  msTicks_RAM++;                                         /* increment counter */
}
 
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  MAIN function
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int main (void) {
  uint32_t i;
   
  for (i = 0; i < VECTORTABLE_SIZE; i++) {
    vectorTable_RAM[i] = __VECTOR_TABLE[i];       /* copy vector table to RAM */
  }
                                                   /* replace SysTick Handler */
  vectorTable_RAM[SysTick_IRQn + 16] = (uint32_t)SysTick_Handler_RAM;
  
  /* relocate vector table */ 
  __disable_irq();
    SCB->VTOR = (uint32_t)&vectorTable_RAM;
  __DSB();
  __enable_irq();
 
  SystemCoreClockUpdate();                        /* Get Core Clock Frequency */
  SysTick_Config(SystemCoreClock / 1000ul); /* Setup SysTick Timer for 1 msec */
   
  while(1);
}
\endcode

    
\page using_ARM_pg Using CMSIS with generic Arm Processors

Arm provides CMSIS-Core (Cortex-M) files for the supported Arm Processors and for various compiler vendors. 
These files can be used when standard Arm processors should be used in a project.
The table below lists the folder and device names of the Arm processors.
  
<table class="cmtable">
    <tr>
      <th>Folder</th>
      <th>Processor</th>
      <th>Description</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>".\Device\ARM\ARMCM0"</td>
      <td>Cortex-M0</td>
      <td>Contains \b Include and \b Source template files configured for the Cortex-M0 processor.
        The device name is ARMCM0 and the name of the \ref device_h_pg is <ARMCM0.h>.
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>".\Device\ARM\ARMCM0plus"</td>
      <td>Cortex-M0+</td>
      <td>Contains \b Include and \b Source template files configured for the Cortex-M0+ processor.
        The device name is ARMCM0plus and the name of the \ref device_h_pg is <ARMCM0plus.h>.
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>".\Device\ARM\ARMCM3"</td>
      <td>Cortex-M3</td>
      <td>Contains \b Include and \b Source template files configured for the Cortex-M3 processor.
        The device name is ARMCM3 and the name of the \ref device_h_pg is <ARMCM3.h>.
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>".\Device\ARM\ARMCM4"</td>
      <td>Cortex-M4</td>
      <td>Contains \b Include and \b Source template files configured for the Cortex-M4 processor.
        The device name is ARMCM4 and the name of the \ref device_h_pg is <ARMCM4.h>.
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>".\Device\ARM\ARMCM7"</td>
      <td>Cortex-M7</td>
      <td>Contains \b Include and \b Source template files configured for the Cortex-M7 processor.
        The device name is ARMCM7 and the name of the \ref device_h_pg is <ARMCM7.h>.
    </td>
    </tr>
\if ARMSC 
    <tr>
      <td>".\Device\ARM\ARMSC000"</td>
      <td>SecurCore SC000</td>
      <td>Contains \b Include and \b Source template files configured for the SecurCore SC000 processor.
        The device name is ARMSC000 and the name of the \ref device_h_pg is <ARMSC000.h>.
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>".\Device\ARM\ARMSC300"</td>
      <td>SecurCore SC300</td>
      <td>Contains \b Include and \b Source template files configured for the SecurCore SC300 processor.
        The device name is ARMSC300 and the name of the \ref device_h_pg is <ARMSC300.h>.
    </td>
    </tr>
\endif  
</table>

\note
CMSIS-Pack provides the <b>\#define CMSIS_header_file</b> in <a href="../../Pack/html/pdsc_components_pg.html#RTE_Components_h"><b>RTE_Components.h</b></a> which gives you access to the <b><i>device</i>.h</b> file 
of a project. This allows you to generate generic software components that adjust to the device settings.


\section using_ARM_Lib_sec Create generic Libraries with CMSIS

The CMSIS Processor and Core Peripheral files allow also to create generic libraries. 
The <a href="../../DSP/html/index.html">\b CMSIS-DSP </a> Libraries are an example for such a generic library.

To build a generic Library set the define \b __CMSIS_GENERIC and include the relevant <b>core_<cpu>.h</b> CMSIS CPU & Core Access header file for the processor.
The define <b>__CMSIS_GENERIC</b> disables device-dependent features such as the <b>SysTick</b> timer and the <b>Interrupt System</b>.
Refer to \ref core_config_sect for a list of the available <b>core_<cpu>.h</b> header files. 

\b Example:

The following code section shows the usage of the <b>core_&lt;cpu&gt;.h</b> header files to build a generic library for Cortex-M0, Cortex-M3, Cortex-M4, or Cortex-M7. To
select the processor, the source code uses the define \b CORTEX_M7, \b CORTEX_M4, \b CORTEX_M3, \b CORTEX_M0, or \b CORTEX_M0PLUS. One of these defines needs to be provided
on the compiler command line. By using this header file, the source code can access the functions for \ref Core_Register_gr, \ref intrinsic_CPU_gr, \ref intrinsic_SIMD_gr,
and \ref ITM_Debug_gr.

\code
#define __CMSIS_GENERIC              /* disable NVIC and Systick functions */

#if defined (CORTEX_M7)
  #include "core_cm7.h"
#elif defined (CORTEX_M4)
  #include "core_cm4.h"
#elif defined (CORTEX_M3)
  #include "core_cm3.h"
#elif defined (CORTEX_M0)
  #include "core_cm0.h"
#elif defined (CORTEX_M0PLUS)
  #include "core_cm0plus.h"
#else
  #error "Processor not specified or unsupported."
#endif

\endcode


*/