2 18.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL #
5 18.9.2. OpenSSL Configuration
6 18.9.3. Using Client Certificates
7 18.9.4. SSL Server File Usage
8 18.9.5. Creating Certificates
10 PostgreSQL has native support for using SSL connections to encrypt
11 client/server communications for increased security. This requires that
12 OpenSSL is installed on both client and server systems and that support
13 in PostgreSQL is enabled at build time (see Chapter 17).
15 The terms SSL and TLS are often used interchangeably to mean a secure
16 encrypted connection using a TLS protocol. SSL protocols are the
17 precursors to TLS protocols, and the term SSL is still used for
18 encrypted connections even though SSL protocols are no longer
19 supported. SSL is used interchangeably with TLS in PostgreSQL.
23 With SSL support compiled in, the PostgreSQL server can be started with
24 support for encrypted connections using TLS protocols enabled by
25 setting the parameter ssl to on in postgresql.conf. The server will
26 listen for both normal and SSL connections on the same TCP port, and
27 will negotiate with any connecting client on whether to use SSL. By
28 default, this is at the client's option; see Section 20.1 about how to
29 set up the server to require use of SSL for some or all connections.
31 To start in SSL mode, files containing the server certificate and
32 private key must exist. By default, these files are expected to be
33 named server.crt and server.key, respectively, in the server's data
34 directory, but other names and locations can be specified using the
35 configuration parameters ssl_cert_file and ssl_key_file.
37 On Unix systems, the permissions on server.key must disallow any access
38 to world or group; achieve this by the command chmod 0600 server.key.
39 Alternatively, the file can be owned by root and have group read access
40 (that is, 0640 permissions). That setup is intended for installations
41 where certificate and key files are managed by the operating system.
42 The user under which the PostgreSQL server runs should then be made a
43 member of the group that has access to those certificate and key files.
45 If the data directory allows group read access then certificate files
46 may need to be located outside of the data directory in order to
47 conform to the security requirements outlined above. Generally, group
48 access is enabled to allow an unprivileged user to backup the database,
49 and in that case the backup software will not be able to read the
50 certificate files and will likely error.
52 If the private key is protected with a passphrase, the server will
53 prompt for the passphrase and will not start until it has been entered.
54 Using a passphrase by default disables the ability to change the
55 server's SSL configuration without a server restart, but see
56 ssl_passphrase_command_supports_reload. Furthermore,
57 passphrase-protected private keys cannot be used at all on Windows.
59 The first certificate in server.crt must be the server's certificate
60 because it must match the server's private key. The certificates of
61 “intermediate” certificate authorities can also be appended to the
62 file. Doing this avoids the necessity of storing intermediate
63 certificates on clients, assuming the root and intermediate
64 certificates were created with v3_ca extensions. (This sets the
65 certificate's basic constraint of CA to true.) This allows easier
66 expiration of intermediate certificates.
68 It is not necessary to add the root certificate to server.crt. Instead,
69 clients must have the root certificate of the server's certificate
72 18.9.2. OpenSSL Configuration #
74 PostgreSQL reads the system-wide OpenSSL configuration file. By
75 default, this file is named openssl.cnf and is located in the directory
76 reported by openssl version -d. This default can be overridden by
77 setting environment variable OPENSSL_CONF to the name of the desired
80 OpenSSL supports a wide range of ciphers and authentication algorithms,
81 of varying strength. While a list of ciphers can be specified in the
82 OpenSSL configuration file, you can specify ciphers specifically for
83 use by the database server by modifying ssl_ciphers in postgresql.conf.
87 It is possible to have authentication without encryption overhead by
88 using NULL-SHA or NULL-MD5 ciphers. However, a man-in-the-middle could
89 read and pass communications between client and server. Also,
90 encryption overhead is minimal compared to the overhead of
91 authentication. For these reasons NULL ciphers are not recommended.
93 18.9.3. Using Client Certificates #
95 To require the client to supply a trusted certificate, place
96 certificates of the root certificate authorities (CAs) you trust in a
97 file in the data directory, set the parameter ssl_ca_file in
98 postgresql.conf to the new file name, and add the authentication option
99 clientcert=verify-ca or clientcert=verify-full to the appropriate
100 hostssl line(s) in pg_hba.conf. A certificate will then be requested
101 from the client during SSL connection startup. (See Section 32.19 for a
102 description of how to set up certificates on the client.)
104 For a hostssl entry with clientcert=verify-ca, the server will verify
105 that the client's certificate is signed by one of the trusted
106 certificate authorities. If clientcert=verify-full is specified, the
107 server will not only verify the certificate chain, but it will also
108 check whether the username or its mapping matches the cn (Common Name)
109 of the provided certificate. Note that certificate chain validation is
110 always ensured when the cert authentication method is used (see
113 Intermediate certificates that chain up to existing root certificates
114 can also appear in the ssl_ca_file file if you wish to avoid storing
115 them on clients (assuming the root and intermediate certificates were
116 created with v3_ca extensions). Certificate Revocation List (CRL)
117 entries are also checked if the parameter ssl_crl_file or ssl_crl_dir
120 The clientcert authentication option is available for all
121 authentication methods, but only in pg_hba.conf lines specified as
122 hostssl. When clientcert is not specified, the server verifies the
123 client certificate against its CA file only if a client certificate is
124 presented and the CA is configured.
126 There are two approaches to enforce that users provide a certificate
129 The first approach makes use of the cert authentication method for
130 hostssl entries in pg_hba.conf, such that the certificate itself is
131 used for authentication while also providing ssl connection security.
132 See Section 20.12 for details. (It is not necessary to specify any
133 clientcert options explicitly when using the cert authentication
134 method.) In this case, the cn (Common Name) provided in the certificate
135 is checked against the user name or an applicable mapping.
137 The second approach combines any authentication method for hostssl
138 entries with the verification of client certificates by setting the
139 clientcert authentication option to verify-ca or verify-full. The
140 former option only enforces that the certificate is valid, while the
141 latter also ensures that the cn (Common Name) in the certificate
142 matches the user name or an applicable mapping.
144 18.9.4. SSL Server File Usage #
146 Table 18.2 summarizes the files that are relevant to the SSL setup on
147 the server. (The shown file names are default names. The locally
148 configured names could be different.)
150 Table 18.2. SSL Server File Usage
152 ssl_cert_file ($PGDATA/server.crt) server certificate sent to client to
153 indicate server's identity
154 ssl_key_file ($PGDATA/server.key) server private key proves server
155 certificate was sent by the owner; does not indicate certificate owner
157 ssl_ca_file trusted certificate authorities checks that client
158 certificate is signed by a trusted certificate authority
159 ssl_crl_file certificates revoked by certificate authorities client
160 certificate must not be on this list
162 The server reads these files at server start and whenever the server
163 configuration is reloaded. On Windows systems, they are also re-read
164 whenever a new backend process is spawned for a new client connection.
166 If an error in these files is detected at server start, the server will
167 refuse to start. But if an error is detected during a configuration
168 reload, the files are ignored and the old SSL configuration continues
169 to be used. On Windows systems, if an error in these files is detected
170 at backend start, that backend will be unable to establish an SSL
171 connection. In all these cases, the error condition is reported in the
174 18.9.5. Creating Certificates #
176 To create a simple self-signed certificate for the server, valid for
177 365 days, use the following OpenSSL command, replacing
178 dbhost.yourdomain.com with the server's host name:
179 openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -text -out server.crt \
180 -keyout server.key -subj "/CN=dbhost.yourdomain.com"
183 chmod og-rwx server.key
185 because the server will reject the file if its permissions are more
186 liberal than this. For more details on how to create your server
187 private key and certificate, refer to the OpenSSL documentation.
189 While a self-signed certificate can be used for testing, a certificate
190 signed by a certificate authority (CA) (usually an enterprise-wide root
191 CA) should be used in production.
193 To create a server certificate whose identity can be validated by
194 clients, first create a certificate signing request (CSR) and a
195 public/private key file:
196 openssl req -new -nodes -text -out root.csr \
197 -keyout root.key -subj "/CN=root.yourdomain.com"
198 chmod og-rwx root.key
200 Then, sign the request with the key to create a root certificate
201 authority (using the default OpenSSL configuration file location on
203 openssl x509 -req -in root.csr -text -days 3650 \
204 -extfile /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf -extensions v3_ca \
205 -signkey root.key -out root.crt
207 Finally, create a server certificate signed by the new root certificate
209 openssl req -new -nodes -text -out server.csr \
210 -keyout server.key -subj "/CN=dbhost.yourdomain.com"
211 chmod og-rwx server.key
213 openssl x509 -req -in server.csr -text -days 365 \
214 -CA root.crt -CAkey root.key -CAcreateserial \
217 server.crt and server.key should be stored on the server, and root.crt
218 should be stored on the client so the client can verify that the
219 server's leaf certificate was signed by its trusted root certificate.
220 root.key should be stored offline for use in creating future
223 It is also possible to create a chain of trust that includes
224 intermediate certificates:
226 openssl req -new -nodes -text -out root.csr \
227 -keyout root.key -subj "/CN=root.yourdomain.com"
228 chmod og-rwx root.key
229 openssl x509 -req -in root.csr -text -days 3650 \
230 -extfile /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf -extensions v3_ca \
231 -signkey root.key -out root.crt
234 openssl req -new -nodes -text -out intermediate.csr \
235 -keyout intermediate.key -subj "/CN=intermediate.yourdomain.com"
236 chmod og-rwx intermediate.key
237 openssl x509 -req -in intermediate.csr -text -days 1825 \
238 -extfile /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf -extensions v3_ca \
239 -CA root.crt -CAkey root.key -CAcreateserial \
240 -out intermediate.crt
243 openssl req -new -nodes -text -out server.csr \
244 -keyout server.key -subj "/CN=dbhost.yourdomain.com"
245 chmod og-rwx server.key
246 openssl x509 -req -in server.csr -text -days 365 \
247 -CA intermediate.crt -CAkey intermediate.key -CAcreateserial \
250 server.crt and intermediate.crt should be concatenated into a
251 certificate file bundle and stored on the server. server.key should
252 also be stored on the server. root.crt should be stored on the client
253 so the client can verify that the server's leaf certificate was signed
254 by a chain of certificates linked to its trusted root certificate.
255 root.key and intermediate.key should be stored offline for use in
256 creating future certificates.