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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="dml-delete.html" title="6.3. Deleting Data" /><link rel="next" href="queries.html" title="Chapter 7. Queries" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="dml-delete.html" title="6.3. Deleting Data">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="dml.html" title="Chapter 6. Data Manipulation">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 6. Data Manipulation</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="queries.html" title="Chapter 7. Queries">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="DML-RETURNING"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows <a href="#DML-RETURNING" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.5.6.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.5.6.3" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.5.6.4" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.5.6.5" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.5.6.6" class="indexterm"></a><p>
3 Sometimes it is useful to obtain data from modified rows while they are
4 being manipulated. The <code class="command">INSERT</code>, <code class="command">UPDATE</code>,
5 <code class="command">DELETE</code>, and <code class="command">MERGE</code> commands all have an
6 optional <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> clause that supports this. Use
7 of <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> avoids performing an extra database query to
8 collect the data, and is especially valuable when it would otherwise be
9 difficult to identify the modified rows reliably.
11 The allowed contents of a <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> clause are the same as
12 a <code class="command">SELECT</code> command's output list
13 (see <a class="xref" href="queries-select-lists.html" title="7.3. Select Lists">Section 7.3</a>). It can contain column
14 names of the command's target table, or value expressions using those
15 columns. A common shorthand is <code class="literal">RETURNING *</code>, which selects
16 all columns of the target table in order.
18 In an <code class="command">INSERT</code>, the default data available to
19 <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> is
20 the row as it was inserted. This is not so useful in trivial inserts,
21 since it would just repeat the data provided by the client. But it can
22 be very handy when relying on computed default values. For example,
23 when using a <a class="link" href="datatype-numeric.html#DATATYPE-SERIAL" title="8.1.4. Serial Types"><code class="type">serial</code></a>
24 column to provide unique identifiers, <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> can return
25 the ID assigned to a new row:
26 </p><pre class="programlisting">
27 CREATE TABLE users (firstname text, lastname text, id serial primary key);
29 INSERT INTO users (firstname, lastname) VALUES ('Joe', 'Cool') RETURNING id;
31 The <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> clause is also very useful
32 with <code class="literal">INSERT ... SELECT</code>.
34 In an <code class="command">UPDATE</code>, the default data available to
35 <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> is
36 the new content of the modified row. For example:
37 </p><pre class="programlisting">
38 UPDATE products SET price = price * 1.10
39 WHERE price <= 99.99
40 RETURNING name, price AS new_price;
43 In a <code class="command">DELETE</code>, the default data available to
44 <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> is
45 the content of the deleted row. For example:
46 </p><pre class="programlisting">
48 WHERE obsoletion_date = 'today'
52 In a <code class="command">MERGE</code>, the default data available to
53 <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> is
54 the content of the source row plus the content of the inserted, updated, or
55 deleted target row. Since it is quite common for the source and target to
56 have many of the same columns, specifying <code class="literal">RETURNING *</code>
57 can lead to a lot of duplicated columns, so it is often more useful to
58 qualify it so as to return just the source or target row. For example:
59 </p><pre class="programlisting">
60 MERGE INTO products p USING new_products n ON p.product_no = n.product_no
61 WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (n.product_no, n.name, n.price)
62 WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET name = n.name, price = n.price
66 In each of these commands, it is also possible to explicitly return the
67 old and new content of the modified row. For example:
68 </p><pre class="programlisting">
69 UPDATE products SET price = price * 1.10
70 WHERE price <= 99.99
71 RETURNING name, old.price AS old_price, new.price AS new_price,
72 new.price - old.price AS price_change;
74 In this example, writing <code class="literal">new.price</code> is the same as
75 just writing <code class="literal">price</code>, but it makes the meaning clearer.
77 This syntax for returning old and new values is available in
78 <code class="command">INSERT</code>, <code class="command">UPDATE</code>,
79 <code class="command">DELETE</code>, and <code class="command">MERGE</code> commands, but
80 typically old values will be <code class="literal">NULL</code> for an
81 <code class="command">INSERT</code>, and new values will be <code class="literal">NULL</code>
82 for a <code class="command">DELETE</code>. However, there are situations where it
83 can still be useful for those commands. For example, in an
84 <code class="command">INSERT</code> with an
85 <a class="link" href="sql-insert.html#SQL-ON-CONFLICT" title="ON CONFLICT Clause"><code class="literal">ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE</code></a>
86 clause, the old values will be non-<code class="literal">NULL</code> for conflicting
87 rows. Similarly, if a <code class="command">DELETE</code> is turned into an
88 <code class="command">UPDATE</code> by a <a class="link" href="sql-createrule.html" title="CREATE RULE">rewrite rule</a>,
89 the new values may be non-<code class="literal">NULL</code>.
91 If there are triggers (<a class="xref" href="triggers.html" title="Chapter 37. Triggers">Chapter 37</a>) on the target table,
92 the data available to <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> is the row as modified by
93 the triggers. Thus, inspecting columns computed by triggers is another
94 common use-case for <code class="literal">RETURNING</code>.
95 </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="dml-delete.html" title="6.3. Deleting Data">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="dml.html" title="Chapter 6. Data Manipulation">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="queries.html" title="Chapter 7. Queries">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">6.3. Deleting Data </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 7. Queries</td></tr></table></div></body></html>