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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>54.1. Overview</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="protocol.html" title="Chapter 54. Frontend/Backend Protocol" /><link rel="next" href="protocol-flow.html" title="54.2. Message Flow" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">54.1. Overview</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="protocol.html" title="Chapter 54. Frontend/Backend Protocol">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="protocol.html" title="Chapter 54. Frontend/Backend Protocol">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 54. Frontend/Backend Protocol</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="protocol-flow.html" title="54.2. Message Flow">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="PROTOCOL-OVERVIEW"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">54.1. Overview <a href="#PROTOCOL-OVERVIEW" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-overview.html#PROTOCOL-MESSAGE-CONCEPTS">54.1.1. Messaging Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-overview.html#PROTOCOL-QUERY-CONCEPTS">54.1.2. Extended Query Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-overview.html#PROTOCOL-FORMAT-CODES">54.1.3. Formats and Format Codes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-overview.html#PROTOCOL-VERSIONS">54.1.4. Protocol Versions</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
3 The protocol has separate phases for startup and normal operation.
4 In the startup phase, the frontend opens a connection to the server
5 and authenticates itself to the satisfaction of the server. (This might
6 involve a single message, or multiple messages depending on the
7 authentication method being used.) If all goes well, the server then sends
8 status information to the frontend, and finally enters normal operation.
9 Except for the initial startup-request message, this part of the
10 protocol is driven by the server.
12 During normal operation, the frontend sends queries and
13 other commands to the backend, and the backend sends back query results
14 and other responses. There are a few cases (such as <code class="command">NOTIFY</code>)
16 backend will send unsolicited messages, but for the most part this portion
17 of a session is driven by frontend requests.
19 Termination of the session is normally by frontend choice, but can be
20 forced by the backend in certain cases. In any case, when the backend
21 closes the connection, it will roll back any open (incomplete) transaction
24 Within normal operation, SQL commands can be executed through either of
25 two sub-protocols. In the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">simple query</span>”</span> protocol, the frontend
26 just sends a textual query string, which is parsed and immediately
27 executed by the backend. In the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">extended query</span>”</span> protocol,
28 processing of queries is separated into multiple steps: parsing,
29 binding of parameter values, and execution. This offers flexibility
30 and performance benefits, at the cost of extra complexity.
32 Normal operation has additional sub-protocols for special operations
33 such as <code class="command">COPY</code>.
34 </p><div class="sect2" id="PROTOCOL-MESSAGE-CONCEPTS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">54.1.1. Messaging Overview <a href="#PROTOCOL-MESSAGE-CONCEPTS" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
35 All communication is through a stream of messages. The first byte of a
36 message identifies the message type, and the next four bytes specify the
37 length of the rest of the message (this length count includes itself, but
38 not the message-type byte). The remaining contents of the message are
39 determined by the message type. For historical reasons, the very first
40 message sent by the client (the startup message) has no initial
43 To avoid losing synchronization with the message stream, both servers and
44 clients typically read an entire message into a buffer (using the byte
45 count) before attempting to process its contents. This allows easy
46 recovery if an error is detected while processing the contents. In
47 extreme situations (such as not having enough memory to buffer the
48 message), the receiver can use the byte count to determine how much
49 input to skip before it resumes reading messages.
51 Conversely, both servers and clients must take care never to send an
52 incomplete message. This is commonly done by marshaling the entire message
53 in a buffer before beginning to send it. If a communications failure
54 occurs partway through sending or receiving a message, the only sensible
55 response is to abandon the connection, since there is little hope of
56 recovering message-boundary synchronization.
57 </p></div><div class="sect2" id="PROTOCOL-QUERY-CONCEPTS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">54.1.2. Extended Query Overview <a href="#PROTOCOL-QUERY-CONCEPTS" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
58 In the extended-query protocol, execution of SQL commands is divided
59 into multiple steps. The state retained between steps is represented
60 by two types of objects: <em class="firstterm">prepared statements</em> and
61 <em class="firstterm">portals</em>. A prepared statement represents the result of
62 parsing and semantic analysis of a textual query string.
63 A prepared statement is not in itself ready to execute, because it might
64 lack specific values for <em class="firstterm">parameters</em>. A portal represents
65 a ready-to-execute or already-partially-executed statement, with any
66 missing parameter values filled in. (For <code class="command">SELECT</code> statements,
67 a portal is equivalent to an open cursor, but we choose to use a different
68 term since cursors don't handle non-<code class="command">SELECT</code> statements.)
70 The overall execution cycle consists of a <em class="firstterm">parse</em> step,
71 which creates a prepared statement from a textual query string; a
72 <em class="firstterm">bind</em> step, which creates a portal given a prepared
73 statement and values for any needed parameters; and an
74 <em class="firstterm">execute</em> step that runs a portal's query. In the case of
75 a query that returns rows (<code class="command">SELECT</code>, <code class="command">SHOW</code>, etc.),
76 the execute step can be told to fetch only
77 a limited number of rows, so that multiple execute steps might be needed
78 to complete the operation.
80 The backend can keep track of multiple prepared statements and portals
81 (but note that these exist only within a session, and are never shared
82 across sessions). Existing prepared statements and portals are
83 referenced by names assigned when they were created. In addition,
84 an <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">unnamed</span>”</span> prepared statement and portal exist. Although these
85 behave largely the same as named objects, operations on them are optimized
86 for the case of executing a query only once and then discarding it,
87 whereas operations on named objects are optimized on the expectation
89 </p></div><div class="sect2" id="PROTOCOL-FORMAT-CODES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">54.1.3. Formats and Format Codes <a href="#PROTOCOL-FORMAT-CODES" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
90 Data of a particular data type might be transmitted in any of several
91 different <em class="firstterm">formats</em>. As of <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 7.4
92 the only supported formats are <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">text</span>”</span> and <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">binary</span>”</span>,
93 but the protocol makes provision for future extensions. The desired
94 format for any value is specified by a <em class="firstterm">format code</em>.
95 Clients can specify a format code for each transmitted parameter value
96 and for each column of a query result. Text has format code zero,
97 binary has format code one, and all other format codes are reserved
98 for future definition.
100 The text representation of values is whatever strings are produced
101 and accepted by the input/output conversion functions for the
102 particular data type. In the transmitted representation, there is
103 no trailing null character; the frontend must add one to received
104 values if it wants to process them as C strings.
105 (The text format does not allow embedded nulls, by the way.)
107 Binary representations for integers use network byte order (most
108 significant byte first). For other data types consult the documentation
109 or source code to learn about the binary representation. Keep in mind
110 that binary representations for complex data types might change across
111 server versions; the text format is usually the more portable choice.
112 </p></div><div class="sect2" id="PROTOCOL-VERSIONS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">54.1.4. Protocol Versions <a href="#PROTOCOL-VERSIONS" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
113 The current, latest version of the protocol is version 3.2. However, for
114 backwards compatibility with old server versions and middleware that don't
115 support the version negotiation yet, libpq still uses protocol version 3.0
118 A single server can support multiple protocol versions. The initial
119 startup-request message tells the server which protocol version the client
120 is attempting to use. If the major version requested by the client is not
121 supported by the server, the connection will be rejected (for example,
122 this would occur if the client requested protocol version 4.0, which does
123 not exist as of this writing). If the minor version requested by the
124 client is not supported by the server (e.g., the client requests version
125 3.2, but the server supports only 3.0), the server may either reject the
126 connection or may respond with a NegotiateProtocolVersion message
127 containing the highest minor protocol version which it supports. The
128 client may then choose either to continue with the connection using the
129 specified protocol version or to abort the connection.
131 The protocol negotiation was introduced in
132 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> version 9.3.21. Earlier versions
133 would reject the connection if the client requested a minor version that
134 was not supported by the server.
136 <a class="xref" href="protocol-overview.html#PROTOCOL-VERSIONS-TABLE" title="Table 54.1. Protocol Versions">Table 54.1</a> shows the currently supported
138 </p><div class="table" id="PROTOCOL-VERSIONS-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 54.1. Protocol Versions</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Protocol Versions" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Version</th><th>Supported by</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>3.2</td><td>PostgreSQL 18 and later</td><td>Current latest version. The secret key used in query
139 cancellation was enlarged from 4 bytes to a variable length field. The
140 BackendKeyData message was changed to accommodate that, and the CancelRequest
141 message was redefined to have a variable length payload.
142 </td></tr><tr><td>3.1</td><td>-</td><td>Reserved. Version 3.1 has not been used by any PostgreSQL
143 version, but it was skipped because old versions of the popular
144 pgbouncer application had a bug in the protocol negotiation which made
145 it incorrectly claim that it supported version 3.1.
146 </td></tr><tr><td>3.0</td><td>PostgreSQL 7.4 and later</td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td>2.0</td><td>up to PostgreSQL 13</td><td>See previous releases of
147 the <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> documentation for
148 details</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="protocol.html" title="Chapter 54. Frontend/Backend Protocol">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="protocol.html" title="Chapter 54. Frontend/Backend Protocol">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="protocol-flow.html" title="54.2. Message Flow">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 54. Frontend/Backend Protocol </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 54.2. Message Flow</td></tr></table></div></body></html>