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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>54.3. SASL Authentication</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="protocol-flow.html" title="54.2. Message Flow" /><link rel="next" href="protocol-replication.html" title="54.4. Streaming Replication Protocol" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">54.3. SASL Authentication</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="protocol-flow.html" title="54.2. Message Flow">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="protocol.html" title="Chapter 54. Frontend/Backend Protocol">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 54. Frontend/Backend Protocol</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="protocol-replication.html" title="54.4. Streaming Replication Protocol">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="SASL-AUTHENTICATION"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">54.3. SASL Authentication <a href="#SASL-AUTHENTICATION" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sasl-authentication.html#SASL-SCRAM-SHA-256">54.3.1. SCRAM-SHA-256 Authentication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sasl-authentication.html#SASL-OAUTHBEARER">54.3.2. OAUTHBEARER Authentication</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
3 <em class="firstterm">SASL</em> is a framework for authentication in connection-oriented
4 protocols. At the moment, <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> implements three
5 SASL authentication mechanisms: SCRAM-SHA-256, SCRAM-SHA-256-PLUS, and
6 OAUTHBEARER. More might be added in the future. The below steps illustrate how SASL
7 authentication is performed in general, while the next subsections give
8 more details on particular mechanisms.
9 </p><div class="procedure" id="id-1.10.6.8.3"><p class="title"><strong>SASL Authentication Message Flow</strong></p><ol class="procedure" type="1"><li class="step" id="SASL-AUTH-BEGIN"><p>
10 To begin a SASL authentication exchange, the server sends an
11 AuthenticationSASL message. It includes a list of SASL authentication
12 mechanisms that the server can accept, in the server's preferred order.
13 </p></li><li class="step" id="SASL-AUTH-INITIAL-RESPONSE"><p>
14 The client selects one of the supported mechanisms from the list, and sends
15 a SASLInitialResponse message to the server. The message includes the name
16 of the selected mechanism, and an optional Initial Client Response, if the
17 selected mechanism uses that.
18 </p></li><li class="step" id="SASL-AUTH-CONTINUE"><p>
19 One or more server-challenge and client-response message will follow. Each
20 server-challenge is sent in an AuthenticationSASLContinue message, followed
21 by a response from client in a SASLResponse message. The particulars of
22 the messages are mechanism specific.
23 </p></li><li class="step" id="SASL-AUTH-END"><p>
24 Finally, when the authentication exchange is completed successfully, the
25 server sends an optional AuthenticationSASLFinal message, followed
26 immediately by an AuthenticationOk message. The AuthenticationSASLFinal
27 contains additional server-to-client data, whose content is particular to the
28 selected authentication mechanism. If the authentication mechanism doesn't
29 use additional data that's sent at completion, the AuthenticationSASLFinal
31 </p></li></ol></div><p>
32 On error, the server can abort the authentication at any stage, and send an
34 </p><div class="sect2" id="SASL-SCRAM-SHA-256"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">54.3.1. SCRAM-SHA-256 Authentication <a href="#SASL-SCRAM-SHA-256" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
35 <code class="literal">SCRAM-SHA-256</code>, and its variant with channel
36 binding <code class="literal">SCRAM-SHA-256-PLUS</code>, are password-based
37 authentication mechanisms. They are described in
38 detail in <a class="ulink" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7677" target="_top">RFC 7677</a>
39 and <a class="ulink" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5802" target="_top">RFC 5802</a>.
41 When SCRAM-SHA-256 is used in PostgreSQL, the server will ignore the user name
42 that the client sends in the <code class="structname">client-first-message</code>. The user name
43 that was already sent in the startup message is used instead.
44 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> supports multiple character encodings, while SCRAM
45 dictates UTF-8 to be used for the user name, so it might be impossible to
46 represent the PostgreSQL user name in UTF-8.
48 The SCRAM specification dictates that the password is also in UTF-8, and is
49 processed with the <em class="firstterm">SASLprep</em> algorithm.
50 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, however, does not require UTF-8 to be used for
51 the password. When a user's password is set, it is processed with SASLprep
52 as if it was in UTF-8, regardless of the actual encoding used. However, if
53 it is not a legal UTF-8 byte sequence, or it contains UTF-8 byte sequences
54 that are prohibited by the SASLprep algorithm, the raw password will be used
55 without SASLprep processing, instead of throwing an error. This allows the
56 password to be normalized when it is in UTF-8, but still allows a non-UTF-8
57 password to be used, and doesn't require the system to know which encoding
60 <em class="firstterm">Channel binding</em> is supported in PostgreSQL builds with
61 SSL support. The SASL mechanism name for SCRAM with channel binding is
62 <code class="literal">SCRAM-SHA-256-PLUS</code>. The channel binding type used by
63 PostgreSQL is <code class="literal">tls-server-end-point</code>.
65 In <acronym class="acronym">SCRAM</acronym> without channel binding, the server chooses
66 a random number that is transmitted to the client to be mixed with the
67 user-supplied password in the transmitted password hash. While this
68 prevents the password hash from being successfully retransmitted in
69 a later session, it does not prevent a fake server between the real
70 server and client from passing through the server's random value
71 and successfully authenticating.
73 <acronym class="acronym">SCRAM</acronym> with channel binding prevents such
74 man-in-the-middle attacks by mixing the signature of the server's
75 certificate into the transmitted password hash. While a fake server can
76 retransmit the real server's certificate, it doesn't have access to the
77 private key matching that certificate, and therefore cannot prove it is
78 the owner, causing SSL connection failure.
79 </p><div class="procedure" id="id-1.10.6.8.5.8"><p class="title"><strong>Example</strong></p><ol class="procedure" type="1"><li class="step" id="SCRAM-BEGIN"><p>
80 The server sends an AuthenticationSASL message. It includes a list of
81 SASL authentication mechanisms that the server can accept.
82 This will be <code class="literal">SCRAM-SHA-256-PLUS</code>
83 and <code class="literal">SCRAM-SHA-256</code> if the server is built with SSL
84 support, or else just the latter.
85 </p></li><li class="step" id="SCRAM-CLIENT-FIRST"><p>
86 The client responds by sending a SASLInitialResponse message, which
87 indicates the chosen mechanism, <code class="literal">SCRAM-SHA-256</code> or
88 <code class="literal">SCRAM-SHA-256-PLUS</code>. (A client is free to choose either
89 mechanism, but for better security it should choose the channel-binding
90 variant if it can support it.) In the Initial Client response field, the
91 message contains the SCRAM <code class="structname">client-first-message</code>.
92 The <code class="structname">client-first-message</code> also contains the channel
93 binding type chosen by the client.
94 </p></li><li class="step" id="SCRAM-SERVER-FIRST"><p>
95 Server sends an AuthenticationSASLContinue message, with a SCRAM
96 <code class="structname">server-first-message</code> as the content.
97 </p></li><li class="step" id="SCRAM-CLIENT-FINAL"><p>
98 Client sends a SASLResponse message, with SCRAM
99 <code class="structname">client-final-message</code> as the content.
100 </p></li><li class="step" id="SCRAM-SERVER-FINAL"><p>
101 Server sends an AuthenticationSASLFinal message, with the SCRAM
102 <code class="structname">server-final-message</code>, followed immediately by
103 an AuthenticationOk message.
104 </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" id="SASL-OAUTHBEARER"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">54.3.2. OAUTHBEARER Authentication <a href="#SASL-OAUTHBEARER" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
105 <code class="literal">OAUTHBEARER</code> is a token-based mechanism for federated
106 authentication. It is described in detail in
107 <a class="ulink" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7628" target="_top">RFC 7628</a>.
109 A typical exchange differs depending on whether or not the client already
110 has a bearer token cached for the current user. If it does not, the exchange
111 will take place over two connections: the first "discovery" connection to
112 obtain OAuth metadata from the server, and the second connection to send
113 the token after the client has obtained it. (libpq does not currently
114 implement a caching method as part of its builtin flow, so it uses the
115 two-connection exchange.)
117 This mechanism is client-initiated, like SCRAM. The client initial response
118 consists of the standard "GS2" header used by SCRAM, followed by a list of
119 <code class="literal">key=value</code> pairs. The only key currently supported by
120 the server is <code class="literal">auth</code>, which contains the bearer token.
121 <code class="literal">OAUTHBEARER</code> additionally specifies three optional
122 components of the client initial response (the <code class="literal">authzid</code> of
123 the GS2 header, and the <code class="structfield">host</code> and
124 <code class="structfield">port</code> keys) which are currently ignored by the
127 <code class="literal">OAUTHBEARER</code> does not support channel binding, and there
128 is no "OAUTHBEARER-PLUS" mechanism. This mechanism does not make use of
129 server data during a successful authentication, so the
130 AuthenticationSASLFinal message is not used in the exchange.
131 </p><div class="procedure" id="id-1.10.6.8.6.6"><p class="title"><strong>Example</strong></p><ol class="procedure" type="1"><li class="step"><p>
132 During the first exchange, the server sends an AuthenticationSASL message
133 with the <code class="literal">OAUTHBEARER</code> mechanism advertised.
134 </p></li><li class="step"><p>
135 The client responds by sending a SASLInitialResponse message which
136 indicates the <code class="literal">OAUTHBEARER</code> mechanism. Assuming the
137 client does not already have a valid bearer token for the current user,
138 the <code class="structfield">auth</code> field is empty, indicating a discovery
140 </p></li><li class="step"><p>
141 Server sends an AuthenticationSASLContinue message containing an error
142 <code class="literal">status</code> alongside a well-known URI and scopes that the
143 client should use to conduct an OAuth flow.
144 </p></li><li class="step"><p>
145 Client sends a SASLResponse message containing the empty set (a single
146 <code class="literal">0x01</code> byte) to finish its half of the discovery
148 </p></li><li class="step"><p>
149 Server sends an ErrorMessage to fail the first exchange.
151 At this point, the client conducts one of many possible OAuth flows to
152 obtain a bearer token, using any metadata that it has been configured with
153 in addition to that provided by the server. (This description is left
154 deliberately vague; <code class="literal">OAUTHBEARER</code> does not specify or
155 mandate any particular method for obtaining a token.)
157 Once it has a token, the client reconnects to the server for the final
159 </p></li><li class="step"><p>
160 The server once again sends an AuthenticationSASL message with the
161 <code class="literal">OAUTHBEARER</code> mechanism advertised.
162 </p></li><li class="step"><p>
163 The client responds by sending a SASLInitialResponse message, but this
164 time the <code class="structfield">auth</code> field in the message contains the
165 bearer token that was obtained during the client flow.
166 </p></li><li class="step"><p>
167 The server validates the token according to the instructions of the
168 token provider. If the client is authorized to connect, it sends an
169 AuthenticationOk message to end the SASL exchange.
170 </p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="protocol-flow.html" title="54.2. Message Flow">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="protocol.html" title="Chapter 54. Frontend/Backend Protocol">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="protocol-replication.html" title="54.4. Streaming Replication Protocol">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">54.2. Message Flow </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 54.4. Streaming Replication Protocol</td></tr></table></div></body></html>