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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>8.3. Character Types</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="datatype-money.html" title="8.2. Monetary Types" /><link rel="next" href="datatype-binary.html" title="8.4. Binary Data Types" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">8.3. Character Types</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="datatype-money.html" title="8.2. Monetary Types">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="datatype.html" title="Chapter 8. Data Types">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 8. Data Types</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="datatype-binary.html" title="8.4. Binary Data Types">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="DATATYPE-CHARACTER"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">8.3. Character Types <a href="#DATATYPE-CHARACTER" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.7.11.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.11.3" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.11.4" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.11.5" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.11.6" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.11.7" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.11.8" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.11.9" class="indexterm"></a><div class="table" id="DATATYPE-CHARACTER-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.4. Character Types</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Character Types" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code class="type">character varying(<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code>, <code class="type">varchar(<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code></td><td>variable-length with limit</td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">character(<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code>, <code class="type">char(<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code>, <code class="type">bpchar(<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code></td><td>fixed-length, blank-padded</td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">bpchar</code></td><td>variable unlimited length, blank-trimmed</td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">text</code></td><td>variable unlimited length</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
3 <a class="xref" href="datatype-character.html#DATATYPE-CHARACTER-TABLE" title="Table 8.4. Character Types">Table 8.4</a> shows the
4 general-purpose character types available in
5 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>.
7 <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> defines two primary character types:
8 <code class="type">character varying(<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code> and
9 <code class="type">character(<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code>, where <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>
10 is a positive integer. Both of these types can store strings up to
11 <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em> characters (not bytes) in length. An attempt to store a
12 longer string into a column of these types will result in an
13 error, unless the excess characters are all spaces, in which case
14 the string will be truncated to the maximum length. (This somewhat
15 bizarre exception is required by the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym>
17 However, if one explicitly casts a value to <code class="type">character
18 varying(<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code> or
19 <code class="type">character(<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code>, then an over-length
20 value will be truncated to <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em> characters without
21 raising an error. (This too is required by the
22 <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard.)
23 If the string to be stored is shorter than the declared
24 length, values of type <code class="type">character</code> will be space-padded;
25 values of type <code class="type">character varying</code> will simply store the
29 In addition, <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> provides the
30 <code class="type">text</code> type, which stores strings of any length.
31 Although the <code class="type">text</code> type is not in the
32 <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard, several other SQL database
33 management systems have it as well.
34 <code class="type">text</code> is <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>'s native
35 string data type, in that most built-in functions operating on strings
36 are declared to take or return <code class="type">text</code> not <code class="type">character
37 varying</code>. For many purposes, <code class="type">character varying</code>
38 acts as though it were a <a class="link" href="domains.html" title="8.18. Domain Types">domain</a>
39 over <code class="type">text</code>.
41 The type name <code class="type">varchar</code> is an alias for <code class="type">character
42 varying</code>, while <code class="type">bpchar</code> (with length specifier) and
43 <code class="type">char</code> are aliases for <code class="type">character</code>. The
44 <code class="type">varchar</code> and <code class="type">char</code> aliases are defined in the
45 <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard; <code class="type">bpchar</code> is a
46 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> extension.
48 If specified, the length <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em> must be greater
49 than zero and cannot exceed 10,485,760. If <code class="type">character
50 varying</code> (or <code class="type">varchar</code>) is used without
51 length specifier, the type accepts strings of any length. If
52 <code class="type">bpchar</code> lacks a length specifier, it also accepts strings
53 of any length, but trailing spaces are semantically insignificant.
54 If <code class="type">character</code> (or <code class="type">char</code>) lacks a specifier,
55 it is equivalent to <code class="type">character(1)</code>.
57 Values of type <code class="type">character</code> are physically padded
58 with spaces to the specified width <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>, and are
59 stored and displayed that way. However, trailing spaces are treated as
60 semantically insignificant and disregarded when comparing two values
61 of type <code class="type">character</code>. In collations where whitespace
62 is significant, this behavior can produce unexpected results;
63 for example <code class="command">SELECT 'a '::CHAR(2) collate "C" <
64 E'a\n'::CHAR(2)</code> returns true, even though <code class="literal">C</code>
65 locale would consider a space to be greater than a newline.
66 Trailing spaces are removed when converting a <code class="type">character</code> value
67 to one of the other string types. Note that trailing spaces
68 <span class="emphasis"><em>are</em></span> semantically significant in
69 <code class="type">character varying</code> and <code class="type">text</code> values, and
70 when using pattern matching, that is <code class="literal">LIKE</code> and
73 The characters that can be stored in any of these data types are
74 determined by the database character set, which is selected when
75 the database is created. Regardless of the specific character set,
76 the character with code zero (sometimes called NUL) cannot be stored.
77 For more information refer to <a class="xref" href="multibyte.html" title="23.3. Character Set Support">Section 23.3</a>.
79 The storage requirement for a short string (up to 126 bytes) is 1 byte
80 plus the actual string, which includes the space padding in the case of
81 <code class="type">character</code>. Longer strings have 4 bytes of overhead instead
82 of 1. Long strings are compressed by the system automatically, so
83 the physical requirement on disk might be less. Very long values are also
84 stored in background tables so that they do not interfere with rapid
85 access to shorter column values. In any case, the longest
86 possible character string that can be stored is about 1 GB. (The
87 maximum value that will be allowed for <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em> in the data
88 type declaration is less than that. It wouldn't be useful to
89 change this because with multibyte character encodings the number of
90 characters and bytes can be quite different. If you desire to
91 store long strings with no specific upper limit, use
92 <code class="type">text</code> or <code class="type">character varying</code> without a length
93 specifier, rather than making up an arbitrary length limit.)
94 </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
95 There is no performance difference among these three types,
96 apart from increased storage space when using the blank-padded
97 type, and a few extra CPU cycles to check the length when storing into
98 a length-constrained column. While
99 <code class="type">character(<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code> has performance
100 advantages in some other database systems, there is no such advantage in
101 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>; in fact
102 <code class="type">character(<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code> is usually the slowest of
103 the three because of its additional storage costs. In most situations
104 <code class="type">text</code> or <code class="type">character varying</code> should be used
107 Refer to <a class="xref" href="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-STRINGS" title="4.1.2.1. String Constants">Section 4.1.2.1</a> for information about
108 the syntax of string literals, and to <a class="xref" href="functions.html" title="Chapter 9. Functions and Operators">Chapter 9</a>
109 for information about available operators and functions.
110 </p><div class="example" id="id-1.5.7.11.21"><p class="title"><strong>Example 8.1. Using the Character Types</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">
111 CREATE TABLE test1 (a character(4));
112 INSERT INTO test1 VALUES ('ok');
113 SELECT a, char_length(a) FROM test1; -- <span id="co.datatype-char"></span>(1)
114 <code class="computeroutput">
120 CREATE TABLE test2 (b varchar(5));
121 INSERT INTO test2 VALUES ('ok');
122 INSERT INTO test2 VALUES ('good ');
123 INSERT INTO test2 VALUES ('too long');
124 <code class="computeroutput">ERROR: value too long for type character varying(5)</code>
125 INSERT INTO test2 VALUES ('too long'::varchar(5)); -- explicit truncation
126 SELECT b, char_length(b) FROM test2;
127 <code class="computeroutput">
129 -------+-------------
134 </pre><div class="calloutlist"><table border="0" summary="Callout list"><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#co.datatype-char">(1)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>
135 The <code class="function">char_length</code> function is discussed in
136 <a class="xref" href="functions-string.html" title="9.4. String Functions and Operators">Section 9.4</a>.
137 </p></td></tr></table></div></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p>
138 There are two other fixed-length character types in
139 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, shown in <a class="xref" href="datatype-character.html#DATATYPE-CHARACTER-SPECIAL-TABLE" title="Table 8.5. Special Character Types">Table 8.5</a>.
140 These are not intended for general-purpose use, only for use
141 in the internal system catalogs.
142 The <code class="type">name</code> type is used to store identifiers. Its
143 length is currently defined as 64 bytes (63 usable characters plus
144 terminator) but should be referenced using the constant
145 <code class="symbol">NAMEDATALEN</code> in <code class="literal">C</code> source code.
146 The length is set at compile time (and
147 is therefore adjustable for special uses); the default maximum
148 length might change in a future release. The type <code class="type">"char"</code>
149 (note the quotes) is different from <code class="type">char(1)</code> in that it
150 only uses one byte of storage, and therefore can store only a single
151 ASCII character. It is used in the system
152 catalogs as a simplistic enumeration type.
153 </p><div class="table" id="DATATYPE-CHARACTER-SPECIAL-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.5. Special Character Types</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Special Character Types" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Storage Size</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code class="type">"char"</code></td><td>1 byte</td><td>single-byte internal type</td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">name</code></td><td>64 bytes</td><td>internal type for object names</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="datatype-money.html" title="8.2. Monetary Types">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="datatype.html" title="Chapter 8. Data Types">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="datatype-binary.html" title="8.4. Binary Data Types">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">8.2. Monetary Types </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 8.4. Binary Data Types</td></tr></table></div></body></html>