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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>8.19. Object Identifier Types</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="domains.html" title="8.18. Domain Types" /><link rel="next" href="datatype-pg-lsn.html" title="8.20. pg_lsn Type" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">8.19. Object Identifier Types</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="domains.html" title="8.18. Domain Types">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="datatype.html" title="Chapter 8. Data Types">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 8. Data Types</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="datatype-pg-lsn.html" title="8.20. pg_lsn Type">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="DATATYPE-OID"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">8.19. Object Identifier Types <a href="#DATATYPE-OID" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.7.27.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.3" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.4" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.5" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.6" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.7" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.8" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.9" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.10" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.11" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.12" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.13" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.14" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.15" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.16" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.17" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.27.18" class="indexterm"></a><p>
3 Object identifiers (OIDs) are used internally by
4 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> as primary keys for various
6 Type <code class="type">oid</code> represents an object identifier. There are also
7 several alias types for <code class="type">oid</code>, each
8 named <code class="type">reg<em class="replaceable"><code>something</code></em></code>.
9 <a class="xref" href="datatype-oid.html#DATATYPE-OID-TABLE" title="Table 8.26. Object Identifier Types">Table 8.26</a> shows an
12 The <code class="type">oid</code> type is currently implemented as an unsigned
13 four-byte integer. Therefore, it is not large enough to provide
14 database-wide uniqueness in large databases, or even in large
17 The <code class="type">oid</code> type itself has few operations beyond comparison.
18 It can be cast to integer, however, and then manipulated using the
19 standard integer operators. (Beware of possible
20 signed-versus-unsigned confusion if you do this.)
22 The OID alias types have no operations of their own except
23 for specialized input and output routines. These routines are able
24 to accept and display symbolic names for system objects, rather than
25 the raw numeric value that type <code class="type">oid</code> would use. The alias
26 types allow simplified lookup of OID values for objects. For example,
27 to examine the <code class="structname">pg_attribute</code> rows related to a table
28 <code class="literal">mytable</code>, one could write:
29 </p><pre class="programlisting">
30 SELECT * FROM pg_attribute WHERE attrelid = 'mytable'::regclass;
33 </p><pre class="programlisting">
34 SELECT * FROM pg_attribute
35 WHERE attrelid = (SELECT oid FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 'mytable');
37 While that doesn't look all that bad by itself, it's still oversimplified.
38 A far more complicated sub-select would be needed to
39 select the right OID if there are multiple tables named
40 <code class="literal">mytable</code> in different schemas.
41 The <code class="type">regclass</code> input converter handles the table lookup according
42 to the schema path setting, and so it does the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">right thing</span>”</span>
43 automatically. Similarly, casting a table's OID to
44 <code class="type">regclass</code> is handy for symbolic display of a numeric OID.
45 </p><div class="table" id="DATATYPE-OID-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.26. Object Identifier Types</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Object Identifier Types" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>References</th><th>Description</th><th>Value Example</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code class="type">oid</code></td><td>any</td><td>numeric object identifier</td><td><code class="literal">564182</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">regclass</code></td><td><code class="structname">pg_class</code></td><td>relation name</td><td><code class="literal">pg_type</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">regcollation</code></td><td><code class="structname">pg_collation</code></td><td>collation name</td><td><code class="literal">"POSIX"</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">regconfig</code></td><td><code class="structname">pg_ts_config</code></td><td>text search configuration</td><td><code class="literal">english</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">regdictionary</code></td><td><code class="structname">pg_ts_dict</code></td><td>text search dictionary</td><td><code class="literal">simple</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">regnamespace</code></td><td><code class="structname">pg_namespace</code></td><td>namespace name</td><td><code class="literal">pg_catalog</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">regoper</code></td><td><code class="structname">pg_operator</code></td><td>operator name</td><td><code class="literal">+</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">regoperator</code></td><td><code class="structname">pg_operator</code></td><td>operator with argument types</td><td><code class="literal">*(integer,integer)</code>
46 or <code class="literal">-(NONE,integer)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">regproc</code></td><td><code class="structname">pg_proc</code></td><td>function name</td><td><code class="literal">sum</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">regprocedure</code></td><td><code class="structname">pg_proc</code></td><td>function with argument types</td><td><code class="literal">sum(int4)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">regrole</code></td><td><code class="structname">pg_authid</code></td><td>role name</td><td><code class="literal">smithee</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">regtype</code></td><td><code class="structname">pg_type</code></td><td>data type name</td><td><code class="literal">integer</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
47 All of the OID alias types for objects that are grouped by namespace
48 accept schema-qualified names, and will
49 display schema-qualified names on output if the object would not
50 be found in the current search path without being qualified.
51 For example, <code class="literal">myschema.mytable</code> is acceptable input
52 for <code class="type">regclass</code> (if there is such a table). That value
53 might be output as <code class="literal">myschema.mytable</code>, or
54 just <code class="literal">mytable</code>, depending on the current search path.
55 The <code class="type">regproc</code> and <code class="type">regoper</code> alias types will only
56 accept input names that are unique (not overloaded), so they are
57 of limited use; for most uses <code class="type">regprocedure</code> or
58 <code class="type">regoperator</code> are more appropriate. For <code class="type">regoperator</code>,
59 unary operators are identified by writing <code class="literal">NONE</code> for the unused
62 The input functions for these types allow whitespace between tokens,
63 and will fold upper-case letters to lower case, except within double
64 quotes; this is done to make the syntax rules similar to the way
65 object names are written in SQL. Conversely, the output functions
66 will use double quotes if needed to make the output be a valid SQL
67 identifier. For example, the OID of a function
68 named <code class="literal">Foo</code> (with upper case <code class="literal">F</code>)
69 taking two integer arguments could be entered as
70 <code class="literal">' "Foo" ( int, integer ) '::regprocedure</code>. The
71 output would look like <code class="literal">"Foo"(integer,integer)</code>.
72 Both the function name and the argument type names could be
73 schema-qualified, too.
75 Many built-in <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> functions accept
76 the OID of a table, or another kind of database object, and for
77 convenience are declared as taking <code class="type">regclass</code> (or the
78 appropriate OID alias type). This means you do not have to look up
79 the object's OID by hand, but can just enter its name as a string
80 literal. For example, the <code class="function">nextval(regclass)</code> function
81 takes a sequence relation's OID, so you could call it like this:
82 </p><pre class="programlisting">
83 nextval('foo') <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">operates on sequence <code class="literal">foo</code></span></em>
84 nextval('FOO') <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">same as above</span></em>
85 nextval('"Foo"') <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">operates on sequence <code class="literal">Foo</code></span></em>
86 nextval('myschema.foo') <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">operates on <code class="literal">myschema.foo</code></span></em>
87 nextval('"myschema".foo') <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">same as above</span></em>
88 nextval('foo') <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">searches search path for <code class="literal">foo</code></span></em>
90 </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
91 When you write the argument of such a function as an unadorned
92 literal string, it becomes a constant of type <code class="type">regclass</code>
93 (or the appropriate type).
94 Since this is really just an OID, it will track the originally
95 identified object despite later renaming, schema reassignment,
96 etc. This <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">early binding</span>”</span> behavior is usually desirable for
97 object references in column defaults and views. But sometimes you might
98 want <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">late binding</span>”</span> where the object reference is resolved
99 at run time. To get late-binding behavior, force the constant to be
100 stored as a <code class="type">text</code> constant instead of <code class="type">regclass</code>:
101 </p><pre class="programlisting">
102 nextval('foo'::text) <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation"><code class="literal">foo</code> is looked up at runtime</span></em>
104 The <code class="function">to_regclass()</code> function and its siblings
105 can also be used to perform run-time lookups. See
106 <a class="xref" href="functions-info.html#FUNCTIONS-INFO-CATALOG-TABLE" title="Table 9.76. System Catalog Information Functions">Table 9.76</a>.
108 Another practical example of use of <code class="type">regclass</code>
109 is to look up the OID of a table listed in
110 the <code class="literal">information_schema</code> views, which don't supply
111 such OIDs directly. One might for example wish to call
112 the <code class="function">pg_relation_size()</code> function, which requires
113 the table OID. Taking the above rules into account, the correct way
115 </p><pre class="programlisting">
116 SELECT table_schema, table_name,
117 pg_relation_size((quote_ident(table_schema) || '.' ||
118 quote_ident(table_name))::regclass)
119 FROM information_schema.tables
122 The <code class="function">quote_ident()</code> function will take care of
123 double-quoting the identifiers where needed. The seemingly easier
124 </p><pre class="programlisting">
125 SELECT pg_relation_size(table_name)
126 FROM information_schema.tables
129 is <span class="emphasis"><em>not recommended</em></span>, because it will fail for
130 tables that are outside your search path or have names that require
133 An additional property of most of the OID alias types is the creation of
135 constant of one of these types appears in a stored expression
136 (such as a column default expression or view), it creates a dependency
137 on the referenced object. For example, if a column has a default
138 expression <code class="literal">nextval('my_seq'::regclass)</code>,
139 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
140 understands that the default expression depends on the sequence
141 <code class="literal">my_seq</code>, so the system will not let the sequence
142 be dropped without first removing the default expression. The
143 alternative of <code class="literal">nextval('my_seq'::text)</code> does not
145 (<code class="type">regrole</code> is an exception to this property. Constants of this
146 type are not allowed in stored expressions.)
148 Another identifier type used by the system is <code class="type">xid</code>, or transaction
149 (abbreviated <abbr class="abbrev">xact</abbr>) identifier. This is the data type of the system columns
150 <code class="structfield">xmin</code> and <code class="structfield">xmax</code>. Transaction identifiers are 32-bit quantities.
151 In some contexts, a 64-bit variant <code class="type">xid8</code> is used. Unlike
152 <code class="type">xid</code> values, <code class="type">xid8</code> values increase strictly
153 monotonically and cannot be reused in the lifetime of a database
154 cluster. See <a class="xref" href="transaction-id.html" title="67.1. Transactions and Identifiers">Section 67.1</a> for more details.
156 A third identifier type used by the system is <code class="type">cid</code>, or
157 command identifier. This is the data type of the system columns
158 <code class="structfield">cmin</code> and <code class="structfield">cmax</code>. Command identifiers are also 32-bit quantities.
160 A final identifier type used by the system is <code class="type">tid</code>, or tuple
161 identifier (row identifier). This is the data type of the system column
162 <code class="structfield">ctid</code>. A tuple ID is a pair
163 (block number, tuple index within block) that identifies the
164 physical location of the row within its table.
166 (The system columns are further explained in <a class="xref" href="ddl-system-columns.html" title="5.6. System Columns">Section 5.6</a>.)
167 </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="domains.html" title="8.18. Domain Types">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="datatype.html" title="Chapter 8. Data Types">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="datatype-pg-lsn.html" title="8.20. pg_lsn Type">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">8.18. Domain Types </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 8.20. <code class="type">pg_lsn</code> Type</td></tr></table></div></body></html>