1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="datetime-config-files.html" title="B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files" /><link rel="next" href="datetime-units-history.html" title="B.6. History of Units" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">B.5. <acronym class="acronym">POSIX</acronym> Time Zone Specifications</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="datetime-config-files.html" title="B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="datetime-appendix.html" title="Appendix B. Date/Time Support">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B. Date/Time Support</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="datetime-units-history.html" title="B.6. History of Units">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="DATETIME-POSIX-TIMEZONE-SPECS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">B.5. <acronym class="acronym">POSIX</acronym> Time Zone Specifications <a href="#DATETIME-POSIX-TIMEZONE-SPECS" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><a id="id-1.11.3.8.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
3 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> can accept time zone specifications
4 that are written according to the <acronym class="acronym">POSIX</acronym> standard's rules
5 for the <code class="varname">TZ</code> environment
6 variable. <acronym class="acronym">POSIX</acronym> time zone specifications are
7 inadequate to deal with the complexity of real-world time zone history,
8 but there are sometimes reasons to use them.
10 A POSIX time zone specification has the form
11 </p><pre class="synopsis">
12 <em class="replaceable"><code>STD</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>offset</code></em> [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>DST</code></em> [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>dstoffset</code></em> </span>] [<span class="optional"> , <em class="replaceable"><code>rule</code></em> </span>] </span>]
14 (For readability, we show spaces between the fields, but spaces should
15 not be used in practice.) The fields are:
16 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
17 <em class="replaceable"><code>STD</code></em> is the zone abbreviation to be used
19 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
20 <em class="replaceable"><code>offset</code></em> is the zone's standard-time offset
22 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
23 <em class="replaceable"><code>DST</code></em> is the zone abbreviation to be used
24 for daylight-savings time. If this field and the following ones are
25 omitted, the zone uses a fixed UTC offset with no daylight-savings
27 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
28 <em class="replaceable"><code>dstoffset</code></em> is the daylight-savings offset
29 from UTC. This field is typically omitted, since it defaults to one
30 hour less than the standard-time <em class="replaceable"><code>offset</code></em>,
31 which is usually the right thing.
32 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
33 <em class="replaceable"><code>rule</code></em> defines the rule for when daylight
34 savings is in effect, as described below.
35 </p></li></ul></div><p>
37 In this syntax, a zone abbreviation can be a string of letters, such
38 as <code class="literal">EST</code>, or an arbitrary string surrounded by angle
39 brackets, such as <code class="literal"><UTC-05></code>.
40 Note that the zone abbreviations given here are only used for output,
41 and even then only in some timestamp output formats. The zone
42 abbreviations recognized in timestamp input are determined as explained
43 in <a class="xref" href="datetime-config-files.html" title="B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files">Section B.4</a>.
45 The offset fields specify the hours, and optionally minutes and seconds,
46 difference from UTC. They have the format
47 <em class="replaceable"><code>hh</code></em>[<span class="optional"><code class="literal">:</code><em class="replaceable"><code>mm</code></em>[<span class="optional"><code class="literal">:</code><em class="replaceable"><code>ss</code></em></span>]</span>]
48 optionally with a leading sign (<code class="literal">+</code>
49 or <code class="literal">-</code>). The positive sign is used for
50 zones <span class="emphasis"><em>west</em></span> of Greenwich. (Note that this is the
51 opposite of the ISO-8601 sign convention used elsewhere in
52 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>.) <em class="replaceable"><code>hh</code></em>
53 can have one or two digits; <em class="replaceable"><code>mm</code></em>
54 and <em class="replaceable"><code>ss</code></em> (if used) must have two.
56 The daylight-savings transition <em class="replaceable"><code>rule</code></em> has the
58 </p><pre class="synopsis">
59 <em class="replaceable"><code>dstdate</code></em> [<span class="optional"> <code class="literal">/</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>dsttime</code></em> </span>] <code class="literal">,</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>stddate</code></em> [<span class="optional"> <code class="literal">/</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>stdtime</code></em> </span>]
61 (As before, spaces should not be included in practice.)
62 The <em class="replaceable"><code>dstdate</code></em>
63 and <em class="replaceable"><code>dsttime</code></em> fields define when daylight-savings
64 time starts, while <em class="replaceable"><code>stddate</code></em>
65 and <em class="replaceable"><code>stdtime</code></em> define when standard time
66 starts. (In some cases, notably in zones south of the equator, the
67 former might be later in the year than the latter.) The date fields
68 have one of these formats:
69 </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
70 A plain integer denotes a day of the year, counting from zero to
71 364, or to 365 in leap years.
72 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">J</code><em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
73 In this form, <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em> counts from 1 to 365,
74 and February 29 is not counted even if it is present. (Thus, a
75 transition occurring on February 29 could not be specified this
76 way. However, days after February have the same numbers whether
77 it's a leap year or not, so that this form is usually more useful
78 than the plain-integer form for transitions on fixed dates.)
79 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">M</code><em class="replaceable"><code>m</code></em><code class="literal">.</code><em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em><code class="literal">.</code><em class="replaceable"><code>d</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
80 This form specifies a transition that always happens during the same
81 month and on the same day of the week. <em class="replaceable"><code>m</code></em>
82 identifies the month, from 1 to 12. <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>
83 specifies the <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>'th occurrence of the
84 weekday identified by <em class="replaceable"><code>d</code></em>.
85 <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em> is a number between 1 and 4, or 5
86 meaning the last occurrence of that weekday in the month (which
87 could be the fourth or the fifth). <em class="replaceable"><code>d</code></em> is
88 a number between 0 and 6, with 0 indicating Sunday.
89 For example, <code class="literal">M3.2.0</code> means <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">the second
90 Sunday in March</span>”</span>.
91 </p></dd></dl></div><p>
92 </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
93 The <code class="literal">M</code> format is sufficient to describe many common
94 daylight-savings transition laws. But note that none of these variants
95 can deal with daylight-savings law changes, so in practice the
96 historical data stored for named time zones (in the IANA time zone
97 database) is necessary to interpret past time stamps correctly.
99 The time fields in a transition rule have the same format as the offset
100 fields described previously, except that they cannot contain signs.
101 They define the current local time at which the change to the other
102 time occurs. If omitted, they default to <code class="literal">02:00:00</code>.
104 If a daylight-savings abbreviation is given but the
105 transition <em class="replaceable"><code>rule</code></em> field is omitted,
106 the fallback behavior is to use the
107 rule <code class="literal">M3.2.0,M11.1.0</code>, which corresponds to USA
108 practice as of 2020 (that is, spring forward on the second Sunday of
109 March, fall back on the first Sunday of November, both transitions
110 occurring at 2AM prevailing time). Note that this rule does not
111 give correct USA transition dates for years before 2007.
113 As an example, <code class="literal">CET-1CEST,M3.5.0,M10.5.0/3</code> describes
114 the current (as of 2020) timekeeping practice in Paris. This specification
115 says that standard time has the abbreviation <code class="literal">CET</code> and
116 is one hour ahead (east) of UTC; daylight savings time has the
117 abbreviation <code class="literal">CEST</code> and is implicitly two hours ahead
118 of UTC; daylight savings time begins on the last Sunday in March at 2AM
119 CET and ends on the last Sunday in October at 3AM CEST.
121 The four timezone names <code class="literal">EST5EDT</code>,
122 <code class="literal">CST6CDT</code>, <code class="literal">MST7MDT</code>,
123 and <code class="literal">PST8PDT</code> look like they are POSIX zone
124 specifications. However, they actually are treated as named time zones
125 because (for historical reasons) there are files by those names in the
126 IANA time zone database. The practical implication of this is that
127 these zone names will produce valid historical USA daylight-savings
128 transitions, even when a plain POSIX specification would not.
130 One should be wary that it is easy to misspell a POSIX-style time zone
131 specification, since there is no check on the reasonableness of the
132 zone abbreviation(s). For example, <code class="literal">SET TIMEZONE TO
133 FOOBAR0</code> will work, leaving the system effectively using a
134 rather peculiar abbreviation for UTC.
135 </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="datetime-config-files.html" title="B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="datetime-appendix.html" title="Appendix B. Date/Time Support">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="datetime-units-history.html" title="B.6. History of Units">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> B.6. History of Units</td></tr></table></div></body></html>