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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>CREATE OPERATOR</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="sql-creatematerializedview.html" title="CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW" /><link rel="next" href="sql-createopclass.html" title="CREATE OPERATOR CLASS" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">CREATE OPERATOR</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-creatematerializedview.html" title="CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">SQL Commands</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-createopclass.html" title="CREATE OPERATOR CLASS">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="refentry" id="SQL-CREATEOPERATOR"><div class="titlepage"></div><a id="id-1.9.3.72.1" class="indexterm"></a><div class="refnamediv"><h2><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE OPERATOR</span></h2><p>CREATE OPERATOR — define a new operator</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><pre class="synopsis">
3 CREATE OPERATOR <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> (
4 {FUNCTION|PROCEDURE} = <em class="replaceable"><code>function_name</code></em>
5 [, LEFTARG = <em class="replaceable"><code>left_type</code></em> ] [, RIGHTARG = <em class="replaceable"><code>right_type</code></em> ]
6 [, COMMUTATOR = <em class="replaceable"><code>com_op</code></em> ] [, NEGATOR = <em class="replaceable"><code>neg_op</code></em> ]
7 [, RESTRICT = <em class="replaceable"><code>res_proc</code></em> ] [, JOIN = <em class="replaceable"><code>join_proc</code></em> ]
8 [, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]
10 </pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.72.5"><h2>Description</h2><p>
11 <code class="command">CREATE OPERATOR</code> defines a new operator,
12 <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>. The user who
13 defines an operator becomes its owner. If a schema name is given
14 then the operator is created in the specified schema. Otherwise it
15 is created in the current schema.
17 The operator name is a sequence of up to <code class="symbol">NAMEDATALEN</code>-1
18 (63 by default) characters from the following list:
19 </p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
20 + - * / < > = ~ ! @ # % ^ & | ` ?<br />
23 There are a few restrictions on your choice of name:
24 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
25 <code class="literal">--</code> and <code class="literal">/*</code> cannot appear anywhere in an operator name,
26 since they will be taken as the start of a comment.
27 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
28 A multicharacter operator name cannot end in <code class="literal">+</code> or
29 <code class="literal">-</code>,
30 unless the name also contains at least one of these characters:
31 </p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
32 ~ ! @ # % ^ & | ` ?<br />
34 For example, <code class="literal">@-</code> is an allowed operator name,
35 but <code class="literal">*-</code> is not.
36 This restriction allows <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> to
37 parse SQL-compliant commands without requiring spaces between tokens.
38 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
39 The symbol <code class="literal">=></code> is reserved by the SQL grammar,
40 so it cannot be used as an operator name.
41 </p></li></ul></div><p>
43 The operator <code class="literal">!=</code> is mapped to
44 <code class="literal"><></code> on input, so these two names are always
47 For binary operators, both <code class="literal">LEFTARG</code> and
48 <code class="literal">RIGHTARG</code> must be defined. For prefix operators only
49 <code class="literal">RIGHTARG</code> should be defined.
50 The <em class="replaceable"><code>function_name</code></em>
51 function must have been previously defined using <code class="command">CREATE
52 FUNCTION</code> and must be defined to accept the correct number
53 of arguments (either one or two) of the indicated types.
55 In the syntax of <code class="literal">CREATE OPERATOR</code>, the keywords
56 <code class="literal">FUNCTION</code> and <code class="literal">PROCEDURE</code> are
57 equivalent, but the referenced function must in any case be a function, not
58 a procedure. The use of the keyword <code class="literal">PROCEDURE</code> here is
59 historical and deprecated.
61 The other clauses specify optional operator optimization attributes.
62 Their meaning is detailed in <a class="xref" href="xoper-optimization.html" title="36.15. Operator Optimization Information">Section 36.15</a>.
64 To be able to create an operator, you must have <code class="literal">USAGE</code>
65 privilege on the argument types and the return type, as well
66 as <code class="literal">EXECUTE</code> privilege on the underlying function. If a
67 commutator or negator operator is specified, you must own those operators.
68 </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.72.6"><h2>Parameters</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
69 The name of the operator to be defined. See above for allowable
70 characters. The name can be schema-qualified, for example
71 <code class="literal">CREATE OPERATOR myschema.+ (...)</code>. If not, then
72 the operator is created in the current schema. Two operators
73 in the same schema can have the same name if they operate on
74 different data types. This is called
75 <em class="firstterm">overloading</em>.
76 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>function_name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
77 The function used to implement this operator.
78 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>left_type</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
79 The data type of the operator's left operand, if any.
80 This option would be omitted for a prefix operator.
81 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>right_type</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
82 The data type of the operator's right operand.
83 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>com_op</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
84 The commutator of this operator.
85 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>neg_op</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
86 The negator of this operator.
87 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>res_proc</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
88 The restriction selectivity estimator function for this operator.
89 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>join_proc</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
90 The join selectivity estimator function for this operator.
91 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">HASHES</code></span></dt><dd><p>
92 Indicates this operator can support a hash join.
93 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">MERGES</code></span></dt><dd><p>
94 Indicates this operator can support a merge join.
95 </p></dd></dl></div><p>
96 To give a schema-qualified operator name in <em class="replaceable"><code>com_op</code></em> or the other optional
97 arguments, use the <code class="literal">OPERATOR()</code> syntax, for example:
98 </p><pre class="programlisting">
99 COMMUTATOR = OPERATOR(myschema.===) ,
100 </pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.72.7"><h2>Notes</h2><p>
101 Refer to <a class="xref" href="xoper.html" title="36.14. User-Defined Operators">Section 36.14</a> and <a class="xref" href="xoper-optimization.html" title="36.15. Operator Optimization Information">Section 36.15</a>
102 for further information.
104 When you are defining a self-commutative operator, you just do it.
105 When you are defining a pair of commutative operators, things are
106 a little trickier: how can the first one to be defined refer to the
107 other one, which you haven't defined yet? There are three solutions
110 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
111 One way is to omit the <code class="literal">COMMUTATOR</code> clause in the
112 first operator that you define, and then provide one in the second
113 operator's definition. Since <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
114 knows that commutative operators come in pairs, when it sees the
115 second definition it will automatically go back and fill in the
116 missing <code class="literal">COMMUTATOR</code> clause in the first
118 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
119 Another, more straightforward way is just to
120 include <code class="literal">COMMUTATOR</code> clauses in both definitions.
121 When <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> processes the first
122 definition and realizes that <code class="literal">COMMUTATOR</code> refers to
123 a nonexistent operator, the system will make a dummy entry for that
124 operator in the system catalog. This dummy entry will have valid
125 data only for the operator name, left and right operand types, and
126 owner, since that's all that <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
127 can deduce at this point. The first operator's catalog entry will
128 link to this dummy entry. Later, when you define the second
129 operator, the system updates the dummy entry with the additional
130 information from the second definition. If you try to use the dummy
131 operator before it's been filled in, you'll just get an error
133 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
134 Alternatively, both operators can be defined
135 without <code class="literal">COMMUTATOR</code> clauses
136 and then <code class="command">ALTER OPERATOR</code> can be used to set their
137 commutator links. It's sufficient to <code class="command">ALTER</code>
138 either one of the pair.
139 </p></li></ul></div><p>
141 In all three cases, you must own both operators in order to mark
144 Pairs of negator operators can be defined using the same methods
145 as for commutator pairs.
147 It is not possible to specify an operator's lexical precedence in
148 <code class="command">CREATE OPERATOR</code>, because the parser's precedence behavior
149 is hard-wired. See <a class="xref" href="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-PRECEDENCE" title="4.1.6. Operator Precedence">Section 4.1.6</a> for precedence details.
151 The obsolete options <code class="literal">SORT1</code>, <code class="literal">SORT2</code>,
152 <code class="literal">LTCMP</code>, and <code class="literal">GTCMP</code> were formerly used to
153 specify the names of sort operators associated with a merge-joinable
154 operator. This is no longer necessary, since information about
155 associated operators is found by looking at B-tree operator families
156 instead. If one of these options is given, it is ignored except
157 for implicitly setting <code class="literal">MERGES</code> true.
159 Use <a class="link" href="sql-dropoperator.html" title="DROP OPERATOR"><code class="command">DROP OPERATOR</code></a> to delete user-defined operators
160 from a database. Use <a class="link" href="sql-alteroperator.html" title="ALTER OPERATOR"><code class="command">ALTER OPERATOR</code></a> to modify operators in a
162 </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.72.8"><h2>Examples</h2><p>
163 The following command defines a new operator, area-equality, for
164 the data type <code class="type">box</code>:
165 </p><pre class="programlisting">
166 CREATE OPERATOR === (
169 FUNCTION = area_equal_function,
172 RESTRICT = area_restriction_function,
173 JOIN = area_join_function,
176 </pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.72.9"><h2>Compatibility</h2><p>
177 <code class="command">CREATE OPERATOR</code> is a
178 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> extension. There are no
179 provisions for user-defined operators in the SQL standard.
180 </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.72.10"><h2>See Also</h2><span class="simplelist"><a class="xref" href="sql-alteroperator.html" title="ALTER OPERATOR"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER OPERATOR</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-createopclass.html" title="CREATE OPERATOR CLASS"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE OPERATOR CLASS</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-dropoperator.html" title="DROP OPERATOR"><span class="refentrytitle">DROP OPERATOR</span></a></span></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-creatematerializedview.html" title="CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-createopclass.html" title="CREATE OPERATOR CLASS">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> CREATE OPERATOR CLASS</td></tr></table></div></body></html>