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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>5.6. System Columns</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="ddl-constraints.html" title="5.5. Constraints" /><link rel="next" href="ddl-alter.html" title="5.7. Modifying Tables" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">5.6. System Columns</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ddl-constraints.html" title="5.5. Constraints">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="ddl.html" title="Chapter 5. Data Definition">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 5. Data Definition</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ddl-alter.html" title="5.7. Modifying Tables">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">5.6. System Columns <a href="#DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><p>
3 Every table has several <em class="firstterm">system columns</em> that are
4 implicitly defined by the system. Therefore, these names cannot be
5 used as names of user-defined columns. (Note that these
6 restrictions are separate from whether the name is a key word or
7 not; quoting a name will not allow you to escape these
8 restrictions.) You do not really need to be concerned about these
9 columns; just know they exist.
10 </p><a id="id-1.5.4.8.3" class="indexterm"></a><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt id="DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-TABLEOID"><span class="term"><code class="structfield">tableoid</code></span> <a href="#DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-TABLEOID" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><a id="id-1.5.4.8.4.1.2.1" class="indexterm"></a><p>
11 The OID of the table containing this row. This column is
12 particularly handy for queries that select from partitioned
13 tables (see <a class="xref" href="ddl-partitioning.html" title="5.12. Table Partitioning">Section 5.12</a>) or inheritance
14 hierarchies (see <a class="xref" href="ddl-inherit.html" title="5.11. Inheritance">Section 5.11</a>), since without it,
15 it's difficult to tell which individual table a row came from. The
16 <code class="structfield">tableoid</code> can be joined against the
17 <code class="structfield">oid</code> column of
18 <code class="structname">pg_class</code> to obtain the table name.
19 </p></dd><dt id="DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-XMIN"><span class="term"><code class="structfield">xmin</code></span> <a href="#DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-XMIN" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><a id="id-1.5.4.8.4.2.2.1" class="indexterm"></a><p>
20 The identity (transaction ID) of the inserting transaction for
21 this row version. (A row version is an individual state of a
22 row; each update of a row creates a new row version for the same
24 </p></dd><dt id="DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-CMIN"><span class="term"><code class="structfield">cmin</code></span> <a href="#DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-CMIN" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><a id="id-1.5.4.8.4.3.2.1" class="indexterm"></a><p>
25 The command identifier (starting at zero) within the inserting
27 </p></dd><dt id="DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-XMAX"><span class="term"><code class="structfield">xmax</code></span> <a href="#DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-XMAX" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><a id="id-1.5.4.8.4.4.2.1" class="indexterm"></a><p>
28 The identity (transaction ID) of the deleting transaction, or
29 zero for an undeleted row version. It is possible for this column to
30 be nonzero in a visible row version. That usually indicates that the
31 deleting transaction hasn't committed yet, or that an attempted
32 deletion was rolled back.
33 </p></dd><dt id="DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-CMAX"><span class="term"><code class="structfield">cmax</code></span> <a href="#DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-CMAX" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><a id="id-1.5.4.8.4.5.2.1" class="indexterm"></a><p>
34 The command identifier within the deleting transaction, or zero.
35 </p></dd><dt id="DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-CTID"><span class="term"><code class="structfield">ctid</code></span> <a href="#DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-CTID" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><a id="id-1.5.4.8.4.6.2.1" class="indexterm"></a><p>
36 The physical location of the row version within its table. Note that
37 although the <code class="structfield">ctid</code> can be used to
38 locate the row version very quickly, a row's
39 <code class="structfield">ctid</code> will change if it is
40 updated or moved by <code class="command">VACUUM FULL</code>. Therefore
41 <code class="structfield">ctid</code> is useless as a long-term row
42 identifier. A primary key should be used to identify logical rows.
43 </p></dd></dl></div><p>
44 Transaction identifiers are also 32-bit quantities. In a
45 long-lived database it is possible for transaction IDs to wrap
46 around. This is not a fatal problem given appropriate maintenance
47 procedures; see <a class="xref" href="maintenance.html" title="Chapter 24. Routine Database Maintenance Tasks">Chapter 24</a> for details. It is
48 unwise, however, to depend on the uniqueness of transaction IDs
49 over the long term (more than one billion transactions).
51 Command identifiers are also 32-bit quantities. This creates a hard limit
52 of 2<sup>32</sup> (4 billion) <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> commands
53 within a single transaction. In practice this limit is not a
54 problem — note that the limit is on the number of
55 <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> commands, not the number of rows processed.
56 Also, only commands that actually modify the database contents will
57 consume a command identifier.
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