1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>F.35. pg_trgm — support for similarity of text using trigram matching</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="pgsurgery.html" title="F.34. pg_surgery — perform low-level surgery on relation data" /><link rel="next" href="pgvisibility.html" title="F.36. pg_visibility — visibility map information and utilities" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">F.35. pg_trgm —
3 support for similarity of text using trigram matching</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pgsurgery.html" title="F.34. pg_surgery — perform low-level surgery on relation data">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="contrib.html" title="Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules and Extensions">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules and Extensions</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="pgvisibility.html" title="F.36. pg_visibility — visibility map information and utilities">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="PGTRGM"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">F.35. pg_trgm —
4 support for similarity of text using trigram matching <a href="#PGTRGM" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="pgtrgm.html#PGTRGM-CONCEPTS">F.35.1. Trigram (or Trigraph) Concepts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="pgtrgm.html#PGTRGM-FUNCS-OPS">F.35.2. Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="pgtrgm.html#PGTRGM-GUC">F.35.3. GUC Parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="pgtrgm.html#PGTRGM-INDEX">F.35.4. Index Support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="pgtrgm.html#PGTRGM-TEXT-SEARCH">F.35.5. Text Search Integration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="pgtrgm.html#PGTRGM-REFERENCES">F.35.6. References</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="pgtrgm.html#PGTRGM-AUTHORS">F.35.7. Authors</a></span></dt></dl></div><a id="id-1.11.7.45.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
5 The <code class="filename">pg_trgm</code> module provides functions and operators
6 for determining the similarity of
7 alphanumeric text based on trigram matching, as
8 well as index operator classes that support fast searching for similar
11 This module is considered <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">trusted</span>”</span>, that is, it can be
12 installed by non-superusers who have <code class="literal">CREATE</code> privilege
13 on the current database.
14 </p><div class="sect2" id="PGTRGM-CONCEPTS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.35.1. Trigram (or Trigraph) Concepts <a href="#PGTRGM-CONCEPTS" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
15 A trigram is a group of three consecutive characters taken
16 from a string. We can measure the similarity of two strings by
17 counting the number of trigrams they share. This simple idea
18 turns out to be very effective for measuring the similarity of
19 words in many natural languages.
20 </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
21 <code class="filename">pg_trgm</code> ignores non-word characters
22 (non-alphanumerics) when extracting trigrams from a string.
23 Each word is considered to have two spaces
24 prefixed and one space suffixed when determining the set
25 of trigrams contained in the string.
26 For example, the set of trigrams in the string
27 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">cat</code></span>”</span> is
28 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal"> c</code></span>”</span>,
29 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal"> ca</code></span>”</span>,
30 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">cat</code></span>”</span>, and
31 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">at </code></span>”</span>.
32 The set of trigrams in the string
33 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">foo|bar</code></span>”</span> is
34 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal"> f</code></span>”</span>,
35 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal"> fo</code></span>”</span>,
36 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">foo</code></span>”</span>,
37 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">oo </code></span>”</span>,
38 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal"> b</code></span>”</span>,
39 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal"> ba</code></span>”</span>,
40 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">bar</code></span>”</span>, and
41 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">ar </code></span>”</span>.
42 </p></div></div><div class="sect2" id="PGTRGM-FUNCS-OPS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.35.2. Functions and Operators <a href="#PGTRGM-FUNCS-OPS" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
43 The functions provided by the <code class="filename">pg_trgm</code> module
44 are shown in <a class="xref" href="pgtrgm.html#PGTRGM-FUNC-TABLE" title="Table F.26. pg_trgm Functions">Table F.26</a>, the operators
45 in <a class="xref" href="pgtrgm.html#PGTRGM-OP-TABLE" title="Table F.27. pg_trgm Operators">Table F.27</a>.
46 </p><div class="table" id="PGTRGM-FUNC-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table F.26. <code class="filename">pg_trgm</code> Functions</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="pg_trgm Functions" border="1"><colgroup><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
51 </p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
52 <a id="id-1.11.7.45.6.3.2.2.1.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
53 <code class="function">similarity</code> ( <code class="type">text</code>, <code class="type">text</code> )
54 → <code class="returnvalue">real</code>
57 Returns a number that indicates how similar the two arguments are.
58 The range of the result is zero (indicating that the two strings are
59 completely dissimilar) to one (indicating that the two strings are
61 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
62 <a id="id-1.11.7.45.6.3.2.2.2.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
63 <code class="function">show_trgm</code> ( <code class="type">text</code> )
64 → <code class="returnvalue">text[]</code>
67 Returns an array of all the trigrams in the given string.
68 (In practice this is seldom useful except for debugging.)
69 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
70 <a id="id-1.11.7.45.6.3.2.2.3.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
71 <code class="function">word_similarity</code> ( <code class="type">text</code>, <code class="type">text</code> )
72 → <code class="returnvalue">real</code>
75 Returns a number that indicates the greatest similarity between
76 the set of trigrams in the first string and any continuous extent
77 of an ordered set of trigrams in the second string. For details, see
78 the explanation below.
79 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
80 <a id="id-1.11.7.45.6.3.2.2.4.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
81 <code class="function">strict_word_similarity</code> ( <code class="type">text</code>, <code class="type">text</code> )
82 → <code class="returnvalue">real</code>
85 Same as <code class="function">word_similarity</code>, but forces
86 extent boundaries to match word boundaries. Since we don't have
87 cross-word trigrams, this function actually returns greatest similarity
88 between first string and any continuous extent of words of the second
90 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
91 <a id="id-1.11.7.45.6.3.2.2.5.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
92 <code class="function">show_limit</code> ()
93 → <code class="returnvalue">real</code>
96 Returns the current similarity threshold used by the <code class="literal">%</code>
97 operator. This sets the minimum similarity between
98 two words for them to be considered similar enough to
99 be misspellings of each other, for example.
100 (<span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated</em></span>; instead use <code class="command">SHOW</code>
101 <code class="varname">pg_trgm.similarity_threshold</code>.)
102 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
103 <a id="id-1.11.7.45.6.3.2.2.6.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
104 <code class="function">set_limit</code> ( <code class="type">real</code> )
105 → <code class="returnvalue">real</code>
108 Sets the current similarity threshold that is used by the <code class="literal">%</code>
109 operator. The threshold must be between 0 and 1 (default is 0.3).
110 Returns the same value passed in.
111 (<span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated</em></span>; instead use <code class="command">SET</code>
112 <code class="varname">pg_trgm.similarity_threshold</code>.)
113 </p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
114 Consider the following example:
116 </p><pre class="programlisting">
117 # SELECT word_similarity('word', 'two words');
124 In the first string, the set of trigrams is
125 <code class="literal">{" w"," wo","wor","ord","rd "}</code>.
126 In the second string, the ordered set of trigrams is
127 <code class="literal">{" t"," tw","two","wo "," w"," wo","wor","ord","rds","ds "}</code>.
128 The most similar extent of an ordered set of trigrams in the second string
129 is <code class="literal">{" w"," wo","wor","ord"}</code>, and the similarity is
130 <code class="literal">0.8</code>.
132 This function returns a value that can be approximately understood as the
133 greatest similarity between the first string and any substring of the second
134 string. However, this function does not add padding to the boundaries of
135 the extent. Thus, the number of additional characters present in the
136 second string is not considered, except for the mismatched word boundaries.
138 At the same time, <code class="function">strict_word_similarity</code>
139 selects an extent of words in the second string. In the example above,
140 <code class="function">strict_word_similarity</code> would select the
141 extent of a single word <code class="literal">'words'</code>, whose set of trigrams is
142 <code class="literal">{" w"," wo","wor","ord","rds","ds "}</code>.
144 </p><pre class="programlisting">
145 # SELECT strict_word_similarity('word', 'two words'), similarity('word', 'words');
146 strict_word_similarity | similarity
147 ------------------------+------------
152 Thus, the <code class="function">strict_word_similarity</code> function
153 is useful for finding the similarity to whole words, while
154 <code class="function">word_similarity</code> is more suitable for
155 finding the similarity for parts of words.
156 </p><div class="table" id="PGTRGM-OP-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table F.27. <code class="filename">pg_trgm</code> Operators</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="pg_trgm Operators" border="1"><colgroup><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
161 </p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
162 <code class="type">text</code> <code class="literal">%</code> <code class="type">text</code>
163 → <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
166 Returns <code class="literal">true</code> if its arguments have a similarity
167 that is greater than the current similarity threshold set by
168 <code class="varname">pg_trgm.similarity_threshold</code>.
169 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
170 <code class="type">text</code> <code class="literal"><%</code> <code class="type">text</code>
171 → <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
174 Returns <code class="literal">true</code> if the similarity between the trigram
175 set in the first argument and a continuous extent of an ordered trigram
176 set in the second argument is greater than the current word similarity
177 threshold set by <code class="varname">pg_trgm.word_similarity_threshold</code>
179 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
180 <code class="type">text</code> <code class="literal">%></code> <code class="type">text</code>
181 → <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
184 Commutator of the <code class="literal"><%</code> operator.
185 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
186 <code class="type">text</code> <code class="literal"><<%</code> <code class="type">text</code>
187 → <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
190 Returns <code class="literal">true</code> if its second argument has a continuous
191 extent of an ordered trigram set that matches word boundaries,
192 and its similarity to the trigram set of the first argument is greater
193 than the current strict word similarity threshold set by the
194 <code class="varname">pg_trgm.strict_word_similarity_threshold</code> parameter.
195 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
196 <code class="type">text</code> <code class="literal">%>></code> <code class="type">text</code>
197 → <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
200 Commutator of the <code class="literal"><<%</code> operator.
201 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
202 <code class="type">text</code> <code class="literal"><-></code> <code class="type">text</code>
203 → <code class="returnvalue">real</code>
206 Returns the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">distance</span>”</span> between the arguments, that is
207 one minus the <code class="function">similarity()</code> value.
208 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
209 <code class="type">text</code> <code class="literal"><<-></code> <code class="type">text</code>
210 → <code class="returnvalue">real</code>
213 Returns the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">distance</span>”</span> between the arguments, that is
214 one minus the <code class="function">word_similarity()</code> value.
215 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
216 <code class="type">text</code> <code class="literal"><->></code> <code class="type">text</code>
217 → <code class="returnvalue">real</code>
220 Commutator of the <code class="literal"><<-></code> operator.
221 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
222 <code class="type">text</code> <code class="literal"><<<-></code> <code class="type">text</code>
223 → <code class="returnvalue">real</code>
226 Returns the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">distance</span>”</span> between the arguments, that is
227 one minus the <code class="function">strict_word_similarity()</code> value.
228 </p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
229 <code class="type">text</code> <code class="literal"><->>></code> <code class="type">text</code>
230 → <code class="returnvalue">real</code>
233 Commutator of the <code class="literal"><<<-></code> operator.
234 </p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div><div class="sect2" id="PGTRGM-GUC"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.35.3. GUC Parameters <a href="#PGTRGM-GUC" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt id="GUC-PGTRGM-SIMILARITY-THRESHOLD"><span class="term">
235 <code class="varname">pg_trgm.similarity_threshold</code> (<code class="type">real</code>)
236 <a id="id-1.11.7.45.7.2.1.1.3" class="indexterm"></a>
237 </span> <a href="#GUC-PGTRGM-SIMILARITY-THRESHOLD" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
238 Sets the current similarity threshold that is used by the <code class="literal">%</code>
239 operator. The threshold must be between 0 and 1 (default is 0.3).
240 </p></dd><dt id="GUC-PGTRGM-WORD-SIMILARITY-THRESHOLD"><span class="term">
241 <code class="varname">pg_trgm.word_similarity_threshold</code> (<code class="type">real</code>)
242 <a id="id-1.11.7.45.7.2.2.1.3" class="indexterm"></a>
243 </span> <a href="#GUC-PGTRGM-WORD-SIMILARITY-THRESHOLD" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
244 Sets the current word similarity threshold that is used by the
245 <code class="literal"><%</code> and <code class="literal">%></code> operators. The threshold
246 must be between 0 and 1 (default is 0.6).
247 </p></dd><dt id="GUC-PGTRGM-STRICT-WORD-SIMILARITY-THRESHOLD"><span class="term">
248 <code class="varname">pg_trgm.strict_word_similarity_threshold</code> (<code class="type">real</code>)
249 <a id="id-1.11.7.45.7.2.3.1.3" class="indexterm"></a>
250 </span> <a href="#GUC-PGTRGM-STRICT-WORD-SIMILARITY-THRESHOLD" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
251 Sets the current strict word similarity threshold that is used by the
252 <code class="literal"><<%</code> and <code class="literal">%>></code> operators. The threshold
253 must be between 0 and 1 (default is 0.5).
254 </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2" id="PGTRGM-INDEX"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.35.4. Index Support <a href="#PGTRGM-INDEX" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
255 The <code class="filename">pg_trgm</code> module provides GiST and GIN index
256 operator classes that allow you to create an index over a text column for
257 the purpose of very fast similarity searches. These index types support
258 the above-described similarity operators, and additionally support
259 trigram-based index searches for <code class="literal">LIKE</code>, <code class="literal">ILIKE</code>,
260 <code class="literal">~</code>, <code class="literal">~*</code> and <code class="literal">=</code> queries.
261 The similarity comparisons are case-insensitive in a default build of
262 <code class="filename">pg_trgm</code>.
263 Inequality operators are not supported.
264 Note that those indexes may not be as efficient as regular B-tree indexes
265 for equality operator.
269 </p><pre class="programlisting">
270 CREATE TABLE test_trgm (t text);
271 CREATE INDEX trgm_idx ON test_trgm USING GIST (t gist_trgm_ops);
274 </p><pre class="programlisting">
275 CREATE INDEX trgm_idx ON test_trgm USING GIN (t gin_trgm_ops);
278 <code class="literal">gist_trgm_ops</code> GiST opclass approximates a set of
279 trigrams as a bitmap signature. Its optional integer parameter
280 <code class="literal">siglen</code> determines the
281 signature length in bytes. The default length is 12 bytes.
282 Valid values of signature length are between 1 and 2024 bytes. Longer
283 signatures lead to a more precise search (scanning a smaller fraction of the index and
284 fewer heap pages), at the cost of a larger index.
286 Example of creating such an index with a signature length of 32 bytes:
287 </p><pre class="programlisting">
288 CREATE INDEX trgm_idx ON test_trgm USING GIST (t gist_trgm_ops(siglen=32));
290 At this point, you will have an index on the <code class="structfield">t</code> column that
291 you can use for similarity searching. A typical query is
292 </p><pre class="programlisting">
293 SELECT t, similarity(t, '<em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em>') AS sml
295 WHERE t % '<em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em>'
296 ORDER BY sml DESC, t;
298 This will return all values in the text column that are sufficiently
299 similar to <em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em>, sorted from best match to worst. The
300 index will be used to make this a fast operation even over very large data
303 A variant of the above query is
304 </p><pre class="programlisting">
305 SELECT t, t <-> '<em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em>' AS dist
307 ORDER BY dist LIMIT 10;
309 This can be implemented quite efficiently by GiST indexes, but not
310 by GIN indexes. It will usually beat the first formulation when only
311 a small number of the closest matches is wanted.
313 Also you can use an index on the <code class="structfield">t</code> column for word
314 similarity or strict word similarity. Typical queries are:
315 </p><pre class="programlisting">
316 SELECT t, word_similarity('<em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em>', t) AS sml
318 WHERE '<em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em>' <% t
319 ORDER BY sml DESC, t;
322 </p><pre class="programlisting">
323 SELECT t, strict_word_similarity('<em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em>', t) AS sml
325 WHERE '<em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em>' <<% t
326 ORDER BY sml DESC, t;
328 This will return all values in the text column for which there is a
329 continuous extent in the corresponding ordered trigram set that is
330 sufficiently similar to the trigram set of <em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em>,
331 sorted from best match to worst. The index will be used to make this
332 a fast operation even over very large data sets.
334 Possible variants of the above queries are:
335 </p><pre class="programlisting">
336 SELECT t, '<em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em>' <<-> t AS dist
338 ORDER BY dist LIMIT 10;
341 </p><pre class="programlisting">
342 SELECT t, '<em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em>' <<<-> t AS dist
344 ORDER BY dist LIMIT 10;
346 This can be implemented quite efficiently by GiST indexes, but not
349 Beginning in <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 9.1, these index types also support
350 index searches for <code class="literal">LIKE</code> and <code class="literal">ILIKE</code>, for example
351 </p><pre class="programlisting">
352 SELECT * FROM test_trgm WHERE t LIKE '%foo%bar';
354 The index search works by extracting trigrams from the search string
355 and then looking these up in the index. The more trigrams in the search
356 string, the more effective the index search is. Unlike B-tree based
357 searches, the search string need not be left-anchored.
359 Beginning in <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 9.3, these index types also support
360 index searches for regular-expression matches
361 (<code class="literal">~</code> and <code class="literal">~*</code> operators), for example
362 </p><pre class="programlisting">
363 SELECT * FROM test_trgm WHERE t ~ '(foo|bar)';
365 The index search works by extracting trigrams from the regular expression
366 and then looking these up in the index. The more trigrams that can be
367 extracted from the regular expression, the more effective the index search
368 is. Unlike B-tree based searches, the search string need not be
371 For both <code class="literal">LIKE</code> and regular-expression searches, keep in mind
372 that a pattern with no extractable trigrams will degenerate to a full-index
375 The choice between GiST and GIN indexing depends on the relative
376 performance characteristics of GiST and GIN, which are discussed elsewhere.
377 </p></div><div class="sect2" id="PGTRGM-TEXT-SEARCH"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.35.5. Text Search Integration <a href="#PGTRGM-TEXT-SEARCH" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
378 Trigram matching is a very useful tool when used in conjunction
379 with a full text index. In particular it can help to recognize
380 misspelled input words that will not be matched directly by the
381 full text search mechanism.
383 The first step is to generate an auxiliary table containing all
384 the unique words in the documents:
386 </p><pre class="programlisting">
387 CREATE TABLE words AS SELECT word FROM
388 ts_stat('SELECT to_tsvector(''simple'', bodytext) FROM documents');
391 where <code class="structname">documents</code> is a table that has a text field
392 <code class="structfield">bodytext</code> that we wish to search. The reason for using
393 the <code class="literal">simple</code> configuration with the <code class="function">to_tsvector</code>
394 function, instead of using a language-specific configuration,
395 is that we want a list of the original (unstemmed) words.
397 Next, create a trigram index on the word column:
399 </p><pre class="programlisting">
400 CREATE INDEX words_idx ON words USING GIN (word gin_trgm_ops);
403 Now, a <code class="command">SELECT</code> query similar to the previous example can
404 be used to suggest spellings for misspelled words in user search terms.
405 A useful extra test is to require that the selected words are also of
406 similar length to the misspelled word.
407 </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
408 Since the <code class="structname">words</code> table has been generated as a separate,
409 static table, it will need to be periodically regenerated so that
410 it remains reasonably up-to-date with the document collection.
411 Keeping it exactly current is usually unnecessary.
412 </p></div></div><div class="sect2" id="PGTRGM-REFERENCES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.35.6. References <a href="#PGTRGM-REFERENCES" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
413 GiST Development Site
414 <a class="ulink" href="http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist/" target="_top">http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist/</a>
416 Tsearch2 Development Site
417 <a class="ulink" href="http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist/tsearch/V2/" target="_top">http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist/tsearch/V2/</a>
418 </p></div><div class="sect2" id="PGTRGM-AUTHORS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.35.7. Authors <a href="#PGTRGM-AUTHORS" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
419 Oleg Bartunov <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:oleg@sai.msu.su">oleg@sai.msu.su</a>></code>, Moscow, Moscow University, Russia
421 Teodor Sigaev <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:teodor@sigaev.ru">teodor@sigaev.ru</a>></code>, Moscow, Delta-Soft Ltd.,Russia
423 Alexander Korotkov <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:a.korotkov@postgrespro.ru">a.korotkov@postgrespro.ru</a>></code>, Moscow, Postgres Professional, Russia
425 Documentation: Christopher Kings-Lynne
427 This module is sponsored by Delta-Soft Ltd., Moscow, Russia.
428 </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pgsurgery.html" title="F.34. pg_surgery — perform low-level surgery on relation data">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="contrib.html" title="Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules and Extensions">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="pgvisibility.html" title="F.36. pg_visibility — visibility map information and utilities">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">F.34. pg_surgery — perform low-level surgery on relation data </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> F.36. pg_visibility — visibility map information and utilities</td></tr></table></div></body></html>