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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>39.1. The Query Tree</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="rules.html" title="Chapter 39. The Rule System" /><link rel="next" href="rules-views.html" title="39.2. Views and the Rule System" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">39.1. The Query Tree</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="rules.html" title="Chapter 39. The Rule System">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="rules.html" title="Chapter 39. The Rule System">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 39. The Rule System</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="rules-views.html" title="39.2. Views and the Rule System">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="QUERYTREE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">39.1. The Query Tree <a href="#QUERYTREE" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><a id="id-1.8.6.6.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
3 To understand how the rule system works it is necessary to know
4 when it is invoked and what its input and results are.
6 The rule system is located between the parser and the planner.
7 It takes the output of the parser, one query tree, and the user-defined
8 rewrite rules, which are also
9 query trees with some extra information, and creates zero or more
10 query trees as result. So its input and output are always things
11 the parser itself could have produced and thus, anything it sees
12 is basically representable as an <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> statement.
14 Now what is a query tree? It is an internal representation of an
15 <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> statement where the single parts that it is
16 built from are stored separately. These query trees can be shown
17 in the server log if you set the configuration parameters
18 <code class="varname">debug_print_parse</code>,
19 <code class="varname">debug_print_rewritten</code>, or
20 <code class="varname">debug_print_plan</code>. The rule actions are also
21 stored as query trees, in the system catalog
22 <code class="structname">pg_rewrite</code>. They are not formatted like
23 the log output, but they contain exactly the same information.
25 Reading a raw query tree requires some experience. But since
26 <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> representations of query trees are
27 sufficient to understand the rule system, this chapter will not
28 teach how to read them.
30 When reading the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> representations of the
31 query trees in this chapter it is necessary to be able to identify
32 the parts the statement is broken into when it is in the query tree
33 structure. The parts of a query tree are
35 </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">
38 This is a simple value telling which command
39 (<code class="command">SELECT</code>, <code class="command">INSERT</code>,
40 <code class="command">UPDATE</code>, <code class="command">DELETE</code>) produced
42 </p></dd><dt><span class="term">
44 <a id="id-1.8.6.6.7.2.2.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
46 The range table is a list of relations that are used in the query.
47 In a <code class="command">SELECT</code> statement these are the relations given after
48 the <code class="literal">FROM</code> key word.
50 Every range table entry identifies a table or view and tells
51 by which name it is called in the other parts of the query.
52 In the query tree, the range table entries are referenced by
53 number rather than by name, so here it doesn't matter if there
54 are duplicate names as it would in an <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym>
55 statement. This can happen after the range tables of rules
56 have been merged in. The examples in this chapter will not have
58 </p></dd><dt><span class="term">
61 This is an index into the range table that identifies the
62 relation where the results of the query go.
64 <code class="command">SELECT</code> queries don't have a result
65 relation. (The special case of <code class="command">SELECT INTO</code> is
66 mostly identical to <code class="command">CREATE TABLE</code> followed by
67 <code class="literal">INSERT ... SELECT</code>, and is not discussed
70 For <code class="command">INSERT</code>, <code class="command">UPDATE</code>, and
71 <code class="command">DELETE</code> commands, the result relation is the table
72 (or view!) where the changes are to take effect.
73 </p></dd><dt><span class="term">
75 <a id="id-1.8.6.6.7.2.4.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
77 The target list is a list of expressions that define the
78 result of the query. In the case of a
79 <code class="command">SELECT</code>, these expressions are the ones that
80 build the final output of the query. They correspond to the
81 expressions between the key words <code class="command">SELECT</code>
82 and <code class="command">FROM</code>. (<code class="literal">*</code> is just an
83 abbreviation for all the column names of a relation. It is
84 expanded by the parser into the individual columns, so the
85 rule system never sees it.)
87 <code class="command">DELETE</code> commands don't need a normal target list
88 because they don't produce any result. Instead, the planner
89 adds a special <acronym class="acronym">CTID</acronym> entry to the empty target list,
90 to allow the executor to find the row to be deleted.
91 (<acronym class="acronym">CTID</acronym> is added when the result relation is an ordinary
92 table. If it is a view, a whole-row variable is added instead, by
93 the rule system, as described in <a class="xref" href="rules-views.html#RULES-VIEWS-UPDATE" title="39.2.4. Updating a View">Section 39.2.4</a>.)
95 For <code class="command">INSERT</code> commands, the target list describes
96 the new rows that should go into the result relation. It consists of the
97 expressions in the <code class="literal">VALUES</code> clause or the ones from the
98 <code class="command">SELECT</code> clause in <code class="literal">INSERT
99 ... SELECT</code>. The first step of the rewrite process adds
100 target list entries for any columns that were not assigned to by
101 the original command but have defaults. Any remaining columns (with
102 neither a given value nor a default) will be filled in by the
103 planner with a constant null expression.
105 For <code class="command">UPDATE</code> commands, the target list
106 describes the new rows that should replace the old ones. In the
107 rule system, it contains just the expressions from the <code class="literal">SET
108 column = expression</code> part of the command. The planner will
109 handle missing columns by inserting expressions that copy the values
110 from the old row into the new one. Just as for <code class="command">DELETE</code>,
111 a <acronym class="acronym">CTID</acronym> or whole-row variable is added so that
112 the executor can identify the old row to be updated.
114 Every entry in the target list contains an expression that can
115 be a constant value, a variable pointing to a column of one
116 of the relations in the range table, a parameter, or an expression
117 tree made of function calls, constants, variables, operators, etc.
118 </p></dd><dt><span class="term">
121 The query's qualification is an expression much like one of
122 those contained in the target list entries. The result value of
123 this expression is a Boolean that tells whether the operation
124 (<code class="command">INSERT</code>, <code class="command">UPDATE</code>,
125 <code class="command">DELETE</code>, or <code class="command">SELECT</code>) for the
126 final result row should be executed or not. It corresponds to the <code class="literal">WHERE</code> clause
127 of an <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> statement.
128 </p></dd><dt><span class="term">
131 The query's join tree shows the structure of the <code class="literal">FROM</code> clause.
132 For a simple query like <code class="literal">SELECT ... FROM a, b, c</code>, the join tree is just
133 a list of the <code class="literal">FROM</code> items, because we are allowed to join them in
134 any order. But when <code class="literal">JOIN</code> expressions, particularly outer joins,
135 are used, we have to join in the order shown by the joins.
136 In that case, the join tree shows the structure of the <code class="literal">JOIN</code> expressions. The
137 restrictions associated with particular <code class="literal">JOIN</code> clauses (from <code class="literal">ON</code> or
138 <code class="literal">USING</code> expressions) are stored as qualification expressions attached
139 to those join-tree nodes. It turns out to be convenient to store
140 the top-level <code class="literal">WHERE</code> expression as a qualification attached to the
141 top-level join-tree item, too. So really the join tree represents
142 both the <code class="literal">FROM</code> and <code class="literal">WHERE</code> clauses of a <code class="command">SELECT</code>.
143 </p></dd><dt><span class="term">
146 The other parts of the query tree like the <code class="literal">ORDER BY</code>
147 clause aren't of interest here. The rule system
148 substitutes some entries there while applying rules, but that
149 doesn't have much to do with the fundamentals of the rule
151 </p></dd></dl></div><p>
152 </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="rules.html" title="Chapter 39. The Rule System">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="rules.html" title="Chapter 39. The Rule System">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="rules-views.html" title="39.2. Views and the Rule System">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 39. The Rule System </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 39.2. Views and the Rule System</td></tr></table></div></body></html>