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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>4.3. Calling Functions</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="sql-expressions.html" title="4.2. Value Expressions" /><link rel="next" href="ddl.html" title="Chapter 5. Data Definition" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">4.3. Calling Functions</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-expressions.html" title="4.2. Value Expressions">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-syntax.html" title="Chapter 4. SQL Syntax">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 4. SQL Syntax</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ddl.html" title="Chapter 5. Data Definition">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">4.3. Calling Functions <a href="#SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html#SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS-POSITIONAL">4.3.1. Using Positional Notation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html#SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS-NAMED">4.3.2. Using Named Notation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html#SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS-MIXED">4.3.3. Using Mixed Notation</a></span></dt></dl></div><a id="id-1.5.3.7.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
3 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> allows functions that have named
4 parameters to be called using either <em class="firstterm">positional</em> or
5 <em class="firstterm">named</em> notation. Named notation is especially
6 useful for functions that have a large number of parameters, since it
7 makes the associations between parameters and actual arguments more
9 In positional notation, a function call is written with
10 its argument values in the same order as they are defined in the function
11 declaration. In named notation, the arguments are matched to the
12 function parameters by name and can be written in any order.
13 For each notation, also consider the effect of function argument types,
14 documented in <a class="xref" href="typeconv-func.html" title="10.3. Functions">Section 10.3</a>.
16 In either notation, parameters that have default values given in the
17 function declaration need not be written in the call at all. But this
18 is particularly useful in named notation, since any combination of
19 parameters can be omitted; while in positional notation parameters can
20 only be omitted from right to left.
22 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> also supports
23 <em class="firstterm">mixed</em> notation, which combines positional and
24 named notation. In this case, positional parameters are written first
25 and named parameters appear after them.
27 The following examples will illustrate the usage of all three
28 notations, using the following function definition:
29 </p><pre class="programlisting">
30 CREATE FUNCTION concat_lower_or_upper(a text, b text, uppercase boolean DEFAULT false)
35 WHEN $3 THEN UPPER($1 || ' ' || $2)
36 ELSE LOWER($1 || ' ' || $2)
39 LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT;
41 Function <code class="function">concat_lower_or_upper</code> has two mandatory
42 parameters, <code class="literal">a</code> and <code class="literal">b</code>. Additionally
43 there is one optional parameter <code class="literal">uppercase</code> which defaults
44 to <code class="literal">false</code>. The <code class="literal">a</code> and
45 <code class="literal">b</code> inputs will be concatenated, and forced to either
46 upper or lower case depending on the <code class="literal">uppercase</code>
47 parameter. The remaining details of this function
48 definition are not important here (see <a class="xref" href="extend.html" title="Chapter 36. Extending SQL">Chapter 36</a> for
50 </p><div class="sect2" id="SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS-POSITIONAL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">4.3.1. Using Positional Notation <a href="#SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS-POSITIONAL" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.3.7.7.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
51 Positional notation is the traditional mechanism for passing arguments
52 to functions in <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>. An example is:
53 </p><pre class="screen">
54 SELECT concat_lower_or_upper('Hello', 'World', true);
56 -----------------------
60 All arguments are specified in order. The result is upper case since
61 <code class="literal">uppercase</code> is specified as <code class="literal">true</code>.
63 </p><pre class="screen">
64 SELECT concat_lower_or_upper('Hello', 'World');
66 -----------------------
70 Here, the <code class="literal">uppercase</code> parameter is omitted, so it
71 receives its default value of <code class="literal">false</code>, resulting in
72 lower case output. In positional notation, arguments can be omitted
73 from right to left so long as they have defaults.
74 </p></div><div class="sect2" id="SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS-NAMED"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">4.3.2. Using Named Notation <a href="#SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS-NAMED" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.3.7.8.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
75 In named notation, each argument's name is specified using
76 <code class="literal">=></code> to separate it from the argument expression.
78 </p><pre class="screen">
79 SELECT concat_lower_or_upper(a => 'Hello', b => 'World');
81 -----------------------
85 Again, the argument <code class="literal">uppercase</code> was omitted
86 so it is set to <code class="literal">false</code> implicitly. One advantage of
87 using named notation is that the arguments may be specified in any
89 </p><pre class="screen">
90 SELECT concat_lower_or_upper(a => 'Hello', b => 'World', uppercase => true);
92 -----------------------
96 SELECT concat_lower_or_upper(a => 'Hello', uppercase => true, b => 'World');
98 -----------------------
103 An older syntax based on ":=" is supported for backward compatibility:
104 </p><pre class="screen">
105 SELECT concat_lower_or_upper(a := 'Hello', uppercase := true, b := 'World');
106 concat_lower_or_upper
107 -----------------------
111 </p></div><div class="sect2" id="SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS-MIXED"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">4.3.3. Using Mixed Notation <a href="#SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS-MIXED" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.3.7.9.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
112 The mixed notation combines positional and named notation. However, as
113 already mentioned, named arguments cannot precede positional arguments.
115 </p><pre class="screen">
116 SELECT concat_lower_or_upper('Hello', 'World', uppercase => true);
117 concat_lower_or_upper
118 -----------------------
122 In the above query, the arguments <code class="literal">a</code> and
123 <code class="literal">b</code> are specified positionally, while
124 <code class="literal">uppercase</code> is specified by name. In this example,
125 that adds little except documentation. With a more complex function
126 having numerous parameters that have default values, named or mixed
127 notation can save a great deal of writing and reduce chances for error.
128 </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
129 Named and mixed call notations currently cannot be used when calling an
130 aggregate function (but they do work when an aggregate function is used
131 as a window function).
132 </p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-expressions.html" title="4.2. Value Expressions">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-syntax.html" title="Chapter 4. SQL Syntax">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ddl.html" title="Chapter 5. Data Definition">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">4.2. Value Expressions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 5. Data Definition</td></tr></table></div></body></html>