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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 46. Background Worker Processes</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="spi-spi-start-transaction.html" title="SPI_start_transaction" /><link rel="next" href="logicaldecoding.html" title="Chapter 47. Logical Decoding" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">Chapter 46. Background Worker Processes</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="spi-spi-start-transaction.html" title="SPI_start_transaction">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="server-programming.html" title="Part V. Server Programming">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Part V. Server Programming</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="logicaldecoding.html" title="Chapter 47. Logical Decoding">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" id="BGWORKER"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">Chapter 46. Background Worker Processes</h2></div></div></div><a id="id-1.8.13.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
3 PostgreSQL can be extended to run user-supplied code in separate processes.
4 Such processes are started, stopped and monitored by <code class="command">postgres</code>,
5 which permits them to have a lifetime closely linked to the server's status.
6 These processes are attached to <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>'s
7 shared memory area and have the option to connect to databases internally; they can also run
8 multiple transactions serially, just like a regular client-connected server
9 process. Also, by linking to <span class="application">libpq</span> they can connect to the
10 server and behave like a regular client application.
11 </p><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
12 There are considerable robustness and security risks in using background
13 worker processes because, being written in the <code class="literal">C</code> language,
14 they have unrestricted access to data. Administrators wishing to enable
15 modules that include background worker processes should exercise extreme
16 caution. Only carefully audited modules should be permitted to run
17 background worker processes.
19 Background workers can be initialized at the time that
20 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> is started by including the module name in
21 <code class="varname">shared_preload_libraries</code>. A module wishing to run a background
22 worker can register it by calling
23 <code class="function">RegisterBackgroundWorker(<code class="type">BackgroundWorker</code>
24 *<em class="parameter"><code>worker</code></em>)</code>
25 from its <code class="function">_PG_init()</code> function.
26 Background workers can also be started
27 after the system is up and running by calling
28 <code class="function">RegisterDynamicBackgroundWorker(<code class="type">BackgroundWorker</code>
29 *<em class="parameter"><code>worker</code></em>, <code class="type">BackgroundWorkerHandle</code>
30 **<em class="parameter"><code>handle</code></em>)</code>. Unlike
31 <code class="function">RegisterBackgroundWorker</code>, which can only be called from
32 within the postmaster process,
33 <code class="function">RegisterDynamicBackgroundWorker</code> must be called
34 from a regular backend or another background worker.
36 The structure <code class="structname">BackgroundWorker</code> is defined thus:
37 </p><pre class="programlisting">
38 typedef void (*bgworker_main_type)(Datum main_arg);
39 typedef struct BackgroundWorker
41 char bgw_name[BGW_MAXLEN];
42 char bgw_type[BGW_MAXLEN];
44 BgWorkerStartTime bgw_start_time;
45 int bgw_restart_time; /* in seconds, or BGW_NEVER_RESTART */
46 char bgw_library_name[MAXPGPATH];
47 char bgw_function_name[BGW_MAXLEN];
49 char bgw_extra[BGW_EXTRALEN];
54 <code class="structfield">bgw_name</code> and <code class="structfield">bgw_type</code> are
55 strings to be used in log messages, process listings and similar contexts.
56 <code class="structfield">bgw_type</code> should be the same for all background
57 workers of the same type, so that it is possible to group such workers in a
58 process listing, for example. <code class="structfield">bgw_name</code> on the
59 other hand can contain additional information about the specific process.
60 (Typically, the string for <code class="structfield">bgw_name</code> will contain
61 the type somehow, but that is not strictly required.)
63 <code class="structfield">bgw_flags</code> is a bitwise-or'd bit mask indicating the
64 capabilities that the module wants. Possible values are:
65 </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">BGWORKER_SHMEM_ACCESS</code></span></dt><dd><p>
66 <a id="id-1.8.13.8.2.1.2.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
67 Requests shared memory access. This flag is required.
68 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">BGWORKER_BACKEND_DATABASE_CONNECTION</code></span></dt><dd><p>
69 <a id="id-1.8.13.8.2.2.2.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
70 Requests the ability to establish a database connection through which it
71 can later run transactions and queries. A background worker using
72 <code class="literal">BGWORKER_BACKEND_DATABASE_CONNECTION</code> to connect to a
73 database must also attach shared memory using
74 <code class="literal">BGWORKER_SHMEM_ACCESS</code>, or worker start-up will fail.
75 </p></dd></dl></div><p>
78 <code class="structfield">bgw_start_time</code> is the server state during which
79 <code class="command">postgres</code> should start the process; it can be one of
80 <code class="literal">BgWorkerStart_PostmasterStart</code> (start as soon as
81 <code class="command">postgres</code> itself has finished its own initialization; processes
82 requesting this are not eligible for database connections),
83 <code class="literal">BgWorkerStart_ConsistentState</code> (start as soon as a consistent state
84 has been reached in a hot standby, allowing processes to connect to
85 databases and run read-only queries), and
86 <code class="literal">BgWorkerStart_RecoveryFinished</code> (start as soon as the system has
87 entered normal read-write state). Note the last two values are equivalent
88 in a server that's not a hot standby. Note that this setting only indicates
89 when the processes are to be started; they do not stop when a different state
92 <code class="structfield">bgw_restart_time</code> is the interval, in seconds, that
93 <code class="command">postgres</code> should wait before restarting the process in
94 the event that it crashes. It can be any positive value,
95 or <code class="literal">BGW_NEVER_RESTART</code>, indicating not to restart the
96 process in case of a crash.
98 <code class="structfield">bgw_library_name</code> is the name of a library in
99 which the initial entry point for the background worker should be sought.
100 The named library will be dynamically loaded by the worker process and
101 <code class="structfield">bgw_function_name</code> will be used to identify the
102 function to be called. If calling a function in the core code, this must
103 be set to <code class="literal">"postgres"</code>.
105 <code class="structfield">bgw_function_name</code> is the name of the function
106 to use as the initial entry point for the new background worker. If
107 this function is in a dynamically loaded library, it must be marked
108 <code class="literal">PGDLLEXPORT</code> (and not <code class="literal">static</code>).
110 <code class="structfield">bgw_main_arg</code> is the <code class="type">Datum</code> argument
111 to the background worker main function. This main function should take a
112 single argument of type <code class="type">Datum</code> and return <code class="type">void</code>.
113 <code class="structfield">bgw_main_arg</code> will be passed as the argument.
114 In addition, the global variable <code class="literal">MyBgworkerEntry</code>
115 points to a copy of the <code class="structname">BackgroundWorker</code> structure
116 passed at registration time; the worker may find it helpful to examine
119 On Windows (and anywhere else where <code class="literal">EXEC_BACKEND</code> is
120 defined) or in dynamic background workers it is not safe to pass a
121 <code class="type">Datum</code> by reference, only by value. If an argument is required, it
122 is safest to pass an int32 or other small value and use that as an index
123 into an array allocated in shared memory. If a value like a <code class="type">cstring</code>
124 or <code class="type">text</code> is passed then the pointer won't be valid from the
125 new background worker process.
127 <code class="structfield">bgw_extra</code> can contain extra data to be passed
128 to the background worker. Unlike <code class="structfield">bgw_main_arg</code>, this data
129 is not passed as an argument to the worker's main function, but it can be
130 accessed via <code class="literal">MyBgworkerEntry</code>, as discussed above.
132 <code class="structfield">bgw_notify_pid</code> is the PID of a PostgreSQL
133 backend process to which the postmaster should send <code class="literal">SIGUSR1</code>
134 when the process is started or exits. It should be 0 for workers registered
135 at postmaster startup time, or when the backend registering the worker does
136 not wish to wait for the worker to start up. Otherwise, it should be
137 initialized to <code class="literal">MyProcPid</code>.
138 </p><p>Once running, the process can connect to a database by calling
139 <code class="function">BackgroundWorkerInitializeConnection(<em class="parameter"><code>char *dbname</code></em>, <em class="parameter"><code>char *username</code></em>, <em class="parameter"><code>uint32 flags</code></em>)</code> or
140 <code class="function">BackgroundWorkerInitializeConnectionByOid(<em class="parameter"><code>Oid dboid</code></em>, <em class="parameter"><code>Oid useroid</code></em>, <em class="parameter"><code>uint32 flags</code></em>)</code>.
141 This allows the process to run transactions and queries using the
142 <code class="literal">SPI</code> interface. If <code class="varname">dbname</code> is NULL or
143 <code class="varname">dboid</code> is <code class="literal">InvalidOid</code>, the session is not connected
144 to any particular database, but shared catalogs can be accessed.
145 If <code class="varname">username</code> is NULL or <code class="varname">useroid</code> is
146 <code class="literal">InvalidOid</code>, the process will run as the superuser created
147 during <code class="command">initdb</code>. If <code class="literal">BGWORKER_BYPASS_ALLOWCONN</code>
148 is specified as <code class="varname">flags</code> it is possible to bypass the restriction
149 to connect to databases not allowing user connections.
150 If <code class="literal">BGWORKER_BYPASS_ROLELOGINCHECK</code> is specified as
151 <code class="varname">flags</code> it is possible to bypass the login check for the
152 role used to connect to databases.
153 A background worker can only call one of these two functions, and only
154 once. It is not possible to switch databases.
156 Signals are initially blocked when control reaches the
157 background worker's main function, and must be unblocked by it; this is to
158 allow the process to customize its signal handlers, if necessary.
159 Signals can be unblocked in the new process by calling
160 <code class="function">BackgroundWorkerUnblockSignals</code> and blocked by calling
161 <code class="function">BackgroundWorkerBlockSignals</code>.
163 If <code class="structfield">bgw_restart_time</code> for a background worker is
164 configured as <code class="literal">BGW_NEVER_RESTART</code>, or if it exits with an exit
165 code of 0 or is terminated by <code class="function">TerminateBackgroundWorker</code>,
166 it will be automatically unregistered by the postmaster on exit.
167 Otherwise, it will be restarted after the time period configured via
168 <code class="structfield">bgw_restart_time</code>, or immediately if the postmaster
169 reinitializes the cluster due to a backend failure. Backends which need
170 to suspend execution only temporarily should use an interruptible sleep
171 rather than exiting; this can be achieved by calling
172 <code class="function">WaitLatch()</code>. Make sure the
173 <code class="literal">WL_POSTMASTER_DEATH</code> flag is set when calling that function, and
174 verify the return code for a prompt exit in the emergency case that
175 <code class="command">postgres</code> itself has terminated.
177 When a background worker is registered using the
178 <code class="function">RegisterDynamicBackgroundWorker</code> function, it is
179 possible for the backend performing the registration to obtain information
180 regarding the status of the worker. Backends wishing to do this should
181 pass the address of a <code class="type">BackgroundWorkerHandle *</code> as the second
182 argument to <code class="function">RegisterDynamicBackgroundWorker</code>. If the
183 worker is successfully registered, this pointer will be initialized with an
184 opaque handle that can subsequently be passed to
185 <code class="function">GetBackgroundWorkerPid(<em class="parameter"><code>BackgroundWorkerHandle *</code></em>, <em class="parameter"><code>pid_t *</code></em>)</code> or
186 <code class="function">TerminateBackgroundWorker(<em class="parameter"><code>BackgroundWorkerHandle *</code></em>)</code>.
187 <code class="function">GetBackgroundWorkerPid</code> can be used to poll the status of the
188 worker: a return value of <code class="literal">BGWH_NOT_YET_STARTED</code> indicates that
189 the worker has not yet been started by the postmaster;
190 <code class="literal">BGWH_STOPPED</code> indicates that it has been started but is
191 no longer running; and <code class="literal">BGWH_STARTED</code> indicates that it is
192 currently running. In this last case, the PID will also be returned via the
194 <code class="function">TerminateBackgroundWorker</code> causes the postmaster to send
195 <code class="literal">SIGTERM</code> to the worker if it is running, and to unregister it
196 as soon as it is not.
198 In some cases, a process which registers a background worker may wish to
199 wait for the worker to start up. This can be accomplished by initializing
200 <code class="structfield">bgw_notify_pid</code> to <code class="literal">MyProcPid</code> and
201 then passing the <code class="type">BackgroundWorkerHandle *</code> obtained at
203 <code class="function">WaitForBackgroundWorkerStartup(<em class="parameter"><code>BackgroundWorkerHandle
204 *handle</code></em>, <em class="parameter"><code>pid_t *</code></em>)</code> function.
205 This function will block until the postmaster has attempted to start the
206 background worker, or until the postmaster dies. If the background worker
207 is running, the return value will be <code class="literal">BGWH_STARTED</code>, and
208 the PID will be written to the provided address. Otherwise, the return
209 value will be <code class="literal">BGWH_STOPPED</code> or
210 <code class="literal">BGWH_POSTMASTER_DIED</code>.
212 A process can also wait for a background worker to shut down, by using the
213 <code class="function">WaitForBackgroundWorkerShutdown(<em class="parameter"><code>BackgroundWorkerHandle
214 *handle</code></em>)</code> function and passing the
215 <code class="type">BackgroundWorkerHandle *</code> obtained at registration. This
216 function will block until the background worker exits, or postmaster dies.
217 When the background worker exits, the return value is
218 <code class="literal">BGWH_STOPPED</code>, if postmaster dies it will return
219 <code class="literal">BGWH_POSTMASTER_DIED</code>.
221 Background workers can send asynchronous notification messages, either by
222 using the <code class="command">NOTIFY</code> command via <acronym class="acronym">SPI</acronym>,
223 or directly via <code class="function">Async_Notify()</code>. Such notifications
224 will be sent at transaction commit.
225 Background workers should not register to receive asynchronous
226 notifications with the <code class="command">LISTEN</code> command, as there is no
227 infrastructure for a worker to consume such notifications.
229 The <code class="filename">src/test/modules/worker_spi</code> module
230 contains a working example,
231 which demonstrates some useful techniques.
233 The maximum number of registered background workers is limited by
234 <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-WORKER-PROCESSES">max_worker_processes</a>.
235 </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="spi-spi-start-transaction.html" title="SPI_start_transaction">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="server-programming.html" title="Part V. Server Programming">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="logicaldecoding.html" title="Chapter 47. Logical Decoding">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">SPI_start_transaction </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 47. Logical Decoding</td></tr></table></div></body></html>