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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>19.1. Setting Parameters</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="runtime-config.html" title="Chapter 19. Server Configuration" /><link rel="next" href="runtime-config-file-locations.html" title="19.2. File Locations" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">19.1. Setting Parameters</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="runtime-config.html" title="Chapter 19. Server Configuration">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="runtime-config.html" title="Chapter 19. Server Configuration">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Server Configuration</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="runtime-config-file-locations.html" title="19.2. File Locations">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="CONFIG-SETTING"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">19.1. Setting Parameters <a href="#CONFIG-SETTING" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="config-setting.html#CONFIG-SETTING-NAMES-VALUES">19.1.1. Parameter Names and Values</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="config-setting.html#CONFIG-SETTING-CONFIGURATION-FILE">19.1.2. Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="config-setting.html#CONFIG-SETTING-SQL">19.1.3. Parameter Interaction via SQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="config-setting.html#CONFIG-SETTING-SHELL">19.1.4. Parameter Interaction via the Shell</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="config-setting.html#CONFIG-INCLUDES">19.1.5. Managing Configuration File Contents</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect2" id="CONFIG-SETTING-NAMES-VALUES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">19.1.1. Parameter Names and Values <a href="#CONFIG-SETTING-NAMES-VALUES" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
3 All parameter names are case-insensitive. Every parameter takes a
4 value of one of five types: boolean, string, integer, floating point,
5 or enumerated (enum). The type determines the syntax for setting the
7 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
8 <span class="emphasis"><em>Boolean:</em></span>
9 Values can be written as
10 <code class="literal">on</code>,
11 <code class="literal">off</code>,
12 <code class="literal">true</code>,
13 <code class="literal">false</code>,
14 <code class="literal">yes</code>,
15 <code class="literal">no</code>,
16 <code class="literal">1</code>,
17 <code class="literal">0</code>
18 (all case-insensitive) or any unambiguous prefix of one of these.
19 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
20 <span class="emphasis"><em>String:</em></span>
21 In general, enclose the value in single quotes, doubling any single
22 quotes within the value. Quotes can usually be omitted if the value
23 is a simple number or identifier, however.
24 (Values that match an SQL keyword require quoting in some contexts.)
25 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
26 <span class="emphasis"><em>Numeric (integer and floating point):</em></span>
27 Numeric parameters can be specified in the customary integer and
28 floating-point formats; fractional values are rounded to the nearest
29 integer if the parameter is of integer type. Integer parameters
30 additionally accept hexadecimal input (beginning
31 with <code class="literal">0x</code>) and octal input (beginning
32 with <code class="literal">0</code>), but these formats cannot have a fraction.
33 Do not use thousands separators.
34 Quotes are not required, except for hexadecimal input.
35 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
36 <span class="emphasis"><em>Numeric with Unit:</em></span>
37 Some numeric parameters have an implicit unit, because they describe
38 quantities of memory or time. The unit might be bytes, kilobytes, blocks
39 (typically eight kilobytes), milliseconds, seconds, or minutes.
40 An unadorned numeric value for one of these settings will use the
41 setting's default unit, which can be learned from
42 <code class="structname">pg_settings</code>.<code class="structfield">unit</code>.
43 For convenience, settings can be given with a unit specified explicitly,
44 for example <code class="literal">'120 ms'</code> for a time value, and they will be
45 converted to whatever the parameter's actual unit is. Note that the
46 value must be written as a string (with quotes) to use this feature.
47 The unit name is case-sensitive, and there can be whitespace between
48 the numeric value and the unit.
50 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>
51 Valid memory units are <code class="literal">B</code> (bytes),
52 <code class="literal">kB</code> (kilobytes),
53 <code class="literal">MB</code> (megabytes), <code class="literal">GB</code>
54 (gigabytes), and <code class="literal">TB</code> (terabytes).
55 The multiplier for memory units is 1024, not 1000.
56 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
58 <code class="literal">us</code> (microseconds),
59 <code class="literal">ms</code> (milliseconds),
60 <code class="literal">s</code> (seconds), <code class="literal">min</code> (minutes),
61 <code class="literal">h</code> (hours), and <code class="literal">d</code> (days).
62 </p></li></ul></div><p>
64 If a fractional value is specified with a unit, it will be rounded
65 to a multiple of the next smaller unit if there is one.
66 For example, <code class="literal">30.1 GB</code> will be converted
67 to <code class="literal">30822 MB</code> not <code class="literal">32319628902 B</code>.
68 If the parameter is of integer type, a final rounding to integer
69 occurs after any unit conversion.
70 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
71 <span class="emphasis"><em>Enumerated:</em></span>
72 Enumerated-type parameters are written in the same way as string
73 parameters, but are restricted to have one of a limited set of
74 values. The values allowable for such a parameter can be found from
75 <code class="structname">pg_settings</code>.<code class="structfield">enumvals</code>.
76 Enum parameter values are case-insensitive.
77 </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" id="CONFIG-SETTING-CONFIGURATION-FILE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">19.1.2. Parameter Interaction via the Configuration File <a href="#CONFIG-SETTING-CONFIGURATION-FILE" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
78 The most fundamental way to set these parameters is to edit the file
79 <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code><a id="id-1.6.6.4.3.2.2" class="indexterm"></a>,
80 which is normally kept in the data directory. A default copy is
81 installed when the database cluster directory is initialized.
82 An example of what this file might look like is:
83 </p><pre class="programlisting">
86 log_destination = 'syslog'
87 search_path = '"$user", public'
88 shared_buffers = 128MB
90 One parameter is specified per line. The equal sign between name and
91 value is optional. Whitespace is insignificant (except within a quoted
92 parameter value) and blank lines are
93 ignored. Hash marks (<code class="literal">#</code>) designate the remainder
94 of the line as a comment. Parameter values that are not simple
95 identifiers or numbers must be single-quoted. To embed a single
96 quote in a parameter value, write either two quotes (preferred)
98 If the file contains multiple entries for the same parameter,
99 all but the last one are ignored.
101 Parameters set in this way provide default values for the cluster.
102 The settings seen by active sessions will be these values unless they
103 are overridden. The following sections describe ways in which the
104 administrator or user can override these defaults.
106 <a id="id-1.6.6.4.3.4.1" class="indexterm"></a>
107 The configuration file is reread whenever the main server process
108 receives a <span class="systemitem">SIGHUP</span> signal; this signal is most easily
109 sent by running <code class="literal">pg_ctl reload</code> from the command line or by
110 calling the SQL function <code class="function">pg_reload_conf()</code>. The main
111 server process also propagates this signal to all currently running
112 server processes, so that existing sessions also adopt the new values
113 (this will happen after they complete any currently-executing client
114 command). Alternatively, you can
115 send the signal to a single server process directly. Some parameters
116 can only be set at server start; any changes to their entries in the
117 configuration file will be ignored until the server is restarted.
118 Invalid parameter settings in the configuration file are likewise
119 ignored (but logged) during <span class="systemitem">SIGHUP</span> processing.
121 In addition to <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code>,
122 a <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> data directory contains a file
123 <code class="filename">postgresql.auto.conf</code><a id="id-1.6.6.4.3.5.4" class="indexterm"></a>,
124 which has the same format as <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> but
125 is intended to be edited automatically, not manually. This file holds
126 settings provided through the <a class="link" href="sql-altersystem.html" title="ALTER SYSTEM"><code class="command">ALTER SYSTEM</code></a> command.
127 This file is read whenever <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> is,
128 and its settings take effect in the same way. Settings
129 in <code class="filename">postgresql.auto.conf</code> override those
130 in <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code>.
132 External tools may also
133 modify <code class="filename">postgresql.auto.conf</code>. It is not
134 recommended to do this while the server is running unless <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-compatible.html#GUC-ALLOW-ALTER-SYSTEM">allow_alter_system</a> is set to <code class="literal">off</code>, since a
135 concurrent <code class="command">ALTER SYSTEM</code> command could overwrite
136 such changes. Such tools might simply append new settings to the end,
137 or they might choose to remove duplicate settings and/or comments
138 (as <code class="command">ALTER SYSTEM</code> will).
141 <a class="link" href="view-pg-file-settings.html" title="53.8. pg_file_settings"><code class="structname">pg_file_settings</code></a>
142 can be helpful for pre-testing changes to the configuration files, or for
143 diagnosing problems if a <span class="systemitem">SIGHUP</span> signal did not have the
145 </p></div><div class="sect2" id="CONFIG-SETTING-SQL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">19.1.3. Parameter Interaction via SQL <a href="#CONFIG-SETTING-SQL" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
146 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> provides three SQL
147 commands to establish configuration defaults.
148 The already-mentioned <code class="command">ALTER SYSTEM</code> command
149 provides an SQL-accessible means of changing global defaults; it is
150 functionally equivalent to editing <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code>.
151 In addition, there are two commands that allow setting of defaults
152 on a per-database or per-role basis:
153 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
154 The <a class="link" href="sql-alterdatabase.html" title="ALTER DATABASE"><code class="command">ALTER DATABASE</code></a> command allows global
155 settings to be overridden on a per-database basis.
156 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
157 The <a class="link" href="sql-alterrole.html" title="ALTER ROLE"><code class="command">ALTER ROLE</code></a> command allows both global and
158 per-database settings to be overridden with user-specific values.
159 </p></li></ul></div><p>
160 Values set with <code class="command">ALTER DATABASE</code> and <code class="command">ALTER ROLE</code>
161 are applied only when starting a fresh database session. They
162 override values obtained from the configuration files or server
163 command line, and constitute defaults for the rest of the session.
164 Note that some settings cannot be changed after server start, and
165 so cannot be set with these commands (or the ones listed below).
167 Once a client is connected to the database, <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
168 provides two additional SQL commands (and equivalent functions) to
169 interact with session-local configuration settings:
170 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
171 The <a class="link" href="sql-show.html" title="SHOW"><code class="command">SHOW</code></a> command allows inspection of the
172 current value of any parameter. The corresponding SQL function is
173 <code class="function">current_setting(setting_name text)</code>
174 (see <a class="xref" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-SET" title="9.28.1. Configuration Settings Functions">Section 9.28.1</a>).
175 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
176 The <a class="link" href="sql-set.html" title="SET"><code class="command">SET</code></a> command allows modification of the
177 current value of those parameters that can be set locally to a
178 session; it has no effect on other sessions.
179 Many parameters can be set this way by any user, but some can
180 only be set by superusers and users who have been
181 granted <code class="literal">SET</code> privilege on that parameter.
182 The corresponding SQL function is
183 <code class="function">set_config(setting_name, new_value, is_local)</code>
184 (see <a class="xref" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-SET" title="9.28.1. Configuration Settings Functions">Section 9.28.1</a>).
185 </p></li></ul></div><p>
186 In addition, the system view <a class="link" href="view-pg-settings.html" title="53.25. pg_settings"><code class="structname">pg_settings</code></a> can be
187 used to view and change session-local values:
188 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
189 Querying this view is similar to using <code class="command">SHOW ALL</code> but
190 provides more detail. It is also more flexible, since it's possible
191 to specify filter conditions or join against other relations.
192 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
193 Using <code class="command">UPDATE</code> on this view, specifically
194 updating the <code class="structname">setting</code> column, is the equivalent
195 of issuing <code class="command">SET</code> commands. For example, the equivalent of
196 </p><pre class="programlisting">
197 SET configuration_parameter TO DEFAULT;
200 </p><pre class="programlisting">
201 UPDATE pg_settings SET setting = reset_val WHERE name = 'configuration_parameter';
203 </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" id="CONFIG-SETTING-SHELL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">19.1.4. Parameter Interaction via the Shell <a href="#CONFIG-SETTING-SHELL" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
204 In addition to setting global defaults or attaching
205 overrides at the database or role level, you can pass settings to
206 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> via shell facilities.
207 Both the server and <span class="application">libpq</span> client library
208 accept parameter values via the shell.
209 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
210 During server startup, parameter settings can be
211 passed to the <code class="command">postgres</code> command via the
212 <code class="option">-c name=value</code> command-line parameter, or its equivalent
213 <code class="option">--name=value</code> variation. For example,
214 </p><pre class="programlisting">
215 postgres -c log_connections=all --log-destination='syslog'
217 Settings provided in this way override those set via
218 <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> or <code class="command">ALTER SYSTEM</code>,
219 so they cannot be changed globally without restarting the server.
220 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
221 When starting a client session via <span class="application">libpq</span>,
222 parameter settings can be
223 specified using the <code class="envar">PGOPTIONS</code> environment variable.
224 Settings established in this way constitute defaults for the life
225 of the session, but do not affect other sessions.
226 For historical reasons, the format of <code class="envar">PGOPTIONS</code> is
227 similar to that used when launching the <code class="command">postgres</code>
228 command; specifically, the <code class="option">-c</code>, or prepended
229 <code class="literal">--</code>, before the name must be specified. For example,
230 </p><pre class="programlisting">
231 env PGOPTIONS="-c geqo=off --statement-timeout=5min" psql
234 Other clients and libraries might provide their own mechanisms,
235 via the shell or otherwise, that allow the user to alter session
236 settings without direct use of SQL commands.
237 </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" id="CONFIG-INCLUDES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">19.1.5. Managing Configuration File Contents <a href="#CONFIG-INCLUDES" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
238 <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> provides several features for breaking
239 down complex <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> files into sub-files.
240 These features are especially useful when managing multiple servers
241 with related, but not identical, configurations.
243 <a id="id-1.6.6.4.6.3.1" class="indexterm"></a>
244 In addition to individual parameter settings,
245 the <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> file can contain <em class="firstterm">include
246 directives</em>, which specify another file to read and process as if
247 it were inserted into the configuration file at this point. This
248 feature allows a configuration file to be divided into physically
249 separate parts. Include directives simply look like:
250 </p><pre class="programlisting">
253 If the file name is not an absolute path, it is taken as relative to
254 the directory containing the referencing configuration file.
255 Inclusions can be nested.
257 <a id="id-1.6.6.4.6.4.1" class="indexterm"></a>
258 There is also an <code class="literal">include_if_exists</code> directive, which acts
259 the same as the <code class="literal">include</code> directive, except
260 when the referenced file does not exist or cannot be read. A regular
261 <code class="literal">include</code> will consider this an error condition, but
262 <code class="literal">include_if_exists</code> merely logs a message and continues
263 processing the referencing configuration file.
265 <a id="id-1.6.6.4.6.5.1" class="indexterm"></a>
266 The <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> file can also contain
267 <code class="literal">include_dir</code> directives, which specify an entire
268 directory of configuration files to include. These look like
269 </p><pre class="programlisting">
270 include_dir 'directory'
272 Non-absolute directory names are taken as relative to the directory
273 containing the referencing configuration file. Within the specified
274 directory, only non-directory files whose names end with the
275 suffix <code class="literal">.conf</code> will be included. File names that
276 start with the <code class="literal">.</code> character are also ignored, to
277 prevent mistakes since such files are hidden on some platforms. Multiple
278 files within an include directory are processed in file name order
279 (according to C locale rules, i.e., numbers before letters, and
280 uppercase letters before lowercase ones).
282 Include files or directories can be used to logically separate portions
283 of the database configuration, rather than having a single large
284 <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> file. Consider a company that has two
285 database servers, each with a different amount of memory. There are
286 likely elements of the configuration both will share, for things such
287 as logging. But memory-related parameters on the server will vary
288 between the two. And there might be server specific customizations,
289 too. One way to manage this situation is to break the custom
290 configuration changes for your site into three files. You could add
291 this to the end of your <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> file to include
293 </p><pre class="programlisting">
294 include 'shared.conf'
295 include 'memory.conf'
296 include 'server.conf'
298 All systems would have the same <code class="filename">shared.conf</code>. Each
299 server with a particular amount of memory could share the
300 same <code class="filename">memory.conf</code>; you might have one for all servers
301 with 8GB of RAM, another for those having 16GB. And
302 finally <code class="filename">server.conf</code> could have truly server-specific
303 configuration information in it.
305 Another possibility is to create a configuration file directory and
306 put this information into files there. For example, a <code class="filename">conf.d</code>
307 directory could be referenced at the end of <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code>:
308 </p><pre class="programlisting">
311 Then you could name the files in the <code class="filename">conf.d</code> directory
313 </p><pre class="programlisting">
318 This naming convention establishes a clear order in which these
319 files will be loaded. This is important because only the last
320 setting encountered for a particular parameter while the server is
321 reading configuration files will be used. In this example,
322 something set in <code class="filename">conf.d/02server.conf</code> would override a
323 value set in <code class="filename">conf.d/01memory.conf</code>.
325 You might instead use this approach to naming the files
327 </p><pre class="programlisting">
332 This sort of arrangement gives a unique name for each configuration file
333 variation. This can help eliminate ambiguity when several servers have
334 their configurations all stored in one place, such as in a version
335 control repository. (Storing database configuration files under version
336 control is another good practice to consider.)
337 </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="runtime-config.html" title="Chapter 19. Server Configuration">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="runtime-config.html" title="Chapter 19. Server Configuration">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="runtime-config-file-locations.html" title="19.2. File Locations">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 19. Server Configuration </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 19.2. File Locations</td></tr></table></div></body></html>