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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>41.7. Cursors</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="plpgsql-control-structures.html" title="41.6. Control Structures" /><link rel="next" href="plpgsql-transactions.html" title="41.8. Transaction Management" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">41.7. Cursors</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="plpgsql-control-structures.html" title="41.6. Control Structures">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="plpgsql.html" title="Chapter 41. PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 41. <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> — <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> Procedural Language</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="plpgsql-transactions.html" title="41.8. Transaction Management">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="PLPGSQL-CURSORS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">41.7. Cursors <a href="#PLPGSQL-CURSORS" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="plpgsql-cursors.html#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-DECLARATIONS">41.7.1. Declaring Cursor Variables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="plpgsql-cursors.html#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-OPENING">41.7.2. Opening Cursors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="plpgsql-cursors.html#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-USING">41.7.3. Using Cursors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="plpgsql-cursors.html#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-FOR-LOOP">41.7.4. Looping through a Cursor's Result</a></span></dt></dl></div><a id="id-1.8.8.9.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
3 Rather than executing a whole query at once, it is possible to set
4 up a <em class="firstterm">cursor</em> that encapsulates the query, and then read
5 the query result a few rows at a time. One reason for doing this is
6 to avoid memory overrun when the result contains a large number of
7 rows. (However, <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> users do not normally need
8 to worry about that, since <code class="literal">FOR</code> loops automatically use a cursor
9 internally to avoid memory problems.) A more interesting usage is to
10 return a reference to a cursor that a function has created, allowing the
11 caller to read the rows. This provides an efficient way to return
12 large row sets from functions.
13 </p><div class="sect2" id="PLPGSQL-CURSOR-DECLARATIONS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">41.7.1. Declaring Cursor Variables <a href="#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-DECLARATIONS" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
14 All access to cursors in <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> goes through
15 cursor variables, which are always of the special data type
16 <code class="type">refcursor</code>. One way to create a cursor variable
17 is just to declare it as a variable of type <code class="type">refcursor</code>.
18 Another way is to use the cursor declaration syntax,
20 </p><pre class="synopsis">
21 <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> [<span class="optional"> [<span class="optional"> NO </span>] SCROLL </span>] CURSOR [<span class="optional"> ( <em class="replaceable"><code>arguments</code></em> ) </span>] FOR <em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em>;
23 (<code class="literal">FOR</code> can be replaced by <code class="literal">IS</code> for
24 <span class="productname">Oracle</span> compatibility.)
25 If <code class="literal">SCROLL</code> is specified, the cursor will be capable of
26 scrolling backward; if <code class="literal">NO SCROLL</code> is specified, backward
27 fetches will be rejected; if neither specification appears, it is
28 query-dependent whether backward fetches will be allowed.
29 <em class="replaceable"><code>arguments</code></em>, if specified, is a
30 comma-separated list of pairs <code class="literal"><em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
31 <em class="replaceable"><code>datatype</code></em></code> that define names to be
32 replaced by parameter values in the given query. The actual
33 values to substitute for these names will be specified later,
34 when the cursor is opened.
37 </p><pre class="programlisting">
40 curs2 CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM tenk1;
41 curs3 CURSOR (key integer) FOR SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 = key;
43 All three of these variables have the data type <code class="type">refcursor</code>,
44 but the first can be used with any query, while the second has
45 a fully specified query already <em class="firstterm">bound</em> to it, and the last
46 has a parameterized query bound to it. (<code class="literal">key</code> will be
47 replaced by an integer parameter value when the cursor is opened.)
48 The variable <code class="literal">curs1</code>
49 is said to be <em class="firstterm">unbound</em> since it is not bound to
52 The <code class="literal">SCROLL</code> option cannot be used when the cursor's
53 query uses <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE/SHARE</code>. Also, it is
54 best to use <code class="literal">NO SCROLL</code> with a query that involves
55 volatile functions. The implementation of <code class="literal">SCROLL</code>
56 assumes that re-reading the query's output will give consistent
57 results, which a volatile function might not do.
58 </p></div><div class="sect2" id="PLPGSQL-CURSOR-OPENING"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">41.7.2. Opening Cursors <a href="#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-OPENING" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
59 Before a cursor can be used to retrieve rows, it must be
60 <em class="firstterm">opened</em>. (This is the equivalent action to the SQL
61 command <a class="link" href="sql-declare.html" title="DECLARE"><code class="command">DECLARE
63 <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> has
64 three forms of the <code class="command">OPEN</code> statement, two of which use unbound
65 cursor variables while the third uses a bound cursor variable.
66 </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
67 Bound cursor variables can also be used without explicitly opening the cursor,
68 via the <code class="command">FOR</code> statement described in
69 <a class="xref" href="plpgsql-cursors.html#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-FOR-LOOP" title="41.7.4. Looping through a Cursor's Result">Section 41.7.4</a>.
70 A <code class="command">FOR</code> loop will open the cursor and then
71 close it again when the loop completes.
72 </p></div><a id="id-1.8.8.9.5.4" class="indexterm"></a><p>
73 Opening a cursor involves creating a server-internal data structure
74 called a <em class="firstterm">portal</em>, which holds the execution
75 state for the cursor's query. A portal has a name, which must be
76 unique within the session for the duration of the portal's existence.
77 By default, <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> will assign a unique
78 name to each portal it creates. However, if you assign a non-null
79 string value to a cursor variable, that string will be used as its
80 portal name. This feature can be used as described in
81 <a class="xref" href="plpgsql-cursors.html#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-RETURNING" title="41.7.3.5. Returning Cursors">Section 41.7.3.5</a>.
82 </p><div class="sect3" id="PLPGSQL-CURSOR-OPENING-OPEN-FOR-QUERY"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">41.7.2.1. <code class="command">OPEN FOR</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em> <a href="#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-OPENING-OPEN-FOR-QUERY" class="id_link">#</a></h4></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
83 OPEN <em class="replaceable"><code>unbound_cursorvar</code></em> [<span class="optional"> [<span class="optional"> NO </span>] SCROLL </span>] FOR <em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em>;
85 The cursor variable is opened and given the specified query to
86 execute. The cursor cannot be open already, and it must have been
87 declared as an unbound cursor variable (that is, as a simple
88 <code class="type">refcursor</code> variable). The query must be a
89 <code class="command">SELECT</code>, or something else that returns rows
90 (such as <code class="command">EXPLAIN</code>). The query
91 is treated in the same way as other SQL commands in
92 <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span>: <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span>
93 variable names are substituted, and the query plan is cached for
94 possible reuse. When a <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span>
95 variable is substituted into the cursor query, the value that is
96 substituted is the one it has at the time of the <code class="command">OPEN</code>;
97 subsequent changes to the variable will not affect the cursor's
99 The <code class="literal">SCROLL</code> and <code class="literal">NO SCROLL</code>
100 options have the same meanings as for a bound cursor.
103 </p><pre class="programlisting">
104 OPEN curs1 FOR SELECT * FROM foo WHERE key = mykey;
106 </p></div><div class="sect3" id="PLPGSQL-CURSOR-OPENING-OPEN-FOR-EXECUTE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">41.7.2.2. <code class="command">OPEN FOR EXECUTE</code> <a href="#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-OPENING-OPEN-FOR-EXECUTE" class="id_link">#</a></h4></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
107 OPEN <em class="replaceable"><code>unbound_cursorvar</code></em> [<span class="optional"> [<span class="optional"> NO </span>] SCROLL </span>] FOR EXECUTE <em class="replaceable"><code>query_string</code></em>
108 [<span class="optional"> USING <em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> [<span class="optional">, ... </span>] </span>];
110 The cursor variable is opened and given the specified query to
111 execute. The cursor cannot be open already, and it must have been
112 declared as an unbound cursor variable (that is, as a simple
113 <code class="type">refcursor</code> variable). The query is specified as a string
114 expression, in the same way as in the <code class="command">EXECUTE</code>
115 command. As usual, this gives flexibility so the query plan can vary
116 from one run to the next (see <a class="xref" href="plpgsql-implementation.html#PLPGSQL-PLAN-CACHING" title="41.11.2. Plan Caching">Section 41.11.2</a>),
117 and it also means that variable substitution is not done on the
118 command string. As with <code class="command">EXECUTE</code>, parameter values
119 can be inserted into the dynamic command via
120 <code class="literal">format()</code> and <code class="literal">USING</code>.
121 The <code class="literal">SCROLL</code> and
122 <code class="literal">NO SCROLL</code> options have the same meanings as for a bound
126 </p><pre class="programlisting">
127 OPEN curs1 FOR EXECUTE format('SELECT * FROM %I WHERE col1 = $1',tabname) USING keyvalue;
129 In this example, the table name is inserted into the query via
130 <code class="function">format()</code>. The comparison value for <code class="literal">col1</code>
131 is inserted via a <code class="literal">USING</code> parameter, so it needs
133 </p></div><div class="sect3" id="PLPGSQL-OPEN-BOUND-CURSOR"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">41.7.2.3. Opening a Bound Cursor <a href="#PLPGSQL-OPEN-BOUND-CURSOR" class="id_link">#</a></h4></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
134 OPEN <em class="replaceable"><code>bound_cursorvar</code></em> [<span class="optional"> ( [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>argument_name</code></em> { := | => } </span>] <em class="replaceable"><code>argument_value</code></em> [<span class="optional">, ...</span>] ) </span>];
136 This form of <code class="command">OPEN</code> is used to open a cursor
137 variable whose query was bound to it when it was declared. The
138 cursor cannot be open already. A list of actual argument value
139 expressions must appear if and only if the cursor was declared to
140 take arguments. These values will be substituted in the query.
142 The query plan for a bound cursor is always considered cacheable;
143 there is no equivalent of <code class="command">EXECUTE</code> in this case.
144 Notice that <code class="literal">SCROLL</code> and <code class="literal">NO SCROLL</code> cannot be
145 specified in <code class="command">OPEN</code>, as the cursor's scrolling
146 behavior was already determined.
148 Argument values can be passed using either <em class="firstterm">positional</em>
149 or <em class="firstterm">named</em> notation. In positional
150 notation, all arguments are specified in order. In named notation,
151 each argument's name is specified using <code class="literal">:=</code>
152 or <code class="literal">=></code> to
153 separate it from the argument expression. Similar to calling
154 functions, described in <a class="xref" href="sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html" title="4.3. Calling Functions">Section 4.3</a>, it
155 is also allowed to mix positional and named notation.
157 Examples (these use the cursor declaration examples above):
158 </p><pre class="programlisting">
161 OPEN curs3(key := 42);
162 OPEN curs3(key => 42);
165 Because variable substitution is done on a bound cursor's query,
166 there are really two ways to pass values into the cursor: either
167 with an explicit argument to <code class="command">OPEN</code>, or implicitly by
168 referencing a <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> variable in the query.
169 However, only variables declared before the bound cursor was
170 declared will be substituted into it. In either case the value to
171 be passed is determined at the time of the <code class="command">OPEN</code>.
172 For example, another way to get the same effect as the
173 <code class="literal">curs3</code> example above is
174 </p><pre class="programlisting">
177 curs4 CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 = key;
182 </p></div></div><div class="sect2" id="PLPGSQL-CURSOR-USING"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">41.7.3. Using Cursors <a href="#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-USING" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
183 Once a cursor has been opened, it can be manipulated with the
184 statements described here.
186 These manipulations need not occur in the same function that
187 opened the cursor to begin with. You can return a <code class="type">refcursor</code>
188 value out of a function and let the caller operate on the cursor.
189 (Internally, a <code class="type">refcursor</code> value is simply the string name
190 of the portal containing the active query for the cursor. This name
191 can be passed around, assigned to other <code class="type">refcursor</code> variables,
192 and so on, without disturbing the portal.)
194 All portals are implicitly closed at transaction end. Therefore
195 a <code class="type">refcursor</code> value is usable to reference an open cursor
196 only until the end of the transaction.
197 </p><div class="sect3" id="PLPGSQL-CURSOR-USING-FETCH"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">41.7.3.1. <code class="literal">FETCH</code> <a href="#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-USING-FETCH" class="id_link">#</a></h4></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
198 FETCH [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>direction</code></em> { FROM | IN } </span>] <em class="replaceable"><code>cursor</code></em> INTO <em class="replaceable"><code>target</code></em>;
200 <code class="command">FETCH</code> retrieves the next row (in the indicated
202 cursor into a target, which might be a row variable, a record
203 variable, or a comma-separated list of simple variables, just like
204 <code class="command">SELECT INTO</code>. If there is no suitable row, the
205 target is set to NULL(s). As with <code class="command">SELECT
206 INTO</code>, the special variable <code class="literal">FOUND</code> can
207 be checked to see whether a row was obtained or not. If no row is
208 obtained, the cursor is positioned after the last row or before the
209 first row, depending on the movement direction.
211 The <em class="replaceable"><code>direction</code></em> clause can be any of the
212 variants allowed in the SQL <a class="xref" href="sql-fetch.html" title="FETCH"><span class="refentrytitle">FETCH</span></a>
213 command except the ones that can fetch
214 more than one row; namely, it can be
215 <code class="literal">NEXT</code>,
216 <code class="literal">PRIOR</code>,
217 <code class="literal">FIRST</code>,
218 <code class="literal">LAST</code>,
219 <code class="literal">ABSOLUTE</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>count</code></em>,
220 <code class="literal">RELATIVE</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>count</code></em>,
221 <code class="literal">FORWARD</code>, or
222 <code class="literal">BACKWARD</code>.
223 Omitting <em class="replaceable"><code>direction</code></em> is the same
224 as specifying <code class="literal">NEXT</code>.
225 In the forms using a <em class="replaceable"><code>count</code></em>,
226 the <em class="replaceable"><code>count</code></em> can be any integer-valued
227 expression (unlike the SQL <code class="command">FETCH</code> command,
228 which only allows an integer constant).
229 <em class="replaceable"><code>direction</code></em> values that require moving
230 backward are likely to fail unless the cursor was declared or opened
231 with the <code class="literal">SCROLL</code> option.
233 <em class="replaceable"><code>cursor</code></em> must be the name of a <code class="type">refcursor</code>
234 variable that references an open cursor portal.
237 </p><pre class="programlisting">
238 FETCH curs1 INTO rowvar;
239 FETCH curs2 INTO foo, bar, baz;
240 FETCH LAST FROM curs3 INTO x, y;
241 FETCH RELATIVE -2 FROM curs4 INTO x;
243 </p></div><div class="sect3" id="PLPGSQL-CURSOR-USING-MOVE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">41.7.3.2. <code class="literal">MOVE</code> <a href="#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-USING-MOVE" class="id_link">#</a></h4></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
244 MOVE [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>direction</code></em> { FROM | IN } </span>] <em class="replaceable"><code>cursor</code></em>;
246 <code class="command">MOVE</code> repositions a cursor without retrieving
247 any data. <code class="command">MOVE</code> works like the
248 <code class="command">FETCH</code> command, except it only repositions the
249 cursor and does not return the row moved to.
250 The <em class="replaceable"><code>direction</code></em> clause can be any of the
251 variants allowed in the SQL <a class="xref" href="sql-fetch.html" title="FETCH"><span class="refentrytitle">FETCH</span></a>
252 command, including those that can fetch more than one row;
253 the cursor is positioned to the last such row.
254 (However, the case in which the <em class="replaceable"><code>direction</code></em>
255 clause is simply a <em class="replaceable"><code>count</code></em> expression with
256 no key word is deprecated in <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span>.
257 That syntax is ambiguous with the case where
258 the <em class="replaceable"><code>direction</code></em> clause is omitted
259 altogether, and hence it may fail if
260 the <em class="replaceable"><code>count</code></em> is not a constant.)
261 As with <code class="command">SELECT
262 INTO</code>, the special variable <code class="literal">FOUND</code> can
263 be checked to see whether there was a row to move to. If there is no
264 such row, the cursor is positioned after the last row or before the
265 first row, depending on the movement direction.
268 </p><pre class="programlisting">
270 MOVE LAST FROM curs3;
271 MOVE RELATIVE -2 FROM curs4;
272 MOVE FORWARD 2 FROM curs4;
274 </p></div><div class="sect3" id="PLPGSQL-CURSOR-USING-UPDATE-DELETE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">41.7.3.3. <code class="literal">UPDATE/DELETE WHERE CURRENT OF</code> <a href="#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-USING-UPDATE-DELETE" class="id_link">#</a></h4></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
275 UPDATE <em class="replaceable"><code>table</code></em> SET ... WHERE CURRENT OF <em class="replaceable"><code>cursor</code></em>;
276 DELETE FROM <em class="replaceable"><code>table</code></em> WHERE CURRENT OF <em class="replaceable"><code>cursor</code></em>;
278 When a cursor is positioned on a table row, that row can be updated
279 or deleted using the cursor to identify the row. There are
280 restrictions on what the cursor's query can be (in particular,
281 no grouping) and it's best to use <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE</code> in the
282 cursor. For more information see the
283 <a class="xref" href="sql-declare.html" title="DECLARE"><span class="refentrytitle">DECLARE</span></a>
287 </p><pre class="programlisting">
288 UPDATE foo SET dataval = myval WHERE CURRENT OF curs1;
290 </p></div><div class="sect3" id="PLPGSQL-CURSOR-USING-CLOSE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">41.7.3.4. <code class="literal">CLOSE</code> <a href="#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-USING-CLOSE" class="id_link">#</a></h4></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
291 CLOSE <em class="replaceable"><code>cursor</code></em>;
293 <code class="command">CLOSE</code> closes the portal underlying an open
294 cursor. This can be used to release resources earlier than end of
295 transaction, or to free up the cursor variable to be opened again.
298 </p><pre class="programlisting">
301 </p></div><div class="sect3" id="PLPGSQL-CURSOR-RETURNING"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">41.7.3.5. Returning Cursors <a href="#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-RETURNING" class="id_link">#</a></h4></div></div></div><p>
302 <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> functions can return cursors to the
303 caller. This is useful to return multiple rows or columns,
304 especially with very large result sets. To do this, the function
305 opens the cursor and returns the cursor name to the caller (or simply
306 opens the cursor using a portal name specified by or otherwise known
307 to the caller). The caller can then fetch rows from the cursor. The
308 cursor can be closed by the caller, or it will be closed automatically
309 when the transaction closes.
311 The portal name used for a cursor can be specified by the
312 programmer or automatically generated. To specify a portal name,
313 simply assign a string to the <code class="type">refcursor</code> variable before
314 opening it. The string value of the <code class="type">refcursor</code> variable
315 will be used by <code class="command">OPEN</code> as the name of the underlying portal.
316 However, if the <code class="type">refcursor</code> variable's value is null
317 (as it will be by default), then
318 <code class="command">OPEN</code> automatically generates a name that does not
319 conflict with any existing portal, and assigns it to the
320 <code class="type">refcursor</code> variable.
321 </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
322 Prior to <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 16, bound cursor
323 variables were initialized to contain their own names, rather
324 than being left as null, so that the underlying portal name would
325 be the same as the cursor variable's name by default. This was
326 changed because it created too much risk of conflicts between
327 similarly-named cursors in different functions.
329 The following example shows one way a cursor name can be supplied by
332 </p><pre class="programlisting">
333 CREATE TABLE test (col text);
334 INSERT INTO test VALUES ('123');
336 CREATE FUNCTION reffunc(refcursor) RETURNS refcursor AS '
338 OPEN $1 FOR SELECT col FROM test;
344 SELECT reffunc('funccursor');
345 FETCH ALL IN funccursor;
349 The following example uses automatic cursor name generation:
351 </p><pre class="programlisting">
352 CREATE FUNCTION reffunc2() RETURNS refcursor AS '
356 OPEN ref FOR SELECT col FROM test;
361 -- need to be in a transaction to use cursors.
367 <unnamed cursor 1>
370 FETCH ALL IN "<unnamed cursor 1>";
374 The following example shows one way to return multiple cursors
375 from a single function:
377 </p><pre class="programlisting">
378 CREATE FUNCTION myfunc(refcursor, refcursor) RETURNS SETOF refcursor AS $$
380 OPEN $1 FOR SELECT * FROM table_1;
382 OPEN $2 FOR SELECT * FROM table_2;
387 -- need to be in a transaction to use cursors.
390 SELECT * FROM myfunc('a', 'b');
396 </p></div></div><div class="sect2" id="PLPGSQL-CURSOR-FOR-LOOP"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">41.7.4. Looping through a Cursor's Result <a href="#PLPGSQL-CURSOR-FOR-LOOP" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
397 There is a variant of the <code class="command">FOR</code> statement that allows
398 iterating through the rows returned by a cursor. The syntax is:
400 </p><pre class="synopsis">
401 [<span class="optional"> <<<em class="replaceable"><code>label</code></em>>> </span>]
402 FOR <em class="replaceable"><code>recordvar</code></em> IN <em class="replaceable"><code>bound_cursorvar</code></em> [<span class="optional"> ( [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>argument_name</code></em> { := | => } </span>] <em class="replaceable"><code>argument_value</code></em> [<span class="optional">, ...</span>] ) </span>] LOOP
403 <em class="replaceable"><code>statements</code></em>
404 END LOOP [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>label</code></em> </span>];
407 The cursor variable must have been bound to some query when it was
408 declared, and it <span class="emphasis"><em>cannot</em></span> be open already. The
409 <code class="command">FOR</code> statement automatically opens the cursor, and it closes
410 the cursor again when the loop exits. A list of actual argument value
411 expressions must appear if and only if the cursor was declared to take
412 arguments. These values will be substituted in the query, in just
413 the same way as during an <code class="command">OPEN</code> (see <a class="xref" href="plpgsql-cursors.html#PLPGSQL-OPEN-BOUND-CURSOR" title="41.7.2.3. Opening a Bound Cursor">Section 41.7.2.3</a>).
415 The variable <em class="replaceable"><code>recordvar</code></em> is automatically
416 defined as type <code class="type">record</code> and exists only inside the loop (any
417 existing definition of the variable name is ignored within the loop).
418 Each row returned by the cursor is successively assigned to this
419 record variable and the loop body is executed.
420 </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="plpgsql-control-structures.html" title="41.6. Control Structures">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="plpgsql.html" title="Chapter 41. PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="plpgsql-transactions.html" title="41.8. Transaction Management">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">41.6. Control Structures </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 41.8. Transaction Management</td></tr></table></div></body></html>