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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>41.2. Structure of PL/pgSQL</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="plpgsql-overview.html" title="41.1. Overview" /><link rel="next" href="plpgsql-declarations.html" title="41.3. Declarations" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">41.2. Structure of <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span></th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="plpgsql-overview.html" title="41.1. Overview">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="plpgsql.html" title="Chapter 41. PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 41. <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> — <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> Procedural Language</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="plpgsql-declarations.html" title="41.3. Declarations">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="PLPGSQL-STRUCTURE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">41.2. Structure of <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> <a href="#PLPGSQL-STRUCTURE" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><p>
3 Functions written in <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> are defined
4 to the server by executing <a class="xref" href="sql-createfunction.html" title="CREATE FUNCTION"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE FUNCTION</span></a> commands.
5 Such a command would normally look like, say,
6 </p><pre class="programlisting">
7 CREATE FUNCTION somefunc(integer, text) RETURNS integer
8 AS '<em class="replaceable"><code>function body text</code></em>'
11 The function body is simply a string literal so far as <code class="command">CREATE
12 FUNCTION</code> is concerned. It is often helpful to use dollar quoting
13 (see <a class="xref" href="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-DOLLAR-QUOTING" title="4.1.2.4. Dollar-Quoted String Constants">Section 4.1.2.4</a>) to write the function
14 body, rather than the normal single quote syntax. Without dollar quoting,
15 any single quotes or backslashes in the function body must be escaped by
16 doubling them. Almost all the examples in this chapter use dollar-quoted
17 literals for their function bodies.
19 <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> is a block-structured language.
20 The complete text of a function body must be a
21 <em class="firstterm">block</em>. A block is defined as:
23 </p><pre class="synopsis">
24 [<span class="optional"> <<<em class="replaceable"><code>label</code></em>>> </span>]
25 [<span class="optional"> DECLARE
26 <em class="replaceable"><code>declarations</code></em> </span>]
28 <em class="replaceable"><code>statements</code></em>
29 END [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>label</code></em> </span>];
32 Each declaration and each statement within a block is terminated
33 by a semicolon. A block that appears within another block must
34 have a semicolon after <code class="literal">END</code>, as shown above;
35 however the final <code class="literal">END</code> that
36 concludes a function body does not require a semicolon.
37 </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
38 A common mistake is to write a semicolon immediately after
39 <code class="literal">BEGIN</code>. This is incorrect and will result in a syntax error.
41 A <em class="replaceable"><code>label</code></em> is only needed if you want to
42 identify the block for use
43 in an <code class="literal">EXIT</code> statement, or to qualify the names of the
44 variables declared in the block. If a label is given after
45 <code class="literal">END</code>, it must match the label at the block's beginning.
47 All key words are case-insensitive.
48 Identifiers are implicitly converted to lower case
49 unless double-quoted, just as they are in ordinary SQL commands.
51 Comments work the same way in <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> code as in
52 ordinary SQL. A double dash (<code class="literal">--</code>) starts a comment
53 that extends to the end of the line. A <code class="literal">/*</code> starts a
54 block comment that extends to the matching occurrence of
55 <code class="literal">*/</code>. Block comments nest.
57 Any statement in the statement section of a block
58 can be a <em class="firstterm">subblock</em>. Subblocks can be used for
59 logical grouping or to localize variables to a small group
60 of statements. Variables declared in a subblock mask any
61 similarly-named variables of outer blocks for the duration
62 of the subblock; but you can access the outer variables anyway
63 if you qualify their names with their block's label. For example:
64 </p><pre class="programlisting">
65 CREATE FUNCTION somefunc() RETURNS integer AS $$
66 << outerblock >>
68 quantity integer := 30;
70 RAISE NOTICE 'Quantity here is %', quantity; -- Prints 30
76 quantity integer := 80;
78 RAISE NOTICE 'Quantity here is %', quantity; -- Prints 80
79 RAISE NOTICE 'Outer quantity here is %', outerblock.quantity; -- Prints 50
82 RAISE NOTICE 'Quantity here is %', quantity; -- Prints 50
88 </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
89 There is actually a hidden <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">outer block</span>”</span> surrounding the body
90 of any <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> function. This block provides the
91 declarations of the function's parameters (if any), as well as some
92 special variables such as <code class="literal">FOUND</code> (see
93 <a class="xref" href="plpgsql-statements.html#PLPGSQL-STATEMENTS-DIAGNOSTICS" title="41.5.5. Obtaining the Result Status">Section 41.5.5</a>). The outer block is
94 labeled with the function's name, meaning that parameters and special
95 variables can be qualified with the function's name.
97 It is important not to confuse the use of
98 <code class="command">BEGIN</code>/<code class="command">END</code> for grouping statements in
99 <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> with the similarly-named SQL commands
101 control. <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span>'s <code class="command">BEGIN</code>/<code class="command">END</code>
102 are only for grouping; they do not start or end a transaction.
103 See <a class="xref" href="plpgsql-transactions.html" title="41.8. Transaction Management">Section 41.8</a> for information on managing
104 transactions in <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span>.
105 Also, a block containing an <code class="literal">EXCEPTION</code> clause effectively
106 forms a subtransaction that can be rolled back without affecting the
107 outer transaction. For more about that see <a class="xref" href="plpgsql-control-structures.html#PLPGSQL-ERROR-TRAPPING" title="41.6.8. Trapping Errors">Section 41.6.8</a>.
108 </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="plpgsql-overview.html" title="41.1. Overview">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="plpgsql.html" title="Chapter 41. PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="plpgsql-declarations.html" title="41.3. Declarations">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">41.1. Overview </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 41.3. Declarations</td></tr></table></div></body></html>