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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>39.5. Rules and Privileges</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="rules-update.html" title="39.4. Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE" /><link rel="next" href="rules-status.html" title="39.6. Rules and Command Status" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">39.5. Rules and Privileges</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="rules-update.html" title="39.4. Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="rules.html" title="Chapter 39. The Rule System">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 39. The Rule System</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="rules-status.html" title="39.6. Rules and Command Status">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="RULES-PRIVILEGES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">39.5. Rules and Privileges <a href="#RULES-PRIVILEGES" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><a id="id-1.8.6.10.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.8.6.10.3" class="indexterm"></a><p>
3 Due to rewriting of queries by the <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
4 rule system, other tables/views than those used in the original
5 query get accessed. When update rules are used, this can include write access
8 Rewrite rules don't have a separate owner. The owner of
9 a relation (table or view) is automatically the owner of the
10 rewrite rules that are defined for it.
11 The <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> rule system changes the
12 behavior of the default access control system. With the exception of
13 <code class="literal">SELECT</code> rules associated with security invoker views
14 (see <a class="link" href="sql-createview.html" title="CREATE VIEW"><code class="command">CREATE VIEW</code></a>),
15 all relations that are used due to rules get checked against the
16 privileges of the rule owner, not the user invoking the rule.
17 This means that, except for security invoker views, users only need the
18 required privileges for the tables/views that are explicitly named in
21 For example: A user has a list of phone numbers where some of
22 them are private, the others are of interest for the assistant of the office.
23 The user can construct the following:
25 </p><pre class="programlisting">
26 CREATE TABLE phone_data (person text, phone text, private boolean);
27 CREATE VIEW phone_number AS
28 SELECT person, CASE WHEN NOT private THEN phone END AS phone
30 GRANT SELECT ON phone_number TO assistant;
33 Nobody except that user (and the database superusers) can access the
34 <code class="literal">phone_data</code> table. But because of the <code class="command">GRANT</code>,
35 the assistant can run a <code class="command">SELECT</code> on the
36 <code class="literal">phone_number</code> view. The rule system will rewrite the
37 <code class="command">SELECT</code> from <code class="literal">phone_number</code> into a
38 <code class="command">SELECT</code> from <code class="literal">phone_data</code>.
39 Since the user is the owner of
40 <code class="literal">phone_number</code> and therefore the owner of the rule, the
41 read access to <code class="literal">phone_data</code> is now checked against the user's
42 privileges and the query is permitted. The check for accessing
43 <code class="literal">phone_number</code> is also performed, but this is done
44 against the invoking user, so nobody but the user and the
47 The privileges are checked rule by rule. So the assistant is for now the
48 only one who can see the public phone numbers. But the assistant can set up
49 another view and grant access to that to the public. Then, anyone
50 can see the <code class="literal">phone_number</code> data through the assistant's view.
51 What the assistant cannot do is to create a view that directly
52 accesses <code class="literal">phone_data</code>. (Actually the assistant can, but it will not work since
53 every access will be denied during the permission checks.)
54 And as soon as the user notices that the assistant opened
55 their <code class="literal">phone_number</code> view, the user can revoke the assistant's access. Immediately, any
56 access to the assistant's view would fail.
58 One might think that this rule-by-rule checking is a security
59 hole, but in fact it isn't. But if it did not work this way, the assistant
60 could set up a table with the same columns as <code class="literal">phone_number</code> and
61 copy the data to there once per day. Then it's the assistant's own data and
62 the assistant can grant access to everyone they want. A
63 <code class="command">GRANT</code> command means, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">I trust you</span>”</span>.
64 If someone you trust does the thing above, it's time to
65 think it over and then use <code class="command">REVOKE</code>.
67 Note that while views can be used to hide the contents of certain
68 columns using the technique shown above, they cannot be used to reliably
69 conceal the data in unseen rows unless the
70 <code class="literal">security_barrier</code> flag has been set. For example,
71 the following view is insecure:
72 </p><pre class="programlisting">
73 CREATE VIEW phone_number AS
74 SELECT person, phone FROM phone_data WHERE phone NOT LIKE '412%';
76 This view might seem secure, since the rule system will rewrite any
77 <code class="command">SELECT</code> from <code class="literal">phone_number</code> into a
78 <code class="command">SELECT</code> from <code class="literal">phone_data</code> and add the
79 qualification that only entries where <code class="literal">phone</code> does not begin
80 with 412 are wanted. But if the user can create their own functions,
81 it is not difficult to convince the planner to execute the user-defined
82 function prior to the <code class="function">NOT LIKE</code> expression.
84 </p><pre class="programlisting">
85 CREATE FUNCTION tricky(text, text) RETURNS bool AS $$
87 RAISE NOTICE '% => %', $1, $2;
90 $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql COST 0.0000000000000000000001;
92 SELECT * FROM phone_number WHERE tricky(person, phone);
94 Every person and phone number in the <code class="literal">phone_data</code> table will be
95 printed as a <code class="literal">NOTICE</code>, because the planner will choose to
96 execute the inexpensive <code class="function">tricky</code> function before the
97 more expensive <code class="function">NOT LIKE</code>. Even if the user is
98 prevented from defining new functions, built-in functions can be used in
99 similar attacks. (For example, most casting functions include their
100 input values in the error messages they produce.)
102 Similar considerations apply to update rules. In the examples of
103 the previous section, the owner of the tables in the example
104 database could grant the privileges <code class="literal">SELECT</code>,
105 <code class="literal">INSERT</code>, <code class="literal">UPDATE</code>, and <code class="literal">DELETE</code> on
106 the <code class="literal">shoelace</code> view to someone else, but only
107 <code class="literal">SELECT</code> on <code class="literal">shoelace_log</code>. The rule action to
108 write log entries will still be executed successfully, and that
109 other user could see the log entries. But they could not create fake
110 entries, nor could they manipulate or remove existing ones. In this
111 case, there is no possibility of subverting the rules by convincing
112 the planner to alter the order of operations, because the only rule
113 which references <code class="literal">shoelace_log</code> is an unqualified
114 <code class="literal">INSERT</code>. This might not be true in more complex scenarios.
116 When it is necessary for a view to provide row-level security, the
117 <code class="literal">security_barrier</code> attribute should be applied to
118 the view. This prevents maliciously-chosen functions and operators from
119 being passed values from rows until after the view has done its work. For
120 example, if the view shown above had been created like this, it would
122 </p><pre class="programlisting">
123 CREATE VIEW phone_number WITH (security_barrier) AS
124 SELECT person, phone FROM phone_data WHERE phone NOT LIKE '412%';
126 Views created with the <code class="literal">security_barrier</code> may perform
127 far worse than views created without this option. In general, there is
128 no way to avoid this: the fastest possible plan must be rejected
129 if it may compromise security. For this reason, this option is not
132 The query planner has more flexibility when dealing with functions that
133 have no side effects. Such functions are referred to as <code class="literal">LEAKPROOF</code>, and
134 include many simple, commonly used operators, such as many equality
135 operators. The query planner can safely allow such functions to be evaluated
136 at any point in the query execution process, since invoking them on rows
137 invisible to the user will not leak any information about the unseen rows.
138 Further, functions which do not take arguments or which are not passed any
139 arguments from the security barrier view do not have to be marked as
140 <code class="literal">LEAKPROOF</code> to be pushed down, as they never receive data
141 from the view. In contrast, a function that might throw an error depending
142 on the values received as arguments (such as one that throws an error in the
143 event of overflow or division by zero) is not leakproof, and could provide
144 significant information about the unseen rows if applied before the security
147 For example, an index scan cannot be selected for queries on security
148 barrier views (or tables with row-level security policies) if an
149 operator used in the <code class="literal">WHERE</code> clause is associated with the
150 operator family of the index, but its underlying function is not marked
151 <code class="literal">LEAKPROOF</code>. The <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html" title="psql"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">psql</span></span></a> program's
152 <code class="command"><a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-META-COMMAND-DAO">\dAo+</a></code>
153 meta-command is useful to list operator families and determine which of
154 their operators are marked as leakproof.
156 It is important to understand that even a view created with the
157 <code class="literal">security_barrier</code> option is intended to be secure only
158 in the limited sense that the contents of the invisible tuples will not be
159 passed to possibly-insecure functions. The user may well have other means
160 of making inferences about the unseen data; for example, they can see the
161 query plan using <code class="command">EXPLAIN</code>, or measure the run time of
162 queries against the view. A malicious attacker might be able to infer
163 something about the amount of unseen data, or even gain some information
164 about the data distribution or most common values (since these things may
165 affect the run time of the plan; or even, since they are also reflected in
166 the optimizer statistics, the choice of plan). If these types of "covert
167 channel" attacks are of concern, it is probably unwise to grant any access
169 </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="rules-update.html" title="39.4. Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="rules.html" title="Chapter 39. The Rule System">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="rules-status.html" title="39.6. Rules and Command Status">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">39.4. Rules on <code class="command">INSERT</code>, <code class="command">UPDATE</code>, and <code class="command">DELETE</code> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 39.6. Rules and Command Status</td></tr></table></div></body></html>