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2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>UPDATE</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="sql-unlisten.html" title="UNLISTEN" /><link rel="next" href="sql-vacuum.html" title="VACUUM" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">UPDATE</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-unlisten.html" title="UNLISTEN">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">SQL Commands</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-vacuum.html" title="VACUUM">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="refentry" id="SQL-UPDATE"><div class="titlepage"></div><a id="id-1.9.3.183.1" class="indexterm"></a><div class="refnamediv"><h2><span class="refentrytitle">UPDATE</span></h2><p>UPDATE — update rows of a table</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><pre class="synopsis">
3 [ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] <em class="replaceable"><code>with_query</code></em> [, ...] ]
4 UPDATE [ ONLY ] <em class="replaceable"><code>table_name</code></em> [ * ] [ [ AS ] <em class="replaceable"><code>alias</code></em> ]
5 SET { <em class="replaceable"><code>column_name</code></em> = { <em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> | DEFAULT } |
6 ( <em class="replaceable"><code>column_name</code></em> [, ...] ) = [ ROW ] ( { <em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) |
7 ( <em class="replaceable"><code>column_name</code></em> [, ...] ) = ( <em class="replaceable"><code>sub-SELECT</code></em> )
9 [ FROM <em class="replaceable"><code>from_item</code></em> [, ...] ]
10 [ WHERE <em class="replaceable"><code>condition</code></em> | WHERE CURRENT OF <em class="replaceable"><code>cursor_name</code></em> ]
11 [ RETURNING [ WITH ( { OLD | NEW } AS <em class="replaceable"><code>output_alias</code></em> [, ...] ) ]
12 { * | <em class="replaceable"><code>output_expression</code></em> [ [ AS ] <em class="replaceable"><code>output_name</code></em> ] } [, ...] ]
13 </pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.183.5"><h2>Description</h2><p>
14 <code class="command">UPDATE</code> changes the values of the specified
15 columns in all rows that satisfy the condition. Only the columns to
16 be modified need be mentioned in the <code class="literal">SET</code> clause;
17 columns not explicitly modified retain their previous values.
19 There are two ways to modify a table using information contained in
20 other tables in the database: using sub-selects, or specifying
21 additional tables in the <code class="literal">FROM</code> clause. Which
22 technique is more appropriate depends on the specific
25 The optional <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> clause causes <code class="command">UPDATE</code>
26 to compute and return value(s) based on each row actually updated.
27 Any expression using the table's columns, and/or columns of other
28 tables mentioned in <code class="literal">FROM</code>, can be computed.
29 By default, the new (post-update) values of the table's columns are used,
30 but it is also possible to request the old (pre-update) values.
31 The syntax of the <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> list is identical to that of the
32 output list of <code class="command">SELECT</code>.
34 You must have the <code class="literal">UPDATE</code> privilege on the table,
35 or at least on the column(s) that are listed to be updated.
36 You must also have the <code class="literal">SELECT</code>
37 privilege on any column whose values are read in the
38 <em class="replaceable"><code>expressions</code></em> or
39 <em class="replaceable"><code>condition</code></em>.
40 </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.183.6"><h2>Parameters</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>with_query</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
41 The <code class="literal">WITH</code> clause allows you to specify one or more
42 subqueries that can be referenced by name in the <code class="command">UPDATE</code>
43 query. See <a class="xref" href="queries-with.html" title="7.8. WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)">Section 7.8</a> and <a class="xref" href="sql-select.html" title="SELECT"><span class="refentrytitle">SELECT</span></a>
45 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>table_name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
46 The name (optionally schema-qualified) of the table to update.
47 If <code class="literal">ONLY</code> is specified before the table name, matching rows
48 are updated in the named table only. If <code class="literal">ONLY</code> is not
49 specified, matching rows are also updated in any tables inheriting from
50 the named table. Optionally, <code class="literal">*</code> can be specified after the
51 table name to explicitly indicate that descendant tables are included.
52 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>alias</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
53 A substitute name for the target table. When an alias is
54 provided, it completely hides the actual name of the table. For
55 example, given <code class="literal">UPDATE foo AS f</code>, the remainder of the
56 <code class="command">UPDATE</code> statement must refer to this table as
57 <code class="literal">f</code> not <code class="literal">foo</code>.
58 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>column_name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
59 The name of a column in the table named by <em class="replaceable"><code>table_name</code></em>.
60 The column name can be qualified with a subfield name or array
61 subscript, if needed. Do not include the table's name in the
62 specification of a target column — for example,
63 <code class="literal">UPDATE table_name SET table_name.col = 1</code> is invalid.
64 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
65 An expression to assign to the column. The expression can use the
66 old values of this and other columns in the table.
67 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">DEFAULT</code></span></dt><dd><p>
68 Set the column to its default value (which will be NULL if no specific
69 default expression has been assigned to it). An identity column will be
70 set to a new value generated by the associated sequence. For a
71 generated column, specifying this is permitted but merely specifies the
72 normal behavior of computing the column from its generation expression.
73 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>sub-SELECT</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
74 A <code class="literal">SELECT</code> sub-query that produces as many output columns
75 as are listed in the parenthesized column list preceding it. The
76 sub-query must yield no more than one row when executed. If it
77 yields one row, its column values are assigned to the target columns;
78 if it yields no rows, NULL values are assigned to the target columns.
79 The sub-query can refer to old values of the current row of the table
81 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>from_item</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
82 A table expression allowing columns from other tables to appear in
83 the <code class="literal">WHERE</code> condition and update expressions. This
84 uses the same syntax as the <a class="link" href="sql-select.html#SQL-FROM" title="FROM Clause"><code class="literal">FROM</code></a> clause of
85 a <code class="command">SELECT</code> statement;
86 for example, an alias for the table name can be specified. Do not
87 repeat the target table as a <em class="replaceable"><code>from_item</code></em>
88 unless you intend a self-join (in which case it must appear with
89 an alias in the <em class="replaceable"><code>from_item</code></em>).
90 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>condition</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
91 An expression that returns a value of type <code class="type">boolean</code>.
92 Only rows for which this expression returns <code class="literal">true</code>
94 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>cursor_name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
95 The name of the cursor to use in a <code class="literal">WHERE CURRENT OF</code>
96 condition. The row to be updated is the one most recently fetched
97 from this cursor. The cursor must be a non-grouping
98 query on the <code class="command">UPDATE</code>'s target table.
99 Note that <code class="literal">WHERE CURRENT OF</code> cannot be
100 specified together with a Boolean condition. See
101 <a class="xref" href="sql-declare.html" title="DECLARE"><span class="refentrytitle">DECLARE</span></a>
102 for more information about using cursors with
103 <code class="literal">WHERE CURRENT OF</code>.
104 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>output_alias</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
105 An optional substitute name for <code class="literal">OLD</code> or
106 <code class="literal">NEW</code> rows in the <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> list.
108 By default, old values from the target table can be returned by writing
109 <code class="literal">OLD.<em class="replaceable"><code>column_name</code></em></code>
110 or <code class="literal">OLD.*</code>, and new values can be returned by writing
111 <code class="literal">NEW.<em class="replaceable"><code>column_name</code></em></code>
112 or <code class="literal">NEW.*</code>. When an alias is provided, these names are
113 hidden and the old or new rows must be referred to using the alias.
114 For example <code class="literal">RETURNING WITH (OLD AS o, NEW AS n) o.*, n.*</code>.
115 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>output_expression</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
116 An expression to be computed and returned by the <code class="command">UPDATE</code>
117 command after each row is updated. The expression can use any
118 column names of the table named by <em class="replaceable"><code>table_name</code></em>
119 or table(s) listed in <code class="literal">FROM</code>.
120 Write <code class="literal">*</code> to return all columns.
122 A column name or <code class="literal">*</code> may be qualified using
123 <code class="literal">OLD</code> or <code class="literal">NEW</code>, or the corresponding
124 <em class="replaceable"><code>output_alias</code></em> for
125 <code class="literal">OLD</code> or <code class="literal">NEW</code>, to cause old or new
126 values to be returned. An unqualified column name, or
127 <code class="literal">*</code>, or a column name or <code class="literal">*</code> qualified
128 using the target table name or alias will return new values.
129 </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>output_name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
130 A name to use for a returned column.
131 </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.183.7"><h2>Outputs</h2><p>
132 On successful completion, an <code class="command">UPDATE</code> command returns a command
134 </p><pre class="screen">
135 UPDATE <em class="replaceable"><code>count</code></em>
137 The <em class="replaceable"><code>count</code></em> is the number
138 of rows updated, including matched rows whose values did not change.
139 Note that the number may be less than the number of rows that matched
140 the <em class="replaceable"><code>condition</code></em> when
141 updates were suppressed by a <code class="literal">BEFORE UPDATE</code> trigger. If
142 <em class="replaceable"><code>count</code></em> is 0, no rows were
143 updated by the query (this is not considered an error).
145 If the <code class="command">UPDATE</code> command contains a <code class="literal">RETURNING</code>
146 clause, the result will be similar to that of a <code class="command">SELECT</code>
147 statement containing the columns and values defined in the
148 <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> list, computed over the row(s) updated by the
150 </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.183.8"><h2>Notes</h2><p>
151 When a <code class="literal">FROM</code> clause is present, what essentially happens
152 is that the target table is joined to the tables mentioned in the
153 <em class="replaceable"><code>from_item</code></em> list, and each output row of the join
154 represents an update operation for the target table. When using
155 <code class="literal">FROM</code> you should ensure that the join
156 produces at most one output row for each row to be modified. In
157 other words, a target row shouldn't join to more than one row from
158 the other table(s). If it does, then only one of the join rows
159 will be used to update the target row, but which one will be used
160 is not readily predictable.
162 Because of this indeterminacy, referencing other tables only within
163 sub-selects is safer, though often harder to read and slower than
166 In the case of a partitioned table, updating a row might cause it to no
167 longer satisfy the partition constraint of the containing partition. In that
168 case, if there is some other partition in the partition tree for which this
169 row satisfies its partition constraint, then the row is moved to that
170 partition. If there is no such partition, an error will occur. Behind the
171 scenes, the row movement is actually a <code class="command">DELETE</code> and
172 <code class="command">INSERT</code> operation.
174 There is a possibility that a concurrent <code class="command">UPDATE</code> or
175 <code class="command">DELETE</code> on the row being moved will get a serialization
176 failure error. Suppose session 1 is performing an <code class="command">UPDATE</code>
177 on a partition key, and meanwhile a concurrent session 2 for which this
178 row is visible performs an <code class="command">UPDATE</code> or
179 <code class="command">DELETE</code> operation on this row. In such case,
180 session 2's <code class="command">UPDATE</code> or <code class="command">DELETE</code> will
181 detect the row movement and raise a serialization failure error (which
182 always returns with an SQLSTATE code '40001'). Applications may wish to
183 retry the transaction if this occurs. In the usual case where the table
184 is not partitioned, or where there is no row movement, session 2 would
185 have identified the newly updated row and carried out the
186 <code class="command">UPDATE</code>/<code class="command">DELETE</code> on this new row
189 Note that while rows can be moved from local partitions to a foreign-table
190 partition (provided the foreign data wrapper supports tuple routing), they
191 cannot be moved from a foreign-table partition to another partition.
193 An attempt of moving a row from one partition to another will fail if a
194 foreign key is found to directly reference an ancestor of the source
195 partition that is not the same as the ancestor that's mentioned in the
196 <code class="command">UPDATE</code> query.
197 </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.183.9"><h2>Examples</h2><p>
198 Change the word <code class="literal">Drama</code> to <code class="literal">Dramatic</code> in the
199 column <code class="structfield">kind</code> of the table <code class="structname">films</code>:
201 </p><pre class="programlisting">
202 UPDATE films SET kind = 'Dramatic' WHERE kind = 'Drama';
205 Adjust temperature entries and reset precipitation to its default
206 value in one row of the table <code class="structname">weather</code>:
208 </p><pre class="programlisting">
209 UPDATE weather SET temp_lo = temp_lo+1, temp_hi = temp_lo+15, prcp = DEFAULT
210 WHERE city = 'San Francisco' AND date = '2003-07-03';
213 Perform the same operation and return the updated entries, and the old
216 </p><pre class="programlisting">
217 UPDATE weather SET temp_lo = temp_lo+1, temp_hi = temp_lo+15, prcp = DEFAULT
218 WHERE city = 'San Francisco' AND date = '2003-07-03'
219 RETURNING temp_lo, temp_hi, prcp, old.prcp AS old_prcp;
222 Use the alternative column-list syntax to do the same update:
223 </p><pre class="programlisting">
224 UPDATE weather SET (temp_lo, temp_hi, prcp) = (temp_lo+1, temp_lo+15, DEFAULT)
225 WHERE city = 'San Francisco' AND date = '2003-07-03';
228 Increment the sales count of the salesperson who manages the
229 account for Acme Corporation, using the <code class="literal">FROM</code>
231 </p><pre class="programlisting">
232 UPDATE employees SET sales_count = sales_count + 1 FROM accounts
233 WHERE accounts.name = 'Acme Corporation'
234 AND employees.id = accounts.sales_person;
237 Perform the same operation, using a sub-select in the
238 <code class="literal">WHERE</code> clause:
239 </p><pre class="programlisting">
240 UPDATE employees SET sales_count = sales_count + 1 WHERE id =
241 (SELECT sales_person FROM accounts WHERE name = 'Acme Corporation');
244 Update contact names in an accounts table to match the currently assigned
246 </p><pre class="programlisting">
247 UPDATE accounts SET (contact_first_name, contact_last_name) =
248 (SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees
249 WHERE employees.id = accounts.sales_person);
251 A similar result could be accomplished with a join:
252 </p><pre class="programlisting">
253 UPDATE accounts SET contact_first_name = first_name,
254 contact_last_name = last_name
255 FROM employees WHERE employees.id = accounts.sales_person;
257 However, the second query may give unexpected results
258 if <code class="structname">employees</code>.<code class="structfield">id</code> is not a unique key, whereas
259 the first query is guaranteed to raise an error if there are multiple
260 <code class="structfield">id</code> matches. Also, if there is no match for a particular
261 <code class="structname">accounts</code>.<code class="structfield">sales_person</code> entry, the first query
262 will set the corresponding name fields to NULL, whereas the second query
263 will not update that row at all.
265 Update statistics in a summary table to match the current data:
266 </p><pre class="programlisting">
267 UPDATE summary s SET (sum_x, sum_y, avg_x, avg_y) =
268 (SELECT sum(x), sum(y), avg(x), avg(y) FROM data d
269 WHERE d.group_id = s.group_id);
272 Attempt to insert a new stock item along with the quantity of stock. If
273 the item already exists, instead update the stock count of the existing
274 item. To do this without failing the entire transaction, use savepoints:
275 </p><pre class="programlisting">
279 INSERT INTO wines VALUES('Chateau Lafite 2003', '24');
280 -- Assume the above fails because of a unique key violation,
281 -- so now we issue these commands:
283 UPDATE wines SET stock = stock + 24 WHERE winename = 'Chateau Lafite 2003';
284 -- continue with other operations, and eventually
288 Change the <code class="structfield">kind</code> column of the table
289 <code class="structname">films</code> in the row on which the cursor
290 <code class="literal">c_films</code> is currently positioned:
291 </p><pre class="programlisting">
292 UPDATE films SET kind = 'Dramatic' WHERE CURRENT OF c_films;
294 </p><p id="UPDATE-LIMIT">
295 Updates affecting many rows can have negative effects on system
296 performance, such as table bloat, increased replica lag, and increased
297 lock contention. In such situations it can make sense to perform the
298 operation in smaller batches, possibly with a <code class="command">VACUUM</code>
299 operation on the table between batches. While there is
300 no <code class="literal">LIMIT</code> clause for <code class="command">UPDATE</code>, it is
301 possible to get a similar effect through the use of
302 a <a class="link" href="queries-with.html" title="7.8. WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)">Common Table Expression</a> and a
303 self-join. With the standard <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
304 table access method, a self-join on the system
305 column <a class="link" href="ddl-system-columns.html#DDL-SYSTEM-COLUMNS-CTID">ctid</a> is very
307 </p><pre class="programlisting">
308 WITH exceeded_max_retries AS (
309 SELECT w.ctid FROM work_item AS w
310 WHERE w.status = 'active' AND w.num_retries > 10
311 ORDER BY w.retry_timestamp
315 UPDATE work_item SET status = 'failed'
316 FROM exceeded_max_retries AS emr
317 WHERE work_item.ctid = emr.ctid;
319 This command will need to be repeated until no rows remain to be updated.
320 Use of an <code class="literal">ORDER BY</code> clause allows the command to
321 prioritize which rows will be updated; it can also prevent deadlock
322 with other update operations if they use the same ordering.
323 If lock contention is a concern, then <code class="literal">SKIP LOCKED</code>
324 can be added to the <acronym class="acronym">CTE</acronym> to prevent multiple commands
325 from updating the same row. However, then a
326 final <code class="command">UPDATE</code> without <code class="literal">SKIP LOCKED</code>
327 or <code class="literal">LIMIT</code> will be needed to ensure that no matching
328 rows were overlooked.
329 </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.183.10"><h2>Compatibility</h2><p>
330 This command conforms to the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard, except
331 that the <code class="literal">FROM</code> and <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> clauses
332 are <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> extensions, as is the ability
333 to use <code class="literal">WITH</code> with <code class="command">UPDATE</code>.
335 Some other database systems offer a <code class="literal">FROM</code> option in which
336 the target table is supposed to be listed again within <code class="literal">FROM</code>.
337 That is not how <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> interprets
338 <code class="literal">FROM</code>. Be careful when porting applications that use this
341 According to the standard, the source value for a parenthesized sub-list of
342 target column names can be any row-valued expression yielding the correct
343 number of columns. <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> only allows the
344 source value to be a <a class="link" href="sql-expressions.html#SQL-SYNTAX-ROW-CONSTRUCTORS" title="4.2.13. Row Constructors">row
345 constructor</a> or a sub-<code class="literal">SELECT</code>. An individual column's
346 updated value can be specified as <code class="literal">DEFAULT</code> in the
347 row-constructor case, but not inside a sub-<code class="literal">SELECT</code>.
348 </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-unlisten.html" title="UNLISTEN">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-vacuum.html" title="VACUUM">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">UNLISTEN </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> VACUUM</td></tr></table></div></body></html>