2 5.7. Modifying Tables #
5 5.7.2. Removing a Column
6 5.7.3. Adding a Constraint
7 5.7.4. Removing a Constraint
8 5.7.5. Changing a Column's Default Value
9 5.7.6. Changing a Column's Data Type
10 5.7.7. Renaming a Column
11 5.7.8. Renaming a Table
13 When you create a table and you realize that you made a mistake, or the
14 requirements of the application change, you can drop the table and
15 create it again. But this is not a convenient option if the table is
16 already filled with data, or if the table is referenced by other
17 database objects (for instance a foreign key constraint). Therefore
18 PostgreSQL provides a family of commands to make modifications to
19 existing tables. Note that this is conceptually distinct from altering
20 the data contained in the table: here we are interested in altering the
21 definition, or structure, of the table.
28 * Change default values
29 * Change column data types
33 All these actions are performed using the ALTER TABLE command, whose
34 reference page contains details beyond those given here.
36 5.7.1. Adding a Column #
38 To add a column, use a command like:
39 ALTER TABLE products ADD COLUMN description text;
41 The new column is initially filled with whatever default value is given
42 (null if you don't specify a DEFAULT clause).
46 Adding a column with a constant default value does not require each row
47 of the table to be updated when the ALTER TABLE statement is executed.
48 Instead, the default value will be returned the next time the row is
49 accessed, and applied when the table is rewritten, making the ALTER
50 TABLE very fast even on large tables.
52 If the default value is volatile (e.g., clock_timestamp()) each row
53 will need to be updated with the value calculated at the time ALTER
54 TABLE is executed. To avoid a potentially lengthy update operation,
55 particularly if you intend to fill the column with mostly nondefault
56 values anyway, it may be preferable to add the column with no default,
57 insert the correct values using UPDATE, and then add any desired
58 default as described below.
60 You can also define constraints on the column at the same time, using
62 ALTER TABLE products ADD COLUMN description text CHECK (description <> '');
64 In fact all the options that can be applied to a column description in
65 CREATE TABLE can be used here. Keep in mind however that the default
66 value must satisfy the given constraints, or the ADD will fail.
67 Alternatively, you can add constraints later (see below) after you've
68 filled in the new column correctly.
70 5.7.2. Removing a Column #
72 To remove a column, use a command like:
73 ALTER TABLE products DROP COLUMN description;
75 Whatever data was in the column disappears. Table constraints involving
76 the column are dropped, too. However, if the column is referenced by a
77 foreign key constraint of another table, PostgreSQL will not silently
78 drop that constraint. You can authorize dropping everything that
79 depends on the column by adding CASCADE:
80 ALTER TABLE products DROP COLUMN description CASCADE;
82 See Section 5.15 for a description of the general mechanism behind
85 5.7.3. Adding a Constraint #
87 To add a constraint, the table constraint syntax is used. For example:
88 ALTER TABLE products ADD CHECK (name <> '');
89 ALTER TABLE products ADD CONSTRAINT some_name UNIQUE (product_no);
90 ALTER TABLE products ADD FOREIGN KEY (product_group_id) REFERENCES product_group
93 To add a not-null constraint, which is normally not written as a table
94 constraint, this special syntax is available:
95 ALTER TABLE products ALTER COLUMN product_no SET NOT NULL;
97 This command silently does nothing if the column already has a not-null
100 The constraint will be checked immediately, so the table data must
101 satisfy the constraint before it can be added.
103 5.7.4. Removing a Constraint #
105 To remove a constraint you need to know its name. If you gave it a name
106 then that's easy. Otherwise the system assigned a generated name, which
107 you need to find out. The psql command \d tablename can be helpful
108 here; other interfaces might also provide a way to inspect table
109 details. Then the command is:
110 ALTER TABLE products DROP CONSTRAINT some_name;
112 As with dropping a column, you need to add CASCADE if you want to drop
113 a constraint that something else depends on. An example is that a
114 foreign key constraint depends on a unique or primary key constraint on
115 the referenced column(s).
117 Simplified syntax is available to drop a not-null constraint:
118 ALTER TABLE products ALTER COLUMN product_no DROP NOT NULL;
120 This mirrors the SET NOT NULL syntax for adding a not-null constraint.
121 This command will silently do nothing if the column does not have a
122 not-null constraint. (Recall that a column can have at most one
123 not-null constraint, so it is never ambiguous which constraint this
126 5.7.5. Changing a Column's Default Value #
128 To set a new default for a column, use a command like:
129 ALTER TABLE products ALTER COLUMN price SET DEFAULT 7.77;
131 Note that this doesn't affect any existing rows in the table, it just
132 changes the default for future INSERT commands.
134 To remove any default value, use:
135 ALTER TABLE products ALTER COLUMN price DROP DEFAULT;
137 This is effectively the same as setting the default to null. As a
138 consequence, it is not an error to drop a default where one hadn't been
139 defined, because the default is implicitly the null value.
141 5.7.6. Changing a Column's Data Type #
143 To convert a column to a different data type, use a command like:
144 ALTER TABLE products ALTER COLUMN price TYPE numeric(10,2);
146 This will succeed only if each existing entry in the column can be
147 converted to the new type by an implicit cast. If a more complex
148 conversion is needed, you can add a USING clause that specifies how to
149 compute the new values from the old.
151 PostgreSQL will attempt to convert the column's default value (if any)
152 to the new type, as well as any constraints that involve the column.
153 But these conversions might fail, or might produce surprising results.
154 It's often best to drop any constraints on the column before altering
155 its type, and then add back suitably modified constraints afterwards.
157 5.7.7. Renaming a Column #
160 ALTER TABLE products RENAME COLUMN product_no TO product_number;
162 5.7.8. Renaming a Table #
165 ALTER TABLE products RENAME TO items;