4 An embedded SQL program consists of code written in an ordinary
5 programming language, in this case C, mixed with SQL commands in
6 specially marked sections. To build the program, the source code
7 (*.pgc) is first passed through the embedded SQL preprocessor, which
8 converts it to an ordinary C program (*.c), and afterwards it can be
9 processed by a C compiler. (For details about the compiling and linking
10 see Section 34.10.) Converted ECPG applications call functions in the
11 libpq library through the embedded SQL library (ecpglib), and
12 communicate with the PostgreSQL server using the normal
13 frontend-backend protocol.
15 Embedded SQL has advantages over other methods for handling SQL
16 commands from C code. First, it takes care of the tedious passing of
17 information to and from variables in your C program. Second, the SQL
18 code in the program is checked at build time for syntactical
19 correctness. Third, embedded SQL in C is specified in the SQL standard
20 and supported by many other SQL database systems. The PostgreSQL
21 implementation is designed to match this standard as much as possible,
22 and it is usually possible to port embedded SQL programs written for
23 other SQL databases to PostgreSQL with relative ease.
25 As already stated, programs written for the embedded SQL interface are
26 normal C programs with special code inserted to perform
27 database-related actions. This special code always has the form:
30 These statements syntactically take the place of a C statement.
31 Depending on the particular statement, they can appear at the global
32 level or within a function.
34 Embedded SQL statements follow the case-sensitivity rules of normal SQL
35 code, and not those of C. Also they allow nested C-style comments as
36 per the SQL standard. The C part of the program, however, follows the C
37 standard of not accepting nested comments. Embedded SQL statements
38 likewise use SQL rules, not C rules, for parsing quoted strings and
39 identifiers. (See Section 4.1.2.1 and Section 4.1.1 respectively. Note
40 that ECPG assumes that standard_conforming_strings is on.) Of course,
41 the C part of the program follows C quoting rules.
43 The following sections explain all the embedded SQL statements.