2 Appendix D. SQL Conformance
6 D.1. Supported Features
7 D.2. Unsupported Features
8 D.3. XML Limits and Conformance to SQL/XML
10 D.3.1. Queries Are Restricted to XPath 1.0
11 D.3.2. Incidental Limits of the Implementation
13 This section attempts to outline to what extent PostgreSQL conforms to
14 the current SQL standard. The following information is not a full
15 statement of conformance, but it presents the main topics in as much
16 detail as is both reasonable and useful for users.
18 The formal name of the SQL standard is ISO/IEC 9075 “Database Language
19 SQL”. A revised version of the standard is released from time to time;
20 the most recent update appearing in 2023. The 2023 version is referred
21 to as ISO/IEC 9075:2023, or simply as SQL:2023. The versions prior to
22 that were SQL:2016, SQL:2011, SQL:2008, SQL:2006, SQL:2003, SQL:1999,
23 and SQL-92. Each version replaces the previous one, so claims of
24 conformance to earlier versions have no official merit. PostgreSQL
25 development aims for conformance with the latest official version of
26 the standard where such conformance does not contradict traditional
27 features or common sense. Many of the features required by the SQL
28 standard are supported, though sometimes with slightly differing syntax
29 or function. Further moves towards conformance can be expected over
32 SQL-92 defined three feature sets for conformance: Entry, Intermediate,
33 and Full. Most database management systems claiming SQL standard
34 conformance were conforming at only the Entry level, since the entire
35 set of features in the Intermediate and Full levels was either too
36 voluminous or in conflict with legacy behaviors.
38 Starting with SQL:1999, the SQL standard defines a large set of
39 individual features rather than the ineffectively broad three levels
40 found in SQL-92. A large subset of these features represents the “Core”
41 features, which every conforming SQL implementation must supply. The
42 rest of the features are purely optional.
44 The standard is split into a number of parts, each also known by a
46 * ISO/IEC 9075-1 Framework (SQL/Framework)
47 * ISO/IEC 9075-2 Foundation (SQL/Foundation)
48 * ISO/IEC 9075-3 Call Level Interface (SQL/CLI)
49 * ISO/IEC 9075-4 Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM)
50 * ISO/IEC 9075-9 Management of External Data (SQL/MED)
51 * ISO/IEC 9075-10 Object Language Bindings (SQL/OLB)
52 * ISO/IEC 9075-11 Information and Definition Schemas (SQL/Schemata)
53 * ISO/IEC 9075-13 Routines and Types using the Java Language
55 * ISO/IEC 9075-14 XML-related specifications (SQL/XML)
56 * ISO/IEC 9075-15 Multi-dimensional arrays (SQL/MDA)
57 * ISO/IEC 9075-16 Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ)
59 Note that some part numbers are not (or no longer) used.
61 The PostgreSQL core covers parts 1, 2, 9, 11, and 14. Part 3 is covered
62 by the ODBC driver, and part 13 is covered by the PL/Java plug-in, but
63 exact conformance is currently not being verified for these components.
64 There are currently no implementations of parts 4, 10, 15, and 16 for
67 PostgreSQL supports most of the major features of SQL:2023. Out of 177
68 mandatory features required for full Core conformance, PostgreSQL
69 conforms to at least 170. In addition, there is a long list of
70 supported optional features. It might be worth noting that at the time
71 of writing, no current version of any database management system claims
72 full conformance to Core SQL:2023.
74 In the following two sections, we provide a list of those features that
75 PostgreSQL supports, followed by a list of the features defined in
76 SQL:2023 which are not yet supported in PostgreSQL. Both of these lists
77 are approximate: There might be minor details that are nonconforming
78 for a feature that is listed as supported, and large parts of an
79 unsupported feature might in fact be implemented. The main body of the
80 documentation always contains the most accurate information about what
81 does and does not work.
85 Feature codes containing a hyphen are subfeatures. Therefore, if a
86 particular subfeature is not supported, the main feature is listed as
87 unsupported even if some other subfeatures are supported.