2 41.2. Structure of PL/pgSQL #
4 Functions written in PL/pgSQL are defined to the server by executing
5 CREATE FUNCTION commands. Such a command would normally look like, say,
6 CREATE FUNCTION somefunc(integer, text) RETURNS integer
7 AS 'function body text'
10 The function body is simply a string literal so far as CREATE FUNCTION
11 is concerned. It is often helpful to use dollar quoting (see
12 Section 4.1.2.4) to write the function body, rather than the normal
13 single quote syntax. Without dollar quoting, any single quotes or
14 backslashes in the function body must be escaped by doubling them.
15 Almost all the examples in this chapter use dollar-quoted literals for
16 their function bodies.
18 PL/pgSQL is a block-structured language. The complete text of a
19 function body must be a block. A block is defined as:
27 Each declaration and each statement within a block is terminated by a
28 semicolon. A block that appears within another block must have a
29 semicolon after END, as shown above; however the final END that
30 concludes a function body does not require a semicolon.
34 A common mistake is to write a semicolon immediately after BEGIN. This
35 is incorrect and will result in a syntax error.
37 A label is only needed if you want to identify the block for use in an
38 EXIT statement, or to qualify the names of the variables declared in
39 the block. If a label is given after END, it must match the label at
40 the block's beginning.
42 All key words are case-insensitive. Identifiers are implicitly
43 converted to lower case unless double-quoted, just as they are in
44 ordinary SQL commands.
46 Comments work the same way in PL/pgSQL code as in ordinary SQL. A
47 double dash (--) starts a comment that extends to the end of the line.
48 A /* starts a block comment that extends to the matching occurrence of
49 */. Block comments nest.
51 Any statement in the statement section of a block can be a subblock.
52 Subblocks can be used for logical grouping or to localize variables to
53 a small group of statements. Variables declared in a subblock mask any
54 similarly-named variables of outer blocks for the duration of the
55 subblock; but you can access the outer variables anyway if you qualify
56 their names with their block's label. For example:
57 CREATE FUNCTION somefunc() RETURNS integer AS $$
60 quantity integer := 30;
62 RAISE NOTICE 'Quantity here is %', quantity; -- Prints 30
68 quantity integer := 80;
70 RAISE NOTICE 'Quantity here is %', quantity; -- Prints 80
71 RAISE NOTICE 'Outer quantity here is %', outerblock.quantity; -- Prints
75 RAISE NOTICE 'Quantity here is %', quantity; -- Prints 50
83 There is actually a hidden “outer block” surrounding the body of any
84 PL/pgSQL function. This block provides the declarations of the
85 function's parameters (if any), as well as some special variables such
86 as FOUND (see Section 41.5.5). The outer block is labeled with the
87 function's name, meaning that parameters and special variables can be
88 qualified with the function's name.
90 It is important not to confuse the use of BEGIN/END for grouping
91 statements in PL/pgSQL with the similarly-named SQL commands for
92 transaction control. PL/pgSQL's BEGIN/END are only for grouping; they
93 do not start or end a transaction. See Section 41.8 for information on
94 managing transactions in PL/pgSQL. Also, a block containing an
95 EXCEPTION clause effectively forms a subtransaction that can be rolled
96 back without affecting the outer transaction. For more about that see