2 21.3. Role Membership #
4 It is frequently convenient to group users together to ease management
5 of privileges: that way, privileges can be granted to, or revoked from,
6 a group as a whole. In PostgreSQL this is done by creating a role that
7 represents the group, and then granting membership in the group role to
10 To set up a group role, first create the role:
13 Typically a role being used as a group would not have the LOGIN
14 attribute, though you can set it if you wish.
16 Once the group role exists, you can add and remove members using the
17 GRANT and REVOKE commands:
18 GRANT group_role TO role1, ... ;
19 REVOKE group_role FROM role1, ... ;
21 You can grant membership to other group roles, too (since there isn't
22 really any distinction between group roles and non-group roles). The
23 database will not let you set up circular membership loops. Also, it is
24 not permitted to grant membership in a role to PUBLIC.
26 The members of a group role can use the privileges of the role in two
27 ways. First, member roles that have been granted membership with the
28 SET option can do SET ROLE to temporarily “become” the group role. In
29 this state, the database session has access to the privileges of the
30 group role rather than the original login role, and any database
31 objects created are considered owned by the group role, not the login
32 role. Second, member roles that have been granted membership with the
33 INHERIT option automatically have use of the privileges of those
34 directly or indirectly a member of, though the chain stops at
35 memberships lacking the inherit option. As an example, suppose we have
37 CREATE ROLE joe LOGIN;
41 GRANT admin TO joe WITH INHERIT TRUE;
42 GRANT wheel TO admin WITH INHERIT FALSE;
43 GRANT island TO joe WITH INHERIT TRUE, SET FALSE;
45 Immediately after connecting as role joe, a database session will have
46 use of privileges granted directly to joe plus any privileges granted
47 to admin and island, because joe “inherits” those privileges. However,
48 privileges granted to wheel are not available, because even though joe
49 is indirectly a member of wheel, the membership is via admin which was
50 granted using WITH INHERIT FALSE. After:
53 the session would have use of only those privileges granted to admin,
54 and not those granted to joe or island. After:
57 the session would have use of only those privileges granted to wheel,
58 and not those granted to either joe or admin. The original privilege
59 state can be restored with any of:
66 The SET ROLE command always allows selecting any role that the original
67 login role is directly or indirectly a member of, provided that there
68 is a chain of membership grants each of which has SET TRUE (which is
69 the default). Thus, in the above example, it is not necessary to become
70 admin before becoming wheel. On the other hand, it is not possible to
71 become island at all; joe can only access those privileges via
76 In the SQL standard, there is a clear distinction between users and
77 roles, and users do not automatically inherit privileges while roles
78 do. This behavior can be obtained in PostgreSQL by giving roles being
79 used as SQL roles the INHERIT attribute, while giving roles being used
80 as SQL users the NOINHERIT attribute. However, PostgreSQL defaults to
81 giving all roles the INHERIT attribute, for backward compatibility with
82 pre-8.1 releases in which users always had use of permissions granted
83 to groups they were members of.
85 The role attributes LOGIN, SUPERUSER, CREATEDB, and CREATEROLE can be
86 thought of as special privileges, but they are never inherited as
87 ordinary privileges on database objects are. You must actually SET ROLE
88 to a specific role having one of these attributes in order to make use
89 of the attribute. Continuing the above example, we might choose to
90 grant CREATEDB and CREATEROLE to the admin role. Then a session
91 connecting as role joe would not have these privileges immediately,
92 only after doing SET ROLE admin.
94 To destroy a group role, use DROP ROLE:
97 Any memberships in the group role are automatically revoked (but the
98 member roles are not otherwise affected).