4 CREATE RULE — define a new rewrite rule
8 CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
9 TO table_name [ WHERE condition ]
10 DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }
12 where event can be one of:
14 SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE
18 CREATE RULE defines a new rule applying to a specified table or view.
19 CREATE OR REPLACE RULE will either create a new rule, or replace an
20 existing rule of the same name for the same table.
22 The PostgreSQL rule system allows one to define an alternative action
23 to be performed on insertions, updates, or deletions in database
24 tables. Roughly speaking, a rule causes additional commands to be
25 executed when a given command on a given table is executed.
26 Alternatively, an INSTEAD rule can replace a given command by another,
27 or cause a command not to be executed at all. Rules are used to
28 implement SQL views as well. It is important to realize that a rule is
29 really a command transformation mechanism, or command macro. The
30 transformation happens before the execution of the command starts. If
31 you actually want an operation that fires independently for each
32 physical row, you probably want to use a trigger, not a rule. More
33 information about the rules system is in Chapter 39.
35 Presently, ON SELECT rules can only be attached to views. Such a rule
36 must be named "_RETURN", must be an unconditional INSTEAD rule, and
37 must have an action that consists of a single SELECT command. This
38 command defines the visible contents of the view. (The view itself is
39 basically a dummy table with no storage.) It's best to regard such a
40 rule as an implementation detail. While a view can be redefined via
41 CREATE OR REPLACE RULE "_RETURN" AS ..., it's better style to use
42 CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW.
44 You can create the illusion of an updatable view by defining ON INSERT,
45 ON UPDATE, and ON DELETE rules (or any subset of those that's
46 sufficient for your purposes) to replace update actions on the view
47 with appropriate updates on other tables. If you want to support INSERT
48 RETURNING and so on, then be sure to put a suitable RETURNING clause
49 into each of these rules.
51 There is a catch if you try to use conditional rules for complex view
52 updates: there must be an unconditional INSTEAD rule for each action
53 you wish to allow on the view. If the rule is conditional, or is not
54 INSTEAD, then the system will still reject attempts to perform the
55 update action, because it thinks it might end up trying to perform the
56 action on the dummy table of the view in some cases. If you want to
57 handle all the useful cases in conditional rules, add an unconditional
58 DO INSTEAD NOTHING rule to ensure that the system understands it will
59 never be called on to update the dummy table. Then make the conditional
60 rules non-INSTEAD; in the cases where they are applied, they add to the
61 default INSTEAD NOTHING action. (This method does not currently work to
62 support RETURNING queries, however.)
66 A view that is simple enough to be automatically updatable (see CREATE
67 VIEW) does not require a user-created rule in order to be updatable.
68 While you can create an explicit rule anyway, the automatic update
69 transformation will generally outperform an explicit rule.
71 Another alternative worth considering is to use INSTEAD OF triggers
72 (see CREATE TRIGGER) in place of rules.
77 The name of a rule to create. This must be distinct from the
78 name of any other rule for the same table. Multiple rules on the
79 same table and same event type are applied in alphabetical name
83 The event is one of SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. Note that
84 an INSERT containing an ON CONFLICT clause cannot be used on
85 tables that have either INSERT or UPDATE rules. Consider using
86 an updatable view instead.
89 The name (optionally schema-qualified) of the table or view the
93 Any SQL conditional expression (returning boolean). The
94 condition expression cannot refer to any tables except NEW and
95 OLD, and cannot contain aggregate functions.
98 INSTEAD indicates that the commands should be executed instead
99 of the original command.
102 ALSO indicates that the commands should be executed in addition
103 to the original command.
105 If neither ALSO nor INSTEAD is specified, ALSO is the default.
108 The command or commands that make up the rule action. Valid
109 commands are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or NOTIFY.
111 Within condition and command, the special table names NEW and OLD can
112 be used to refer to values in the referenced table. NEW is valid in ON
113 INSERT and ON UPDATE rules to refer to the new row being inserted or
114 updated. OLD is valid in ON UPDATE and ON DELETE rules to refer to the
115 existing row being updated or deleted.
119 You must be the owner of a table to create or change rules for it.
121 In a rule for INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE on a view, you can add a
122 RETURNING clause that emits the view's columns. This clause will be
123 used to compute the outputs if the rule is triggered by an INSERT
124 RETURNING, UPDATE RETURNING, or DELETE RETURNING command respectively.
125 When the rule is triggered by a command without RETURNING, the rule's
126 RETURNING clause will be ignored. The current implementation allows
127 only unconditional INSTEAD rules to contain RETURNING; furthermore
128 there can be at most one RETURNING clause among all the rules for the
129 same event. (This ensures that there is only one candidate RETURNING
130 clause to be used to compute the results.) RETURNING queries on the
131 view will be rejected if there is no RETURNING clause in any available
134 It is very important to take care to avoid circular rules. For example,
135 though each of the following two rule definitions are accepted by
136 PostgreSQL, the SELECT command would cause PostgreSQL to report an
137 error because of recursive expansion of a rule:
138 CREATE RULE "_RETURN" AS
143 CREATE RULE "_RETURN" AS
150 Presently, if a rule action contains a NOTIFY command, the NOTIFY
151 command will be executed unconditionally, that is, the NOTIFY will be
152 issued even if there are not any rows that the rule should apply to.
154 CREATE RULE notify_me AS ON UPDATE TO mytable DO ALSO NOTIFY mytable;
156 UPDATE mytable SET name = 'foo' WHERE id = 42;
158 one NOTIFY event will be sent during the UPDATE, whether or not there
159 are any rows that match the condition id = 42. This is an
160 implementation restriction that might be fixed in future releases.
164 CREATE RULE is a PostgreSQL language extension, as is the entire query
169 ALTER RULE, DROP RULE