4 SET TRANSACTION — set the characteristics of the current transaction
8 SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
9 SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT snapshot_id
10 SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
12 where transaction_mode is one of:
14 ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNC
16 READ WRITE | READ ONLY
21 The SET TRANSACTION command sets the characteristics of the current
22 transaction. It has no effect on any subsequent transactions. SET
23 SESSION CHARACTERISTICS sets the default transaction characteristics
24 for subsequent transactions of a session. These defaults can be
25 overridden by SET TRANSACTION for an individual transaction.
27 The available transaction characteristics are the transaction isolation
28 level, the transaction access mode (read/write or read-only), and the
29 deferrable mode. In addition, a snapshot can be selected, though only
30 for the current transaction, not as a session default.
32 The isolation level of a transaction determines what data the
33 transaction can see when other transactions are running concurrently:
36 A statement can only see rows committed before it began. This is
40 All statements of the current transaction can only see rows
41 committed before the first query or data-modification statement
42 was executed in this transaction.
45 All statements of the current transaction can only see rows
46 committed before the first query or data-modification statement
47 was executed in this transaction. If a pattern of reads and
48 writes among concurrent serializable transactions would create a
49 situation which could not have occurred for any serial
50 (one-at-a-time) execution of those transactions, one of them
51 will be rolled back with a serialization_failure error.
53 The SQL standard defines one additional level, READ UNCOMMITTED. In
54 PostgreSQL READ UNCOMMITTED is treated as READ COMMITTED.
56 The transaction isolation level cannot be changed after the first query
57 or data-modification statement (SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, MERGE,
58 FETCH, or COPY) of a transaction has been executed. See Chapter 13 for
59 more information about transaction isolation and concurrency control.
61 The transaction access mode determines whether the transaction is
62 read/write or read-only. Read/write is the default. When a transaction
63 is read-only, the following SQL commands are disallowed: INSERT,
64 UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE, and COPY FROM if the table they would write to
65 is not a temporary table; all CREATE, ALTER, and DROP commands;
66 COMMENT, GRANT, REVOKE, TRUNCATE; and EXPLAIN ANALYZE and EXECUTE if
67 the command they would execute is among those listed. This is a
68 high-level notion of read-only that does not prevent all writes to
71 The DEFERRABLE transaction property has no effect unless the
72 transaction is also SERIALIZABLE and READ ONLY. When all three of these
73 properties are selected for a transaction, the transaction may block
74 when first acquiring its snapshot, after which it is able to run
75 without the normal overhead of a SERIALIZABLE transaction and without
76 any risk of contributing to or being canceled by a serialization
77 failure. This mode is well suited for long-running reports or backups.
79 The SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT command allows a new transaction to run
80 with the same snapshot as an existing transaction. The pre-existing
81 transaction must have exported its snapshot with the pg_export_snapshot
82 function (see Section 9.28.5). That function returns a snapshot
83 identifier, which must be given to SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT to specify
84 which snapshot is to be imported. The identifier must be written as a
85 string literal in this command, for example '00000003-0000001B-1'. SET
86 TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT can only be executed at the start of a
87 transaction, before the first query or data-modification statement
88 (SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, MERGE, FETCH, or COPY) of the
89 transaction. Furthermore, the transaction must already be set to
90 SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ isolation level (otherwise, the
91 snapshot would be discarded immediately, since READ COMMITTED mode
92 takes a new snapshot for each command). If the importing transaction
93 uses SERIALIZABLE isolation level, then the transaction that exported
94 the snapshot must also use that isolation level. Also, a non-read-only
95 serializable transaction cannot import a snapshot from a read-only
100 If SET TRANSACTION is executed without a prior START TRANSACTION or
101 BEGIN, it emits a warning and otherwise has no effect.
103 It is possible to dispense with SET TRANSACTION by instead specifying
104 the desired transaction_modes in BEGIN or START TRANSACTION. But that
105 option is not available for SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT.
107 The session default transaction modes can also be set or examined via
108 the configuration parameters default_transaction_isolation,
109 default_transaction_read_only, and default_transaction_deferrable. (In
110 fact SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS is just a verbose equivalent for
111 setting these variables with SET.) This means the defaults can be set
112 in the configuration file, via ALTER DATABASE, etc. Consult Chapter 19
113 for more information.
115 The current transaction's modes can similarly be set or examined via
116 the configuration parameters transaction_isolation,
117 transaction_read_only, and transaction_deferrable. Setting one of these
118 parameters acts the same as the corresponding SET TRANSACTION option,
119 with the same restrictions on when it can be done. However, these
120 parameters cannot be set in the configuration file, or from any source
125 To begin a new transaction with the same snapshot as an already
126 existing transaction, first export the snapshot from the existing
127 transaction. That will return the snapshot identifier, for example:
128 BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ;
129 SELECT pg_export_snapshot();
131 ---------------------
135 Then give the snapshot identifier in a SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT command
136 at the beginning of the newly opened transaction:
137 BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ;
138 SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT '00000003-0000001B-1';
142 These commands are defined in the SQL standard, except for the
143 DEFERRABLE transaction mode and the SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT form,
144 which are PostgreSQL extensions.
146 SERIALIZABLE is the default transaction isolation level in the
147 standard. In PostgreSQL the default is ordinarily READ COMMITTED, but
148 you can change it as mentioned above.
150 In the SQL standard, there is one other transaction characteristic that
151 can be set with these commands: the size of the diagnostics area. This
152 concept is specific to embedded SQL, and therefore is not implemented
153 in the PostgreSQL server.
155 The SQL standard requires commas between successive transaction_modes,
156 but for historical reasons PostgreSQL allows the commas to be omitted.