2 2.7. Aggregate Functions #
4 Like most other relational database products, PostgreSQL supports
5 aggregate functions. An aggregate function computes a single result
6 from multiple input rows. For example, there are aggregates to compute
7 the count, sum, avg (average), max (maximum) and min (minimum) over a
10 As an example, we can find the highest low-temperature reading anywhere
12 SELECT max(temp_lo) FROM weather;
19 If we wanted to know what city (or cities) that reading occurred in, we
21 SELECT city FROM weather WHERE temp_lo = max(temp_lo); -- WRONG
23 but this will not work since the aggregate max cannot be used in the
24 WHERE clause. (This restriction exists because the WHERE clause
25 determines which rows will be included in the aggregate calculation; so
26 obviously it has to be evaluated before aggregate functions are
27 computed.) However, as is often the case the query can be restated to
28 accomplish the desired result, here by using a subquery:
29 SELECT city FROM weather
30 WHERE temp_lo = (SELECT max(temp_lo) FROM weather);
37 This is OK because the subquery is an independent computation that
38 computes its own aggregate separately from what is happening in the
41 Aggregates are also very useful in combination with GROUP BY clauses.
42 For example, we can get the number of readings and the maximum low
43 temperature observed in each city with:
44 SELECT city, count(*), max(temp_lo)
49 ---------------+-------+-----
51 San Francisco | 2 | 46
54 which gives us one output row per city. Each aggregate result is
55 computed over the table rows matching that city. We can filter these
56 grouped rows using HAVING:
57 SELECT city, count(*), max(temp_lo)
60 HAVING max(temp_lo) < 40;
63 ---------+-------+-----
67 which gives us the same results for only the cities that have all
68 temp_lo values below 40. Finally, if we only care about cities whose
69 names begin with āSā, we might do:
70 SELECT city, count(*), max(temp_lo)
72 WHERE city LIKE 'S%' -- (1)
76 ---------------+-------+-----
77 San Francisco | 2 | 46
82 The LIKE operator does pattern matching and is explained in
85 It is important to understand the interaction between aggregates and
86 SQL's WHERE and HAVING clauses. The fundamental difference between
87 WHERE and HAVING is this: WHERE selects input rows before groups and
88 aggregates are computed (thus, it controls which rows go into the
89 aggregate computation), whereas HAVING selects group rows after groups
90 and aggregates are computed. Thus, the WHERE clause must not contain
91 aggregate functions; it makes no sense to try to use an aggregate to
92 determine which rows will be inputs to the aggregates. On the other
93 hand, the HAVING clause always contains aggregate functions. (Strictly
94 speaking, you are allowed to write a HAVING clause that doesn't use
95 aggregates, but it's seldom useful. The same condition could be used
96 more efficiently at the WHERE stage.)
98 In the previous example, we can apply the city name restriction in
99 WHERE, since it needs no aggregate. This is more efficient than adding
100 the restriction to HAVING, because we avoid doing the grouping and
101 aggregate calculations for all rows that fail the WHERE check.
103 Another way to select the rows that go into an aggregate computation is
104 to use FILTER, which is a per-aggregate option:
105 SELECT city, count(*) FILTER (WHERE temp_lo < 45), max(temp_lo)
110 ---------------+-------+-----
112 San Francisco | 1 | 46
115 FILTER is much like WHERE, except that it removes rows only from the
116 input of the particular aggregate function that it is attached to.
117 Here, the count aggregate counts only rows with temp_lo below 45; but
118 the max aggregate is still applied to all rows, so it still finds the