3 .\" Author: The PostgreSQL Global Development Group
4 .\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot <http://docbook.sf.net/>
6 .\" Manual: PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation
7 .\" Source: PostgreSQL 18.0
10 .TH "CREATE ROLE" "7" "2025" "PostgreSQL 18.0" "PostgreSQL 18.0 Documentation"
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15 .\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
16 .\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
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31 CREATE_ROLE \- define a new database role
35 CREATE ROLE \fIname\fR [ [ WITH ] \fIoption\fR [ \&.\&.\&. ] ]
37 where \fIoption\fR can be:
39 SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER
40 | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
41 | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE
44 | REPLICATION | NOREPLICATION
45 | BYPASSRLS | NOBYPASSRLS
46 | CONNECTION LIMIT \fIconnlimit\fR
47 | [ ENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD \*(Aq\fIpassword\fR\*(Aq | PASSWORD NULL
48 | VALID UNTIL \*(Aq\fItimestamp\fR\*(Aq
49 | IN ROLE \fIrole_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
50 | ROLE \fIrole_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
51 | ADMIN \fIrole_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
59 database cluster\&. A role is an entity that can own database objects and have database privileges; a role can be considered a
61 \(lqgroup\(rq, or both depending on how it is used\&. Refer to
65 for information about managing users and authentication\&. You must have
67 privilege or be a database superuser to use this command\&.
69 Note that roles are defined at the database cluster level, and so are valid in all databases in the cluster\&.
71 During role creation it is possible to immediately assign the newly created role to be a member of an existing role, and also assign existing roles to be members of the newly created role\&. The rules for which initial role membership options are enabled are described below in the
77 command has fine\-grained option control during membership creation, and the ability to modify these options after the new role is created\&.
82 The name of the new role\&.
89 These clauses determine whether the new role is a
90 \(lqsuperuser\(rq, who can override all access restrictions within the database\&. Superuser status is dangerous and should be used only when really needed\&. You must yourself be a superuser to create a new superuser\&. If not specified,
99 These clauses define a role\*(Aqs ability to create databases\&. If
101 is specified, the role being defined will be allowed to create new databases\&. Specifying
103 will deny a role the ability to create databases\&. If not specified,
105 is the default\&. Only superuser roles or roles with
115 These clauses determine whether a role will be permitted to create, alter, drop, comment on, and change the security label for other roles\&. See
117 for more details about what capabilities are conferred by this privilege\&. If not specified,
126 This affects the membership inheritance status when this role is added as a member of another role, both in this and future commands\&. Specifically, it controls the inheritance status of memberships added with this command using the
128 clause, and in later commands using the
130 clause\&. It is also used as the default inheritance status when adding this role as a member using the
132 command\&. If not specified,
138 versions before 16, inheritance was a role\-level attribute that controlled all runtime membership checks for that role\&.
145 These clauses determine whether a role is allowed to log in; that is, whether the role can be given as the initial session authorization name during client connection\&. A role having the
147 attribute can be thought of as a user\&. Roles without this attribute are useful for managing database privileges, but are not users in the usual sense of the word\&. If not specified,
149 is the default, except when
151 is invoked through its alternative spelling
159 These clauses determine whether a role is a replication role\&. A role must have this attribute (or be a superuser) in order to be able to connect to the server in replication mode (physical or logical replication) and in order to be able to create or drop replication slots\&. A role having the
161 attribute is a very highly privileged role, and should only be used on roles actually used for replication\&. If not specified,
163 is the default\&. Only superuser roles or roles with
173 These clauses determine whether a role bypasses every row\-level security (RLS) policy\&.
175 is the default\&. Only superuser roles or roles with
180 Note that pg_dump will set
184 by default, to ensure all contents of a table are dumped out\&. If the user running pg_dump does not have appropriate permissions, an error will be returned\&. However, superusers and the owner of the table being dumped always bypass RLS\&.
187 CONNECTION LIMIT \fIconnlimit\fR
189 If role can log in, this specifies how many concurrent connections the role can make\&. \-1 (the default) means no limit\&. Note that only normal connections are counted towards this limit\&. Neither prepared transactions nor background worker connections are counted towards this limit\&.
192 [ ENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD \*(Aq\fIpassword\fR\*(Aq
196 Sets the role\*(Aqs password\&. (A password is only of use for roles having the
198 attribute, but you can nonetheless define one for roles without it\&.) If you do not plan to use password authentication you can omit this option\&. If no password is specified, the password will be set to null and password authentication will always fail for that user\&. A null password can optionally be written explicitly as
205 .nr an-no-space-flag 1
212 Specifying an empty string will also set the password to null, but that was not the case before
214 version 10\&. In earlier versions, an empty string could be used, or not, depending on the authentication method and the exact version, and libpq would refuse to use it in any case\&. To avoid the ambiguity, specifying an empty string should be avoided\&.
217 The password is always stored encrypted in the system catalogs\&. The
219 keyword has no effect, but is accepted for backwards compatibility\&. The method of encryption is determined by the configuration parameter
220 password_encryption\&. If the presented password string is already in MD5\-encrypted or SCRAM\-encrypted format, then it is stored as\-is regardless of
221 \fIpassword_encryption\fR
222 (since the system cannot decrypt the specified encrypted password string, to encrypt it in a different format)\&. This allows reloading of encrypted passwords during dump/restore\&.
228 .nr an-no-space-flag 1
235 Support for MD5\-encrypted passwords is deprecated and will be removed in a future release of
236 PostgreSQL\&. Refer to
238 for details about migrating to another password type\&.
243 VALID UNTIL \*(Aq\fItimestamp\fR\*(Aq
247 clause sets a date and time after which the role\*(Aqs password is no longer valid\&. If this clause is omitted the password will be valid for all time\&.
250 IN ROLE \fIrole_name\fR
254 clause causes the new role to be automatically added as a member of the specified existing roles\&. The new membership will have the
256 option enabled and the
258 option disabled\&. The
260 option will be enabled unless the
262 option is specified\&.
269 clause causes one or more specified existing roles to be automatically added as members, with the
271 option enabled\&. This in effect makes the new role a
272 \(lqgroup\(rq\&. Roles named in this clause with the role\-level
274 attribute will have the
276 option enabled in the new membership\&. New memberships will have the
281 ADMIN \fIrole_name\fR
285 clause has the same effect as
286 ROLE, but the named roles are added as members of the new role with
288 enabled, giving them the right to grant membership in the new role to others\&.
295 clause is ignored, but is accepted for backwards compatibility\&.
301 to change the attributes of a role, and
303 to remove a role\&. All the attributes specified by
305 can be modified by later
309 The preferred way to add and remove members of roles that are being used as groups is to use
316 clause defines an expiration time for a password only, not for the role per se\&. In particular, the expiration time is not enforced when logging in using a non\-password\-based authentication method\&.
318 The role attributes defined here are non\-inheritable, i\&.e\&., being a member of a role with, e\&.g\&.,
320 will not allow the member to create new databases even if the membership grant has the
322 option\&. Of course, if the membership grant has the
324 option the member role would be able to
326 to the createdb role and then create a new database\&.
328 The membership grants created by the
332 clauses have the role executing this command as the grantor\&.
336 attribute is the default for reasons of backwards compatibility: in prior releases of
337 PostgreSQL, users always had access to all privileges of groups they were members of\&. However,
339 provides a closer match to the semantics specified in the SQL standard\&.
344 that has the same functionality as
346 (in fact, it calls this command) but can be run from the command shell\&.
350 option is only enforced approximately; if two new sessions start at about the same time when just one connection
352 remains for the role, it is possible that both will fail\&. Also, the limit is never enforced for superusers\&.
354 Caution must be exercised when specifying an unencrypted password with this command\&. The password will be transmitted to the server in cleartext, and it might also be logged in the client\*(Aqs command history or the server log\&. The command
355 \fBcreateuser\fR(1), however, transmits the password encrypted\&. Also,
359 that can be used to safely change the password later\&.
362 Create a role that can log in, but don\*(Aqt give it a password:
368 CREATE ROLE jonathan LOGIN;
374 Create a role with a password:
380 CREATE USER davide WITH PASSWORD \*(Aqjw8s0F4\*(Aq;
389 except that it implies
392 Create a role with a password that is valid until the end of 2004\&. After one second has ticked in 2005, the password is no longer valid\&.
398 CREATE ROLE miriam WITH LOGIN PASSWORD \*(Aqjw8s0F4\*(Aq VALID UNTIL \*(Aq2005\-01\-01\*(Aq;
404 Create a role that can create databases and manage roles:
410 CREATE ROLE admin WITH CREATEDB CREATEROLE;
419 statement is in the SQL standard, but the standard only requires the syntax
425 CREATE ROLE \fIname\fR [ WITH ADMIN \fIrole_name\fR ]
431 Multiple initial administrators, and all the other options of
432 \fBCREATE ROLE\fR, are
436 The SQL standard defines the concepts of users and roles, but it regards them as distinct concepts and leaves all commands defining users to be specified by each database implementation\&. In
438 we have chosen to unify users and roles into a single kind of entity\&. Roles therefore have many more optional attributes than they do in the standard\&.
440 The behavior specified by the SQL standard is most closely approximated creating SQL\-standard users as
444 option, and SQL\-standard roles as
452 clause has the same behavior as
454 but has been deprecated:
460 USER \fIrole_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
468 clause has the same behavior as
470 but has been deprecated:
476 IN GROUP \fIrole_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
483 SET ROLE (\fBSET_ROLE\fR(7)), ALTER ROLE (\fBALTER_ROLE\fR(7)), DROP ROLE (\fBDROP_ROLE\fR(7)), \fBGRANT\fR(7), \fBREVOKE\fR(7), \fBcreateuser\fR(1), createrole_self_grant