2 18.11. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels #
4 It is possible to use SSH to encrypt the network connection between
5 clients and a PostgreSQL server. Done properly, this provides an
6 adequately secure network connection, even for non-SSL-capable clients.
8 First make sure that an SSH server is running properly on the same
9 machine as the PostgreSQL server and that you can log in using ssh as
10 some user; you then can establish a secure tunnel to the remote server.
11 A secure tunnel listens on a local port and forwards all traffic to a
12 port on the remote machine. Traffic sent to the remote port can arrive
13 on its localhost address, or different bind address if desired; it does
14 not appear as coming from your local machine. This command creates a
15 secure tunnel from the client machine to the remote machine foo.com:
16 ssh -L 63333:localhost:5432 joe@foo.com
18 The first number in the -L argument, 63333, is the local port number of
19 the tunnel; it can be any unused port. (IANA reserves ports 49152
20 through 65535 for private use.) The name or IP address after this is
21 the remote bind address you are connecting to, i.e., localhost, which
22 is the default. The second number, 5432, is the remote end of the
23 tunnel, e.g., the port number your database server is using. In order
24 to connect to the database server using this tunnel, you connect to
25 port 63333 on the local machine:
26 psql -h localhost -p 63333 postgres
28 To the database server it will then look as though you are user joe on
29 host foo.com connecting to the localhost bind address, and it will use
30 whatever authentication procedure was configured for connections by
31 that user to that bind address. Note that the server will not think the
32 connection is SSL-encrypted, since in fact it is not encrypted between
33 the SSH server and the PostgreSQL server. This should not pose any
34 extra security risk because they are on the same machine.
36 In order for the tunnel setup to succeed you must be allowed to connect
37 via ssh as joe@foo.com, just as if you had attempted to use ssh to
38 create a terminal session.
40 You could also have set up port forwarding as
41 ssh -L 63333:foo.com:5432 joe@foo.com
43 but then the database server will see the connection as coming in on
44 its foo.com bind address, which is not opened by the default setting
45 listen_addresses = 'localhost'. This is usually not what you want.
47 If you have to “hop” to the database server via some login host, one
48 possible setup could look like this:
49 ssh -L 63333:db.foo.com:5432 joe@shell.foo.com
51 Note that this way the connection from shell.foo.com to db.foo.com will
52 not be encrypted by the SSH tunnel. SSH offers quite a few
53 configuration possibilities when the network is restricted in various
54 ways. Please refer to the SSH documentation for details.
58 Several other applications exist that can provide secure tunnels using
59 a procedure similar in concept to the one just described.