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2 // ==== Semaphore Management ====
4 \addtogroup CMSIS_RTOS_SemaphoreMgmt Semaphores
6 \brief Access shared resources simultaneously from different threads.
8 Semaphores are used to manage and protect access to shared resources. Semaphores are very similar to
9 \ref CMSIS_RTOS_MutexMgmt "Mutexes". Whereas a Mutex permits just one thread to access a shared resource at a
10 time, a semaphore can be used to permit a fixed number of threads/ISRs to access a pool of shared resources. Using
11 semaphores, access to a group of identical peripherals can be managed (for example multiple DMA channels).
13 \image html "Semaphore.png" "CMSIS-RTOS Semaphore"
15 A semaphore object should be initialized to the maximum number of available tokens. This number of available resources is
16 specified as parameter of the \ref osSemaphoreNew function. Each time a semaphore token is obtained with \ref osSemaphoreAcquire
17 (in \em available state), the semaphore count is decremented. When the semaphore count is 0 (i.e. \em depleted state), no
18 more semaphore tokens can be obtained. The thread/ISR that tries to obtain the semaphore token needs to wait until the next
19 token is free. Semaphores are released with \ref osSemaphoreRelease incrementing the semaphore count.
21 \image html "semaphore_states.png" "CMSIS-RTOS Semaphore States"
23 \note The functions \ref osSemaphoreAcquire, \ref osSemaphoreGetCount, and \ref osSemaphoreRelease can be called from
24 \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines".
26 \note Refer to \ref semaphoreConfig for RTX5 configuration options.
30 Due to their flexibility, semaphores cover a wide range of synchronizing applications. At the same time, they are perhaps the
31 most challenging RTOS object to understand. The following explains a use case for semaphores, taken from the book
32 <a href="http://www.greenteapress.com/semaphores/" target="_blank">The Little Book Of Semaphores</a> by Allen B. Downey which
33 is available for free download.
35 <b>Non-binary Semaphore (Multiplex)</b>
37 A multiplex limits the number of threads that can access a critical section of code. For example, this could be a function
38 accessing DMA resources which can only support a limited number of calls.
40 To allow multiple threads to run the function, initialize a semaphore to the maximum number of threads that can be allowed.
41 The number of tokens in the semaphore represents the number of additional threads that may enter. If this number is zero,
42 then the next thread trying to access the function will have to wait until one of the other threads exits and releases its
43 token. When all threads have exited the token number is back to n. The following example shows the code for one of the
44 threads that might access the resource:
47 osSemaphoreId_t multiplex_id;
51 multiplex_id = osSemaphoreNew(3, 3, NULL);
54 osSemaphoreAcquire(multiplex_id, osWaitForever);
56 osSemaphoreRelease(multiplex_id);
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65 \typedef osSemaphoreId_t
72 \struct osSemaphoreAttr_t
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78 \fn osSemaphoreId_t osSemaphoreNew (uint32_t max_count, uint32_t initial_count, const osSemaphoreAttr_t *attr)
80 The function \b osSemaphoreNew creates and initializes a semaphore object that is used to manage access to shared resources
81 and returns the pointer to the semaphore object identifier or \token{NULL} in case of an error. It can be safely called
82 before the RTOS is started (call to \ref osKernelStart), but not before it is initialized (call to \ref osKernelInitialize).
84 The parameter \em max_count specifies the maximum number of available tokens. A \em max_count value of 1 creates a binary
87 The parameter \em initial_count sets the initial number of available tokens.
89 The parameter \em attr specifies additional semaphore attributes. Default attributes will be used if set to \token{NULL}.
91 \note This function \b cannot be called from \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines".
95 #include "cmsis_os2.h" // CMSIS RTOS header file
97 void Thread_Semaphore (void *argument); // thread function
98 osThreadId_t tid_Thread_Semaphore; // thread id
100 osSemaphoreId_t sid_Thread_Semaphore; // semaphore id
102 int Init_Semaphore (void)
105 sid_Thread_Semaphore = osSemaphoreNew(2, 2, NULL);
106 if (!sid_Thread_Semaphore) {
107 ; // Semaphore object not created, handle failure
110 tid_Thread_Semaphore = osThreadNew (Thread_Semaphore, NULL, NULL);
111 if (!tid_Thread_Semaphore) {
118 void Thread_Semaphore (void *argument)
123 ; // Insert thread code here...
125 val = osSemaphoreAcquire (sid_Thread_Semaphore, 10); // wait for max. 10 ticks for semaphore token to get available
128 ; // Use protected code here...
129 osSemaphoreRelease (sid_Thread_Semaphore); // Return a token back to a semaphore
131 case osErrorResource:
133 case osErrorParameter:
139 osThreadYield (); // suspend thread
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147 \fn const char *osSemaphoreGetName (osSemaphoreId_t semaphore_id)
149 The function \b osSemaphoreGetName returns the pointer to the name string of the semaphore identified by parameter \a
150 semaphore_id or \token{NULL} in case of an error.
152 \note This function \b cannot be called from \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines".
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157 \fn osStatus_t osSemaphoreAcquire (osSemaphoreId_t semaphore_id, uint32_t timeout)
159 The blocking function \b osSemaphoreAcquire waits until a token of the semaphore object specified by parameter
160 \a semaphore_id becomes available. If a token is available, the function instantly returns and decrements the token count.
162 The parameter \a timeout specifies how long the system waits to acquire the token. While the system waits, the thread/ISR
163 that is calling this function is put into the \ref ThreadStates "BLOCKED" state. The parameter \ref CMSIS_RTOS_TimeOutValue
164 "timeout" can have the following values:
165 - when \a timeout is \token{0}, the function returns instantly (i.e. try semantics).
166 - when \a timeout is set to \b osWaitForever the function will wait for an infinite time until the semaphore becomes
167 available (i.e. wait semantics).
168 - all other values specify a time in kernel ticks for a timeout (i.e. timed-wait semantics).
170 Possible \ref osStatus_t return values:
171 - \em osOK: the token has been obtained.
172 - \em osErrorTimeout: the token could not be obtained in the given time.
173 - \em osErrorResource: the token could not be obtained when no \a timeout was specified.
174 - \em osErrorParameter: the parameter \a semaphore_id is incorrect.
176 \note May be called from \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines" if the parameter \a timeout is set to
181 Refer to \ref osSemaphoreNew.
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186 \fn osStatus_t osSemaphoreRelease (osSemaphoreId_t semaphore_id)
188 The function \b osSemaphoreRelease releases a token of the semaphore object specified by parameter \a semaphore_id. Other
189 threads that currently wait for a token of this semaphore object will be put into the \ref ThreadStates "READY" state.
191 Possible \ref osStatus_t return values:
192 - \em osOK: the token has been correctly released and the count increased.
193 - \em osErrorResource: the maximum token count has been reached.
194 - \em osErrorParameter: the parameter \a semaphore_id is incorrect.
196 \note This function may be called from \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines".
200 Refer to \ref osSemaphoreNew.
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205 \fn uint32_t osSemaphoreGetCount (osSemaphoreId_t semaphore_id)
207 The function \b osSemaphoreGetCount returns the number of available tokens of the semaphore object specified by parameter
208 \a semaphore_id. In case of an error it returns \token{0}.
210 \note This function may be called from \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines".
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215 \fn osStatus_t osSemaphoreDelete (osSemaphoreId_t semaphore_id)
217 The function \b osSemaphoreDelete deletes a semaphore object specified by parameter \a semaphore_id. It releases internal
218 memory obtained for semaphore handling. After this call, the \a semaphore_id is no longer valid and cannot be used. The
219 semaphore may be created again using the function \ref osSemaphoreNew.
221 Possible \ref osStatus_t return values:
222 - \em osOK: the semaphore object has been deleted.
223 - \em osErrorParameter: the parameter \a semaphore_id is \token{NULL} or invalid.
224 - \em osErrorResource: the semaphore specified by parameter \em semaphore_id is in an invalid semaphore state.
225 - \em osErrorISR: \b osSemaphoreDelete cannot be called from interrupt service routines.
227 \note This function \b cannot be called from \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines".
231 // these struct members must stay outside the group to avoid double entries in documentation
233 \var osSemaphoreAttr_t::attr_bits
235 Reserved for future use (set to '0').\n
238 \var osSemaphoreAttr_t::cb_mem
240 Pointer to a memory location for the semaphore control block object. This can optionally be used for custom memory management systems.\n
241 Default: \token{NULL} (uses kernel memory management).
244 \var osSemaphoreAttr_t::cb_size
246 The size of the memory block passed with \ref cb_mem. Must be the size of a semaphore control block object or larger.
248 \var osSemaphoreAttr_t::name
250 Pointer to a string with a human readable name of the semaphore object.\n
251 Default: \token{NULL}.