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2 // ==== Semaphore Management ====
4 \addtogroup CMSIS_RTOS_SemaphoreMgmt Semaphores
6 \brief Access shared resources simultaneously from different threads.
8 Semaphores are used to manage and protect access to shared resources. Semaphores are very similar to
9 \ref CMSIS_RTOS_MutexMgmt "Mutexes". Whereas a Mutex permits just one thread to access a shared resource at a
10 time, a semaphore can be used to permit a fixed number of threads/ISRs to access a pool of shared resources. Using
11 semaphores, access to a group of identical peripherals can be managed (for example multiple DMA channels).
13 \image html "Semaphore.png" "CMSIS-RTOS Semaphore"
15 A semaphore object should be initialized to the maximum number of available tokens. This number of available resources is
16 specified as parameter of the \ref osSemaphoreNew function. Each time a semaphore token is obtained with \ref osSemaphoreAcquire
17 (in \em available state), the semaphore count is decremented. When the semaphore count is 0 (i.e. \em depleted state), no
18 more semaphore tokens can be obtained. The thread/ISR that tries to obtain the semaphore token needs to wait until the next
19 token is free. Semaphores are released with \ref osSemaphoreRelease incrementing the semaphore count.
21 \image html "semaphore_states.png" "CMSIS-RTOS Semaphore States"
23 \note The functions \ref osSemaphoreAcquire, \ref osSemaphoreGetCount, and \ref osSemaphoreRelease can be called from
24 \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines".
26 \note Refer to \ref semaphoreConfig for RTX5 configuration options.
30 Due to their flexibility, semaphores cover a wide range of synchronizing applications. At the same time, they are perhaps the
31 most challenging RTOS object to understand. The following explains a use case for semaphores, taken from the book
32 <a href="http://www.greenteapress.com/semaphores/" target="_blank">The Little Book Of Semaphores</a> by Allen B. Downey which
33 is available for free download.
35 <b>Non-binary Semaphore (Multiplex)</b>
37 A multiplex limits the number of threads that can access a critical section of code. For example, this could be a function
38 accessing DMA resources which can only support a limited number of calls.
40 To allow multiple threads to run the function, initialize a semaphore to the maximum number of threads that can be allowed.
41 The number of tokens in the semaphore represents the number of additional threads that may enter. If this number is zero,
42 then the next thread trying to access the function will have to wait until one of the other threads exits and releases its
43 token. When all threads have exited the token number is back to n. The following example shows the code for one of the
44 threads that might access the resource:
47 osSemaphoreId_t multiplex_id;
51 multiplex_id = osSemaphoreNew(3, 3, NULL);
54 osSemaphoreAcquire(multiplex_id, osWaitForever);
56 osSemaphoreRelease(multiplex_id);
61 <b>Producer/Consumer Semaphore</b>
63 The producer-consumer problem can be solved using two semaphores.
65 A first semaphore (\token{empty_id}) counts down the available (empty) buffers, i.e.
66 the producer thread can wait for available buffer slots by acquiring from this one.
68 A second semaphore (\token{filled_id}) counts up the used (filled) buffers, i.e.
69 the consumer thread can wait for available data by acquiring from this one.
71 It is crucial for the correct behaviour that the threads acquire and release on both
72 semaphores in the given sequence. According to this example one can have multiple
73 producer and/or consumer threads running concurrently.
76 #define BUFFER_SIZE 10
77 osSemaphoreId_t empty_id = osSemaphoreNew(BUFFER_SIZE, BUFFER_SIZE, NULL);
78 osSemaphoreId_t filled_id = osSemaphoreNew(BUFFER_SIZE, 0, NULL);
80 void producer_thread (void)
84 osSemaphoreAcquire(empty_id, osWaitForever);
86 osSemaphoreRelease(filled_id);
90 void consumer_thread (void)
94 osSemaphoreAcquire(filled_id, osWaitForever);
96 osSemaphoreRelease(empty_id);
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106 \typedef osSemaphoreId_t
109 - \ref osSemaphoreNew
113 \struct osSemaphoreAttr_t
115 Attributes to configure a semaphore.
117 Refer to \ref CMSIS_RTOS_MemoryMgmt for details about usage of
118 - osSemaphoreAttr_t::cb_mem
119 - osSemaphoreAttr_t::cb_size
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124 \fn osSemaphoreId_t osSemaphoreNew (uint32_t max_count, uint32_t initial_count, const osSemaphoreAttr_t *attr)
126 The function \b osSemaphoreNew creates and initializes a semaphore object that is used to manage access to shared resources
127 and returns the pointer to the semaphore object identifier or \token{NULL} in case of an error. It can be safely called
128 before the RTOS is started (call to \ref osKernelStart), but not before it is initialized (call to \ref osKernelInitialize).
130 The parameter \em max_count specifies the maximum number of available tokens. A \em max_count value of 1 creates a binary
133 The parameter \em initial_count sets the initial number of available tokens.
135 The parameter \em attr specifies additional semaphore attributes. Default attributes will be used if set to \token{NULL}.
139 Possible \ref osSemaphoreId_t return values:
140 - pointer to the created semaphore object
141 - \em NULL, if (\em max_count == 0U)
142 - \em NULL, if (\em max_count > \em MAX_SEMAPHORE_CNT)
143 - \em NULL, if (\em initial_count > \em max_count)
144 - \em NULL, if the control block memory (\em attr->cb_mem) is not \em NULL and the memory is not 4 byte aligned
145 - \em NULL, if the control block memory (\em attr->cb_mem) is not \em NULL but the size (\em attr->cb_size) is not big enough to store a \em semaphore object
146 - \em NULL, if the control block memory (\em attr->cb_mem) is \em NULL but the size (\em attr->cb_size) is not 0
147 - \em NULL, if the maximum number of semaphores have been created already
148 - \em NULL, if IRQ is masked
149 - \em NULL, if in IRQ mode.
153 \note This function \b cannot be called from \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines".
157 #include "cmsis_os2.h" // CMSIS RTOS header file
159 void Thread_Semaphore (void *argument); // thread function
160 osThreadId_t tid_Thread_Semaphore; // thread id
162 osSemaphoreId_t sid_Thread_Semaphore; // semaphore id
164 int Init_Semaphore (void)
167 sid_Thread_Semaphore = osSemaphoreNew(2, 2, NULL);
168 if (!sid_Thread_Semaphore) {
169 ; // Semaphore object not created, handle failure
172 tid_Thread_Semaphore = osThreadNew (Thread_Semaphore, NULL, NULL);
173 if (!tid_Thread_Semaphore) {
180 void Thread_Semaphore (void *argument)
185 ; // Insert thread code here...
187 val = osSemaphoreAcquire (sid_Thread_Semaphore, 10); // wait for max. 10 ticks for semaphore token to get available
190 ; // Use protected code here...
191 osSemaphoreRelease (sid_Thread_Semaphore); // Return a token back to a semaphore
193 case osErrorResource:
195 case osErrorParameter:
201 osThreadYield (); // suspend thread
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209 \fn const char *osSemaphoreGetName (osSemaphoreId_t semaphore_id)
211 The function \b osSemaphoreGetName returns the pointer to the name string of the semaphore identified by parameter \a
212 semaphore_id or \token{NULL} in case of an error.
216 Possible return values:
217 - pointer to the name string of the semaphore identified by parameter \a semaphore_id
218 - \em NULL, if the semaphore specified by \a semaphore_id is \em NULL
219 - \em NULL, if a semaphore specified by \a semaphore_id does not exist
220 - \em NULL, if the semaphore is in state \em 'osRtxObjectInactive'
221 - \em NULL, if IRQ is masked
222 - \em NULL, if in IRQ mode.
225 \note This function \b cannot be called from \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines".
228 /*=======0=========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8=========9=========0=========1====*/
230 \fn osStatus_t osSemaphoreAcquire (osSemaphoreId_t semaphore_id, uint32_t timeout)
232 The blocking function \b osSemaphoreAcquire waits until a token of the semaphore object specified by parameter
233 \a semaphore_id becomes available. If a token is available, the function instantly returns and decrements the token count.
235 The parameter \a timeout specifies how long the system waits to acquire the token. While the system waits, the thread
236 that is calling this function is put into the \ref ThreadStates "BLOCKED" state. The parameter \ref CMSIS_RTOS_TimeOutValue
237 "timeout" can have the following values:
238 - when \a timeout is \token{0}, the function returns instantly (i.e. try semantics).
239 - when \a timeout is set to \b osWaitForever the function will wait for an infinite time until the semaphore becomes
240 available (i.e. wait semantics).
241 - all other values specify a time in kernel ticks for a timeout (i.e. timed-wait semantics).
243 Possible \ref osStatus_t return values:
244 - \em 'osOK', if the token has been obtained
245 - \em 'osErrorResource', if the semaphore specified by \a semaphore_id is in state \em 'osRtxObjectInactive'
246 - \em 'osErrorTimeout', if the token is not available and \em timeout > 0
247 - \em 'osErrorResource', if the token is not available and \em timeout == 0
248 - \em 'osErrorParameter', if a semaphore specified by \a semaphore_id does not exist
249 - \em 'osErrorParameter', if semaphore_id equals \em NULL.
253 \note May be called from \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines" if the parameter \a timeout is set to
258 Refer to \ref osSemaphoreNew.
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263 \fn osStatus_t osSemaphoreRelease (osSemaphoreId_t semaphore_id)
265 The function \b osSemaphoreRelease releases a token of the semaphore object specified by parameter \a semaphore_id. Tokens
266 can only be released up to the maximum count specified at creation time, see \ref osSemaphoreNew. Other threads that
267 currently wait for a token of this semaphore object will be put into the \ref ThreadStates "READY" state.
269 Possible \ref osStatus_t return values:
270 - \em 'osOK', if the token has been correctly released and the count increased
271 - \em 'osErrorParameter', if a semaphore specified by \a semaphore_id does not exist
272 - \em 'osErrorParameter', if the semaphore specified by \a semaphore_id is \em NULL
273 - \em 'osErrorResource', if the semaphore specified by \a semaphore_id is in state \em 'osRtxObjectInactive'.
274 - \em 'osErrorResource', if no semaphore specified by \a semaphore_id has been taken.
276 \note This function may be called from \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines".
280 Refer to \ref osSemaphoreNew.
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285 \fn uint32_t osSemaphoreGetCount (osSemaphoreId_t semaphore_id)
287 The function \b osSemaphoreGetCount returns the number of available tokens of the semaphore object specified by parameter
288 \a semaphore_id. In case of an error it returns \token{0}.
290 Possible \ref osStatus_t return values:
291 - \em the number of available tokens, in case of success
292 - \em 0, if a semaphore specified by \a semaphore_id does not exist
293 - \em 0, if the semaphore is \em NULL
294 - \em 0, the semaphore is in state \em 'osRtxObjectInactive'.
296 \note This function may be called from \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines".
299 /*=======0=========1=========2=========3=========4=========5=========6=========7=========8=========9=========0=========1====*/
301 \fn osStatus_t osSemaphoreDelete (osSemaphoreId_t semaphore_id)
303 The function \b osSemaphoreDelete deletes a semaphore object specified by parameter \a semaphore_id. It releases internal
304 memory obtained for semaphore handling. After this call, the \a semaphore_id is no longer valid and cannot be used. The
305 semaphore may be created again using the function \ref osSemaphoreNew.
307 Possible \ref osStatus_t return values:
308 - \em 'osOK', if the semaphore specified by \a semaphore_id has been deleted
309 - \em 'osErrorResource', if the state of semaphore specified by \a semaphore_id is \em 'osRtxObjectInactive'
310 - \em 'osErrorParameter', if a semaphore specified by \a semaphore_id does not exist
311 - \em 'osErrorParameter', if the semaphore is \em NULL
312 - \em 'osErrorISR', if IRQ is masked
313 - \em 'osErrorISR', if in IRQ mode.
315 \note This function \b cannot be called from \ref CMSIS_RTOS_ISR_Calls "Interrupt Service Routines".
319 // these struct members must stay outside the group to avoid double entries in documentation
321 \var osSemaphoreAttr_t::attr_bits
323 Reserved for future use (set to '0').\n
326 \var osSemaphoreAttr_t::cb_mem
328 Pointer to a memory location for the semaphore control block object. This can optionally be used for custom memory management systems.\n
329 Default: \token{NULL} (uses kernel memory management).
332 \var osSemaphoreAttr_t::cb_size
334 The size of the memory block passed with \ref cb_mem. Must be the size of a semaphore control block object or larger.
336 \var osSemaphoreAttr_t::name
338 Pointer to a string with a human readable name of the semaphore object.\n
339 Default: \token{NULL}.